Abstract
Human–wildlife conflict is a pressing issue, and the majority of mitigation measures focus upon reducing wildlife damage. However, conflict situations are often about issues that go far beyond wildlife damage, such as conflicts between different groups of stakeholders; myths, perceptions and knowledge about certain species; economic and political factors; and religious and cultural beliefs. Furthermore, conflict may have a ‘contagious’ element, where views towards one species affect others as well, while events such as man-eating have a particularly devastating impact. Here, we discuss how those complex factors can shape peoples’ attitudes towards wildlife, and highlight the need for conservationists to consider a broad, interdisciplinary approach for effective conflict mitigation with the ultimate aim of coexistence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams WM, Infield M (2003) Who is on the gorilla’s payroll? Claims on tourist revenue from a Ugandan National Park. World Dev 31:177–190
Ale S (1998) Culture and conservation: the snow leopard in Nepal. Int Snow Leopard Trust Newsl 16:10
Alexander SE (2000) Resident attitudes towards conservation and black howler monkeys in Belize: the Community Baboon Sanctuary. Environ Conserv 27:341–350
Anonymous (2003) Maasai kill half the lions in Nairobi National Park. Cat News 39:5
Archabald K (2000) Can revenue-sharing save wildlife? A case study of Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Area, Zanzibar, Tanzania. University of Wisconsin, p 95
Archabald K, Naughton-Treves L (2001) Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environ Conserv 28:135–149
Bagchi S, Mishra C (2006) Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). J Zool 268:217–224
Balme GA, Slotow R, Hunter LT (2009) Impact of conservation interventions on the dynamics and persistence of a persecuted leopard (Panthera pardus) population. Biol Conserv 142:2681–2690
Barua M, Bhagwat SA, Jadhav S (2013) The hidden dimensions of human–wildlife conflict: health impacts, opportunity and transaction costs. Biol Conserv 157:309–316
Browne-Nunez C, Treves A, MacFarland D, Voyles Z, Turng C (2015) Tolerance of wolves in Wisconsin: a mixed-methods examination of policy effects on attitudes and behavioral inclinations. Biol Conserv 189:59–71, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.12.016
Butler JRA (2000) The economic costs of wildlife predation on livestock in Gokwe communal land, Zimbabwe. Afr J Ecol 38:23–30
Carter NH, Riley SJ, Shortridge A, Shrestha BK, Liu J (2014) Spatial assessment of attitudes toward tigers in Nepal. Ambio 43:125–137
Chardonnet P (2002) Conservation of the African lion: contributions to a status survey. International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife, France
Chelliah K, Kannan G, Kundu S, Abilash N, Madhusudan A, Baskaran N, Sukumar R (2010) Testing the efficacy of a chilli-tobacco rope fence as a deterrent against crop-raiding elephants. Curr Sci (Bangalore) 99:1239–1243
Conover M (2002) Resolving human-wildlife conflicts: the science of wildlife damage management. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Dhanwatey HS, Crawford JC, Abade LA, Dhanwatey PH, Nielsen CK, Sillero-Zubiri C (2013) Large carnivore attacks on humans in central India: a case study from the Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve. Oryx 47:221–227
Dickman AJ (2006) Reported conflict between pastoralists and wildlife around the Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. In: Siegrist D, Clivaz C, Hunziker M, Iten S (eds) Exploring the nature of management. Proceedings of the third international conference on monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Rapperswil, pp 405–406
Dickman AJ (2009) Key determinants of conflict between people and wildlife, particularly large carnivores, around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Biological anthropology. University College London, London
Dickman AJ (2010) Complexities of conflict: the importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Anim Conserv 13:458–466
Dickman AJ, Macdonald EA, Macdonald DW (2011) A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:13937–13944
