Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  • Chapter
International Manual of Oncology Practice

  • 1298 Accesses

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in men and the eighth most common cancer in women worldwide. An estimated 560,000 new cases are diagnosed annually. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide varies according to the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infections. Areas such as Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with high rates of infectious hepatitis have incidences as high as 120 cases per 100,000.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bosch FX, Ribes J, Cléries R, Díaz M (2005) Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 9(2):191–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bosch FX, Ribes J, Díaz M, Cléries R (2004) Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology 127(5 Suppl 1):S5–S16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Triolo M, Corte CD, Colombo M (2014) Impact of HBV therapy on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 34(Suppl 1):139–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ng J, Wu J (2012) Hepatitis B- and hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinomas in the United States: similarities and differences. Hepat Mon 12(10 HCC):e7635

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Blank S, Wang Q, Fiel MI, Luan W, Kim KW, Kadri H, Mandeli J, Hiotis SP (2014) Assessing prognostic significance of preoperative alpha-fetoprotein in hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: normal is not the new normal. Ann Surg Oncol 21(3):986–994

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nakao K, Ichikawa T (2013) Recent topics on α-fetoprotein. Hepatol Res 43(8):820–825

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhou L, Rui JA, Wang SB, Chen SG, Qu Q (2012) The significance of serum AFP cut-off values, 20 and 400 ng/mL in curatively resected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis might be of difference. Hepatogastroenterology 59(115):840–843

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yaprak O, Akyildiz M, Dayangac M, Demirbas BT, Guler N, Dogusoy GB, Yuzer Y, Tokat Y (2012) AFP level and histologic differentiation predict the survival of patients with liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 11(3):256–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cheng J, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li M, Wu Z, Liu Z, Lv Y, Wang B (2014) Prognostic role of pre-treatment serum AFP-L3% in hepatocellular carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(1):e87011s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Choi JY, Jung SW, Kim HY, Kim M, Kim Y, Kim DG, Oh EJ (2013) Diagnostic value of AFP-L3 and PIVKA-II in hepatocellular carcinoma according to total-AFP. World J Gastroenterol 19(3):339–346

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Limaye AR, Cabrera R (2010) Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and early diagnosis. Minerva Med 101(6):395–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dănilă M, Sporea I (2014) Ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced liver fibrosis. An overview. Med Ultrason 16(2):139–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Tada T, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, Kanke F, Satomura S (2011) Clinical utility of highly sensitive Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with alpha-fetoprotein <20 ng/mL. Cancer Sci 102(5):1025–1031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Moribata K, Tamai H, Shingaki N, Mori Y, Enomoto S, Shiraki T, Deguchi H, Ueda K, Inoue I, Maekita T, Iguchi M, Yanaoka K, Oka M, Ichinose M (2011) Assessment of malignant potential of small hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma using B-mode ultrasonography. Hepatol Res 41(3):233–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Song MJ, Bae SH, Yoo IR, Park CH, Jang JW, Chun HJ, Choi BG, Lee HG, Choi JY, Yoon SK (2012) Predictive value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT for transarterial chemolipiodolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 18(25):3215–3222

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yoon KT, Kim JK, Kim Do Y, Ahn SH, Lee JD, Yun M, Rha SY, Chon CY, Han KH (2007) Role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in detecting extrahepatic metastasis in pretreatment staging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 72(Suppl 1):104–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lin WY, Tsai SC, Hung GU (2005) Value of delayed 18F-FDG-PET imaging in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 26(4):315–321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Crissien AM, Frenette C (2014) Current management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 10(3):153–161

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lei JY, Yan LN, Wang WT (2013) Transplantation vs resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with compensated liver function after downstaging therapy. World J Gastroenterol 19(27):4400–4408

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Li Z, Zhang C, Lou C, Yan F, Mao Y, Hong X, Zhang Y (2013) Comparison of percutaneous cryosurgery and surgical resection for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 6(1):239–245

