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Apoptosis

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International Manual of Oncology Practice

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Abstract

Our DNA is continuously assaulted from a plethora of sides including exogenous environmental sources (for examples ionizing radiation (IR) or exposure to environmental genotoxic compounds) and endogenous sources such as replication fork collapse during regular DNA replication, during normal DNA repair events and immunoglobulin V(D)J gene rearrangement. However the incorrect repair of DNA breaks results in significant genomic instability due to gross chromosomal loss, amplification, or rearrangements that can lead to cancer. In healthy cells, these harmful effects are controlled by large, multi-component protein complexes, beginning with the detection of DNA damage and the induction of complex protein signalling cascades that ensure genomic integrity. These signalling cascades promote cell cycle arrest, allowing the cell sufficient time to evaluate and where possible to repair the DNA damage. In the presence of sustained damage or when this damage cannot be repaired, the cell can instigate an apoptotic response (programmed cell death) to ensure that the damaged DNA is not passed to daughter cells, thus preserving genome integrity. In cancer, these processes are subverted, deregulated and inactivated. Over the course of this chapter the processes, key proteins and pathways involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair and apoptosis will be reviewed with particular focus on disease, in particular cancer and how these components could be therapeutically targeted.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edifício 7, ala nascente, 3o. andar, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal

    Richard Hill B.Sc, Ph.D.

  2. Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK

    Richard Hill B.Sc, Ph.D.

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  1. Richard Hill B.Sc, Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Richard Hill B.Sc, Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade de Mello

  2. edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, University of Algarve, Dept Cie Biomed edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, Faro, Portugal

    Álvaro Tavares

  3. Medical Oncology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Giannis Mountzios

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Hill, R. (2015). Apoptosis. In: de Mello, R., Tavares, Á., Mountzios, G. (eds) International Manual of Oncology Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21683-6_3

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