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Ventilators for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: Theory and Technology

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Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation

Abstract

The use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to treat both acute respiratory failure (ARF) and chronic respiratory failure (CRF) has been tremendously expanded in the last two decades in terms of spectrum of diseases to be successfully managed, settings of application/adaptation, and achievable goals [1–3]. The choice of a ventilator may be crucial for the outcome of NPPV in the acute and chronic setting as poor tolerance and excessive air leaks are significantly correlated with the failure of this ventilatory technique [3, 4]. Patient-ventilator dyssynchrony and discomfort may occur when the clinician fails to adequately set NPPV in response to the patient’s ventilatory demands during acute distress, wakefulness, and sleep [3–5]. Technical properties of the ventilator (i.e., type of circuit, efficiency of trigger and cycling systems, speed of pressurization, air leak compensation, CO2-rebreathing, blender for O2, monitoring accuracy, transportability) play a key role in helping NPPV to achieve the goals of mechanical ventilation in ARF (unloading respiratory muscles, improved gas exchange) and CRF (improved gas exchange, sleep quality, quality of life, survival) [3, 4].

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Abbreviations

ARF:

Acute respiratory failure

CPAP:

Continuous positive airway pressure

CRF:

Chronic respiratory failure

EPAP:

Expiratory positive airway pressure

f:

Respiratory rate

FiO2 :

Inspiratory fraction of O2

IPAP:

Inspiratory positive airway pressure

NPPV:

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

PAV:

Proportional assist ventilation

PCV:

Pressure-controlled ventilation

PEEP:

Positive end-expiratory pressure

PSV:

Pressure support ventilation

Ti:

Inspiratory time

VAPS:

Volume-assured pressure support ventilation

VCV:

Volume-controlled ventilation

Vt:

Tidal volume

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pulmonology and Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, AUSL8, S. Donato Hospital, Via Nenni, 20, Arezzo, 52100, Italy

    Raffaele Scala MD

Authors
  1. Raffaele Scala MD
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Correspondence to Raffaele Scala MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Murcia, Spain

    Antonio M. Esquinas

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Scala, R. (2016). Ventilators for Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation: Theory and Technology. In: Esquinas, A. (eds) Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21653-9_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21653-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21652-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21653-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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