Dickman AJ, Marchini S, Manfredo M (2013) The importance of the human dimension in addressing conflict with large carnivores. In: Macdonald DW, Willis K (eds). Key topics in conservation biology, vol 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 110–126
Dickman AJ, Hazzah L, Carbone C, Durant S (2014) Carnivores, culture and ‘contagious conflict’: multiple factors influence perceived problems with carnivores in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape. Biol Conserv 178:19–27
Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJ, Collen B (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401–406
Entwistle AC, Stephenson PJ (2000) Small mammals and the conservation agenda. Conservation biology series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 119–140
Fitzherbert E, Caro T, Johnson P, Macdonald DW, Mulder MB (2014) From avengers to hunters: leveraging collective action for the conservation of endangered lions. Biol Conserv 174:84–92
Fredriksson G (2005) Human-sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Ursus 16:130–137
Hazzah L (2011) Exploring attitudes, behaviors, and potential solutions to lion (Panthera leo) killing in Maasailand, Kenya. Nelson Institute of Environmental Studies. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Madison
Hazzah L, Borgerhoff Mulder M, Frank L (2009) Lions and warriors: social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biol Conserv 142:2428–2437
Hazzah L, Dolrenry S, Kaplan D, Frank L (2013) Access to parks during drought influences attitudes and behavior toward lion conservation in Maasailand, Kenya. Environ Conserv 40:266–276
Hazzah L, Dolrenry S, Naughton L, Edwards CT, Mwebi O, Kearney F, Frank L (2014) Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conserv Biol 28:851–860
Hazzah L, Dolrenry S, Dickman AJ, Bath A (under review) From attitudes to actions: predictors of lion killing by Maasai warriors. Conserv Soc
Heberlein TA, Ericsson G (2008) Public attitudes and the future of wolves Canis lupus in Sweden. Wildl Biol 14:391–394
Hemson G, Maclennan S, Mills G, Johnson P, Macdonald DW (2009) Community, lions, livestock and money: a spatial and social analysis of attitudes to wildlife and the conservation value of tourism in a human-carnivore conflict in Botswana. Biol Conserv 142:2718–2725
Hoon Song S (2000) The great pigeon massacre in a deindustralizing American region. In: Knight J (ed) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London, pp 212–228
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) (1994) Whose eden? An overview of community approaches to wildlife management. IIED, London
IUCN (2006) Regional conservation strategy for the lion Panthera leo in Eastern and Southern Africa. IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, p 60
Jadhav S, Barua M (2012) The elephant vanishes: impact of human–elephant conflict on people’s wellbeing. Health Place 18:1356–1365
Kaltenborn BP, Bjerke T (2002) The relationship of general life values to attitudes toward large carnivores. Res Hum Ecol 9:55–61
Keller E (2009) The danger of misunderstanding ‘culture’. Madagascar Conserv Dev 4:82–85
Knight J (1999) Monkeys on the move: the natural symbolism of people-macaque conflict in Japan. J Asian Stud 58:622–647
Knight J (2000) Culling demons: the problem of bears in Japan. In: Knight J (ed) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London
Koganezawa M (1991) Nihonzaru no bunpu to hogo no genjo oyobi sono mondaiten—Nikko o chushin ni [The present state and distribution of the Japanese Monkey and related problems: focussing on Nikko]. Yasei dobutsu hogo: 21 seiki e no teigen [Wild animal protection: a proposal for the 21st century]. Nihon Shizen Hogo Kyokai, Tokyo
Kohler A (2000) Half-man, half-elephant: shapeshifting among the Baka of Congo. In: Knight J (ed) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London, pp 50–77
Kruuk H (2002) Hunter and hunted: relationships between carnivores and people. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Lee T, Sodhi N, Prawiradilaga D (2009) Determinants of local people’s attitude toward conservation and the consequential effects on illegal resource harvesting in the protected areas of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Environ Conserv 36:157–170
Lee-Thorp J, Thackeray JF, van der Merwe N (2000) The hunters and the hunted revisited. J Hum Evol 39:565–576
Lindquist G (2000) The wolf, the Saami and the urban shaman: predator symbolism in Sweden. In: Knight J (ed) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflicts in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London, pp 170–188
Lingard M, Raharison N, Rabakonandrianina E, Rakotoarisoa J-A, Elmqvist T (2003) The role of local taboos in conservation and management of species: the radiated tortoise in southern Madagascar. Conserv Soc 1:223
Liu F, McShea WJ, Garshelis DL, Zhu X, Wang D, Shao L (2011) Human-wildlife conflicts influence attitudes but not necessarily behaviors: factors driving the poaching of bears in China. Biol Conserv 144:538–547
Loe J, Roskaft E (2004) Large carnivores and human safety—a review. Ambio 33:283–288
Loveridge AJ, Wang SW, Frank LG, Seidensticker J (2010) People and wild felids: conservation of cats and management of conflicts. In: Macdonald DW, Loveridge AJ (eds) Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 161–195
Maita A (1989) Sengo sanson Shakai no ‘mura kuzushi’ to shinrin kanri. In: Setsu U (ed) ‘Shinrin shakaigaku’ sengen (Declaration on ‘Forest sociology’). Yuikaku Sensho, Tokyo
Marchini S (2014) Who’s in conflict with whom? Human dimensions of the conflicts involving wildlife. In: Verdade LM, Lyra-Jorge MC, Piña CI (eds) Applied ecology and human dimensions in biological conservation. Springer, New York, pp 189–209
Marchini S, Macdonald DW (2012) Predicting ranchers’ intention to kill jaguars: case studies in Amazonia and Pantanal. Biol Conserv 147:213–221
Marker LL, Dickman AJ, Mills MGL, Macdonald DW (2003) Aspects of the management of cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus jubatus, trapped on Namibian farmlands. Biol Conserv 114:401–412
McGuinness S, Taylor D (2014) Farmers’ perceptions and actions to decrease crop raiding by forest-dwelling primates around a Rwandan forest fragment. Hum Dimens Wildl 19:179–190
McManus JS, Dickman AJ, Gaynor D, Smuts BH, Macdonald DW (2014) Dead or alive? Comparing costs and benefits of lethal and non-lethal human-wildlife conflict mitigation on livestock farms. Oryx 49(4):687–695
Meijaard E, Buchori D, Hadiprakarsa Y, Utami-Atmoko SS, Nurcahyo A, Tjiu A, Prasetyo D, Christie L, Ancrenaz M, Abadi F (2011) Quantifying killing of orangutans and human-orangutan conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia. PLoS One 6:e27491
Mishra C (1997) Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environ Conserv 24:338–343
MTK (2008) Ministry of Tourism, Kenya. http://www.tourism.go.ke/ministry.nsf/pages/facts_figures
Muhly TB, Musiani M (2009) Livestock depredation by wolves and the ranching economy in the Northwestern US. Ecol Econ 68:2439–2450
Mukherjee A (2009) Conflict and coexistence in a national park. Econ Pol Wkly 44:52–59
Murphy T, Macdonald DW (2010) Pumas and people: lessons in the landscape of tolerance from a widely distributed felid. In: Macdonald DW, Loveridge AJ (eds) Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 431–452
Musiani M, Mamo C, Boitani L, Callaghan C, Gates CC, Mattei L, Visalberghi E, Breck S, Volpi G (2003) Wolf depredation trends and the use of fladry barriers to protect livestock in western North America. Conserv Biol 17:1538–1547
Naughton L, Rose R, Treves A (1999) The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: a literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. African Elephant Specialist, human-elephant task conflict task force of IUCN, Gland
Naughton-Treves L (1997) Farming the forest edge: vulnerable places and people around Kibale National Park. Uganda Geogr Rev 87:27–46
Naughton-Treves L, Treves A (2005) Socio-ecological factors shaping local support for wildlife: crop-raiding by elephants and other wildlife in Africa. In: Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (eds) People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 252–277
Neff C (2012) Australian beach safety and the politics of shark attacks. Coast Manag 40:88–106
Nelson F (2009) Developing payments for ecosystem service approaches to carnivore conservation. Hum Dimens Wildl 14:381–392
Nistler C (2007) Seeing spots: the return of the jaguar. PERC reports 25. http://www.perc.org/articles/article1016.php
Norton-Griffiths M, Southey C (1995) The opportunity costs of biodiversity conservation in Kenya. Environ Econ 12:125–139