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hinshaw JL, Lee FT Jr (2007) Cryoablation for liver cancer. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 10(1):47–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Huang S, Yu J, Liang P, Yu X, Cheng Z, Han Z, Li Q (2014) Percutaneous microwave ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large vessels: a long-term follow-up. Eur J Radiol 83(3):552–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Witort E, Lulli M, Carloni V, Capaccioli S (2013) Anticancer activity of an antisense oligonucleotide targeting TRADD combined with proteasome inhibitors in chemoresistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Chemother 25(5):292–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lu C, Zhang J, He S, Wan C, Shan A, Wang Y, Yu L, Liu G, Chen K, Shi J, Zhang Y, Ni R (2013) Increased α-tubulin1b expression indicates poor prognosis and resistance tochemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 58(9):2713–2720. Nishida N, Kudo M (2013) Recent advancements in comprehensive genetic analyses for human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 84(Suppl 1):93–97

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zhan P, Ji YN (2014) Prognostic significance of TP53 expression for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 3(1):11–17

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang F, Dai W, Wang Y, Shen M, Chen K, Cheng P, Zhang Y, Wang C, Li J, Zheng Y, Lu J, Yang J, Zhu R, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Xu L, Guo C (2014) The synergistic in vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of combination therapy with salinomycin and 5-Fluorouracil against hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 9(5):e97414

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jin C, Li H, He Y, He M, Bai L, Cao Y, Song W, Dou K (2010) Combination chemotherapy of doxorubicin and paclitaxel for hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 136(2):267–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sai WL, Lai KH, Liang HL, Hsu PI, Chan HH, Chen WC, Yu HC, Tsay FW, Wang HM, Tsai HC, Cheng JS (2014) Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for patients with huge unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 9(5):e92784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Oh MJ, Lee HJ, Lee SH (2013) Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma as first-line therapy. Clin Mol Hepatol 19(3):288–299

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Di Maio M, De Maio E, Morabito A, D’Aniello R, De Feo G, Gallo C, Perrone F (2006) Hormonal treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1089:252–261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Jia WD, Zhang CH, Xu GL, Ge YS, Wang W (2010) Octreotide therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Hepatogastroenterology 57(98):292–299

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Schöniger-Hekele M, Kettenbach J, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Müller C (2009) Octreotide treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma – a retrospective single centre controlled study. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 28:142

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hua YP, Yin XY, Peng BG, Li SQ, Lai JM, Liang HZ, Liang LJ (2009) Mechanisms and influence of octreotide-induced regulation of somatostatin receptor 2 on hepatocellular carcinoma. Chemotherapy 55(5):312–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chiang KC, Yeh CN, Chen MF, Chen TC (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma and vitamin D: a review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26(11):1597–1603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dalhoff K, Dancey J, Astrup L, Skovsgaard T, Hamberg KJ, Lofts FJ, Rosmorduc O, Erlinger S, Bach Hansen J, Steward WP, Skov T, Burcharth F, Evans TR (2003) A phase II study of the vitamin D analogue Seocalcitol in patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 89(2):252–257

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schmitz KJ, Wohlschlaeger J, Lang H, Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM, Schmid KW, Baba HA (2009) Cyclo-oxygenase-2 overexpression is a feature of early and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma with a favourable prognosis. J Clin Pathol 62(8):690–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Matsuda M, Fujii H, Kono H, Matsumoto Y (2001) Surgical treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma based on the mode of recurrence: repeat hepatic resection or ablation are good choices for patients withrecurrent multicentric cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 8(4):353–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hu RH, Lee PH, Yu SC, Dai HC, Sheu JC, Lai MY, Hsu HC, Chen DS (1996) Surgical resection for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: prognosis and analysis of risk factors. Surgery 120(1):23–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cillo U, Vitale A, Navaglia F, Basso D, Montin U, Bassanello M, D’Amico F, Ciarleglio FA, Brolese A, Zanus G, De Pascale V, Plebani M, D’Amico DF (2005) Role of blood AFP mRNA and tumor grade in the preoperative prognostic evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 11(44):6920–6925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery and Laparoscopic Center, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China

    Jinhui Zhu M.D. & Kai Yu M.D.

  2. Department Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade de Mello M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade de Mello M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Jinhui Zhu M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kai Yu M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramon Andrade de Mello M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramon Andrade de Mello M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Oncology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

    Ramon Andrade de Mello

  2. edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, University of Algarve, Dept Cie Biomed edificio 7, ala nascente, 3º andar, Faro, Portugal

    Álvaro Tavares

  3. Medical Oncology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Giannis Mountzios

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhu, J., Yu, K., de Mello, R.A. (2015). Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: de Mello, R., Tavares, Á., Mountzios, G. (eds) International Manual of Oncology Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21683-6_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation