Abstract
In this introductory chapter, I argue that rural life in the modern world has been understood in a number of very narrow ways, as studied in archaeology and fields beyond. I locate this lack of dynamic analysis as a function of an easy ideological dialectic of urban progress and rural backwardness that has characterized social thought since the nineteenth century. As an alternative, I offer up an archaeology of Improvement, a global rural modernization movement that profoundly shaped the landscapes of colonial and rural spaces in the rise of the Atlantic world. The materiality of Improvement is visible in a wide variety of domains and at multiple scales from individual artifacts to landscapes. I argue for an archaeology of Improvement, precisely because so many of its practices and ideals were enacted through landscape changes and interactions with the prosaic materialities of rural life. I discuss the literature on the archaeology of Improvement in Britain and in North America and argue that understanding Improvement helps to counteract the idea that the great social changes of the nineteenth century only happened in cities. Further, a discussion of Improvement, as opposed to other terms that describe the modernization of farming, highlights the complex relationships between ideologies, social relations, and a diverse array of material culture forms. I also lay out the structure of the argument within the chapter.
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Notes
- 1.
Kulikoff (1992) noted a similar problem in historical studies, which he identifies as the difference between “market” and “social” historians. The former sees a relatively undifferentiated change from simple to complex market integrations, with nineteenth century industrial capitalism as a kind of fluorescence of these pre-existing processes (New Englandcentered examples include Lemon 1967; Martin 1991; Rothenberg 1992, 2000; contributions to Temin 2000). The latter seeks moments of rupture in the past, before which there was no capitalism and after which capitalism emerges, fully formed in a class society (e.g., Clark 1975; Henretta 1978; Merrill 1977). He argued for syntheses, which has been attempted in New England by Clark (1990) and Lamoreaux (2003)
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Lewis, Q.P. (2016). Rural Life and Historical Archaeology. In: An Archaeology of Improvement in Rural Massachusetts. Contributions To Global Historical Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22105-2_1
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