Packer C, Ikanda D, Kissui B, Kushnir H (2005) Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania. Nature 436:927–928
Prokop P, Tunnicliffe SD (2008) Disgusting animals: primary school children’s attitudes and myths of bats and spiders. Eurasia J Math Sci Technol Educ 4:87–97
Prokop P, Fancovicova J, Kubiatko M (2009) Vampires are still alive: Slovakian students’ attitudes toward bats. Anthrozoos 22:19–30
Quammen D (2003) Monster of God: the man-eating predator in the jungles of history and the mind. Norton, New York
Richards P (2000) Chimpanzees as political animals in Sierra Leone. In: Knight J (ed) Natural enemies: people-wildlife conflict in anthropological perspective. Routledge, London, pp 78–103
Riggio J, Jacobson A, Dollar L, Bauer H, Becker M, Dickman AJ, Funston P, Groom R, Henschel P, de Iongh H, Lichtenfeld L, Pimm S (2013) The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s (Panthera leo) view. Biodivers Conserv 22:17–35
Rijksen HD (1995) Forest men and man. In: Corbey R, Theunissen B (eds) Ape, man, apeman: changing views since 1600. Department of Prehistory, Leiden University, Leiden
Riley EP (2010) The importance of human–macaque folklore for conservation in Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Oryx 44:235–240
Scarce R (1998) What do wolves mean? Conflicting social constructions of Canis lupus in “bordertown”. Hum Dimens Wildl 3:26–45
Siex KS, Struhsaker TT (1999) Colobus monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts. J Appl Ecol 36:1009–1020
Simons EL, Meyers DM (2001) Folklore and beliefs about the aye aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis). Lemur News 6:11–16
Sitati NW, Walpole MJ (2006) Assessing farm-based measures for mitigating human-elephant conflict in Transmara District, Kenya. Oryx 40:279–286
St John FA, Keane AM, Edwards-Jones G, Jones L, Yarnell RW, Jones JP (2011) Identifying indicators of illegal behaviour: carnivore killing in human-managed landscapes. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 279:804–812
Starr C (1969) Social benefits vs. technological risks. Science 165:1232–1238
Tambiah SJ (1969) Animals are good to think and good to prohibit. Ethnology 8:423–459
Teel TL, Manfredo MJ, Jensen FS, Buijs AE, Fischer A, Riepe C, Arlinghaus R, Jacobs MH (2010) Understanding the cognitive basis for human-wildlife relationships as a key to successful protected-area management. Int J Sociol 40:104–123
Thirgood S, Woodroffe R, Rabinowitz A (2005) The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods. In: Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (eds) People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 13–26
Walpole MJ, Goodwin HJ (2001) Local attitudes towards conservation and tourism around Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Environ Conserv 28:160–166
West H (2001) Sorcery of construction and socialist modernisation: ways of understanding power in postcolonial Mozambique. Am Ethnol 28:119–150
Western D (1982) Amboseli National Park: enlisting landowners to conserve migratory wildlife. Ambio 11:302–308
White LJ (1967) The historic roots of our ecologic crisis. Science 155:1203–1207
Wilson MA (1997) The wolf in Yellowstone: science, symbol, or politics? Deconstructing the conflict between environmentalism and wise use. Soc Nat Resour 10:453–468
Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (2005) The impact of human-wildlife conflict on natural systems. In: Woodroffe R, Thirgood S, Rabinowitz A (eds) People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–12
Zabel A, Engel S (2010) Performance payments: a new strategy to conserve large carnivores in the tropics? Institute for Environmental Decisions, Zurich
Zabel A, Holm-Muller K (2008) Conservation performance payments for carnivore conservation in Sweden. Conserv Biol 22:247–251
Zimmerman A, Walpole MJ, Leader-Williams N (2005) Cattle ranchers’ attitudes to conflicts with jaguar Panthera once in the Pantanal of Brazil. Oryx 39:406–412
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dickman, A.J., Hazzah, L. (2016). Money, Myths and Man-Eaters: Complexities of Human–Wildlife Conflict. In: Angelici, F. (eds) Problematic Wildlife. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22245-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22246-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)