Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Cervical Spine pp 57–72Cite as

Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in Cervical Spine Surgery

  • Chapter

  • 2300 Accesses

Abstract

Anesthesia in cervical spine surgery (CSS) is peculiar and sometimes challenging. Injuries from CSS could be severe and often permanent and disabling. Complications are more frequent in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and pulmonary diseases. The surgical field is near the airway and the patient’s mouth and the endotracheal tube (ETT) could be not easily accessible. Postoperative edema and/or hematoma could lead to deviation and compression of larynx, trachea or medulla. The patient positioning should be done by expert anesthesiologists in order to avoid eyes, peripheral nerves and skin injuries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hindman BJ, Palecek JP, Posner KL, Traynelis VC, Lee LA, Sawin PD, Tredway TL, Todd MM, Domino KB. Cervical spinal cord, root, and bony spine injuries: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):782–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bettelli G. High risk patients in day surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2009;75(5):259–68. Epub 2008 Oct 23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ankichetty S, Chung F. Considerations for patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(6):605–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bettelli G. Anaesthesia for the elderly outpatient: preoperative assessment and evaluation, anaesthetic technique and postoperative pain management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23(6):726–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Diabetes Association. Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2012. Diabetes Care. 2012;35 Suppl 1:S4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Joshi GP, Chung F, Vann MA, Ahmad S, Gan TJ, Goulson DT, Merrill DG, Twersky R, Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(6):1378–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Guzman JZ, Skovrlj B, Shin J, Hecht AC, Qureshi SA, Iatridis JC, Cho SK. The impact of diabetes mellitus on patients undergoing degenerative cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(20):1656–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fineberg SJ, Oglesby M, Patel AA, Singh K. Incidence and mortality of perioperative cardiac events in cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(15):1268–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E, O’Connor CM, Jollis JG, Schulman KA, Hernandez AF. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2008;108(4):559–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Auron M, Harte B, Kumar A, Michota F. Renin-angiotensin system antagonists in the perioperative setting: clinical consequences and recommendations for practice. Postgrad Med J. 2011;87(1029):472–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, Abbate A, Fusaro M, Burzotta F, Testa L, Sheiban I, Sangiorgi G. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(22):2667–74. Epub 2006 Oct 19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Burger W, Chemnitius JM, Kneissl GD, Rücker G. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention – cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation – review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2005;257(5):399–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chassot PG, Marcucci C, Delabays A, Spahn DR. Perioperative antiplatelet therapy. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(12):1484–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Steib A, Hadjiat F, Skibba W, Steib JP, French Spine Surgery Society. Focus on perioperative management of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in spine surgery. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2011;97(6 Suppl):S102–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). Anesth Analg. 2008;106(3):685–712.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chung F, Mezei G, Tong D. Pre-existing medical conditions as predictors of adverse events in day-case surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(2):262–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Møller AM, Villebro N, Pedersen T, Tønnesen H. Effect of preoperative smoking intervention on postoperative complications: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9301):114–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Spieth PM, Güldner A, de Abreu MG. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012;25(1):24–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Porhomayon J, El-Solh A, Chhangani S, Nader ND. The management of surgical patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Lung. 2011;189(5):359–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Abrishami A, Khajehdehi A, Chung F. A systematic review of screening questionnaires for obstructive sleep apnea. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57(5):423–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Joshi GP, Ankichetty SP, Gan TJ, Chung F. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on preoperative selection of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea scheduled for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1060–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nørskov AK, Rosenstock CV, Wetterslev J, Astrup G, Afshari A, Lundstrøm LH. Diagnostic accuracy of anaesthesiologists’ prediction of difficult airway management in daily clinical practice: a cohort study of 188 064 patients registered in the Danish Anaesthesia Database. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(3):272–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Benumof JL, Berry FA, Blitt CD, Bode RH, Cheney FW, Connis RT, Guidry OF, Nickinovich DG, Ovassapian A, American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2013;118(2):251–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cheng WC, Jimmy-Ong, Lee CL, Lan CH, Chen TY, Lai HY. Pentax-airway scope for tracheal intubation breaks through the limitation of neck motion in an ankylosing spondylitis patient wearing halo vest – a case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan. 2010;48(4):180–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Brück S, Trautner H, Wolff A, Hain J, Mols G, Pakos P, Roewer N, Lange M. Comparison of the C-MAC(®) and GlideScope(®) videolaryngoscopes in patients with cervical spine disorders and immobilisation. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(2):160–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Song JW, Kwak YL, Lee JW, Chang CH, Kim HS, Shim YH. The optimal effect site concentration of remifentanil in combination with intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine for awake fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2012;78(5):521–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ezri T, Szmuk P, Warters RD, Katz J, Hagberg CA. Difficult airway management practice patterns among anesthesiologists practicing in the United States: have we made any progress? J Clin Anesth. 2003;15(6):418–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Peterson GN, Domino KB, Caplan RA, Posner KL, Lee LA, Cheney FW. Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(1):33–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Martirosyan NL, Feuerstein JS, Theodore N, Cavalcanti DD, Spetzler RF, Preul MC. Blood supply and vascular reactivity of the spinal cord under normal and pathological conditions. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;15(3):238–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pajewski TN, Arlet V, Phillips LH. Current approach on spinal cord monitoring: the point of view of the neurologist, the anesthesiologist and the spine surgeon. Eur Spine J. 2007;16 Suppl 2:S115–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Li F, Gorji R, Allott G, Modes K, Lunn R, Yang ZJ. The usefulness of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in cervical spine surgery: a retrospective analysis of 200 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2012;24(3):185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Jahangiri FR, Sheryar M, Al Behairy Y. Early detection of pedicle screw-related spinal cord injury by continuous intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM). Neurodiagn J. 2014;54(4):323–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nitzschke R, Hansen-Algenstaedt N, Regelsberger J, Goetz AE, Goepfert MS. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring with evoked potentials. Anaesthesist. 2012;61(4):320–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Stecker MM. A review of intraoperative monitoring for spinal surgery. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3 Suppl 3:S174–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Sloan TB, Heyer EJ. Anesthesia for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of the spinal cord. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;19(5):430–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Asouhidou I, Katsaridis V, Vaidis G, Ioannou P, Givissis P, Christodoulou A, Georgiadis G. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials suppression due to remifentanil during spinal operations; a prospective clinical study. Scoliosis. 2010;5:8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Plata Bello J, Pérez-Lorensu PJ, Roldán-Delgado H, Brage L, Rocha V, Hernández-Hernández V, Dóniz A, García-Marín V. Role of multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during positioning of patient prior to cervical spine surgery. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014;126(6):1264–70.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kudo T, Sato Y, Kowatari K, Nitobe T, Hirota K. Postoperative transient tetraplegia in two patients caused by cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(3):213–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kamel I, Barnette R. Positioning patients for spine surgery: avoiding uncommon position-related complications. World J Orthop. 2014;5(4):425–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Prevention of Perioperative Peripheral Neuropathies. Practice advisory for the prevention of perioperative peripheral neuropathies: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on prevention of perioperative peripheral neuropathies. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):741–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Roth S. Perioperative visual loss: what do we know, what can we do? Br J Anaesth. 2009;103 Suppl 1:i31–40. doi:10.1093/bja/aep295.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss. Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Visual Loss. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(2):274–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee LA, Roth S, Posner KL, Cheney FW, Caplan RA, Newman NJ, Domino KB. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Postoperative Visual Loss Registry: analysis of 93 spine surgery cases with postoperative visual loss. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(4):652–9; quiz 867–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Nickels TJ, Manlapaz MR, Farag E. Perioperative visual loss after spine surgery. World J Orthop. 2014;5(2):100–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. St-Arnaud D, Paquin MJ. Safe positioning for neurosurgical patients. AORN J. 2008;87(6):1156–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Barnes M, Liew S. The incidence of infection after posterior cervical spine surgery: a 10 year review. Global Spine J. 2012;2(1):3–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Halvorsen CM, Lied B, Harr ME, Rønning P, Sundseth J, Kolstad F, Helseth E. Surgical mortality and complications leading to reoperation in 318 consecutive posterior decompressions for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(5):358–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Schimmel JJ, Horsting PP, de Kleuver M, Wonders G, van Limbeek J. Risk factors for deep surgical site infections after spinal fusion. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(10):1711–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, Perl TM, Auwaerter PG, Bolon MK, Fish DN, Napolitano LM, Sawyer RG, Slain D, Steinberg JP, Weinstein RA, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Surgical Infection Society (SIS), Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013;14(1):73–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Oglesby M, Fineberg SJ, Patel AA, Pelton MA, Singh K. The incidence and mortality of thromboembolic events in cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(9):E521–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Epstein NE. Intermittent pneumatic compression stocking prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis in anterior cervical spinal surgery: a prospective efficacy study in 200 patients and literature review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(22):2538–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, Karanicolas PJ, Arcelus JI, Heit JA, Samama CM, American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Buvanendran A, Thillainathan V. Preoperative and postoperative anesthetic and analgesic techniques for minimally invasive surgery of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35(26 Suppl):S274–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Sharma S, Balireddy RK, Vorenkamp KE, Durieux ME. Beyond opioid patient-controlled analgesia: a systematic review of analgesia after major spine surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(1):79–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Elvir-Lazo OL, White PF. The role of multimodal analgesia in pain management after ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23(6):697–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby RC, Wu CL. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;203(6):914–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Elder JB, Hoh DJ, Liu CY, Wang MY. Postoperative continuous paravertebral anesthetic infusion for pain control in posterior cervical spine surgery: a case–control study. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(3 Suppl Operative):99–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Li Q, Zhang Z, Cai Z. High-dose ketorolac affects adult spinal fusion: a meta-analysis of the effect of perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on spinal fusion. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(7):E461–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Blumenthal S, Min K, Marquardt M, Borgeat A. Postoperative intravenous morphine consumption, pain scores, and side effects with perioperative oral controlled-release oxycodone after lumbar discectomy. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(1):233–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Yamauchi M, Asano M, Watanabe M, Iwasaki S, Furuse S, Namiki A. Continuous low-dose ketamine improves the analgesic effects of fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia after cervical spine surgery. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(3):1041–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Loftus RW, Yeager MP, Clark JA, Brown JR, Abdu WA, Sengupta DK, Beach ML. Intraoperative ketamine reduces perioperative opiate consumption in opiate-dependent patients with chronic back pain undergoing back surgery. Anesthesiology. 2010;113(3):639–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, Hooper VD, Kovac AL, Kranke P, Myles P, Philip BK, Samsa G, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramèr MR, Vander Kolk C, Watcha M, Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1615–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(3):693–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, Goepfert C, Papenfuss T, Rauch S, Heineck R, Greim CA, Roewer N. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(5):659–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kolodzie K, Apfel CC. Nausea and vomiting after office-based anesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(4):532–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Dagher CF, Abboud B, Richa F, Abouzeid H, El-Khoury C, Doumit C, Yaghi C, Yazbeck P. Effect of intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009;26(3):188–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. White PF, Eng M. Fast-track anesthetic techniques for ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(6):545–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Henzi I, Walder B, Tramèr MR. Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(1):186–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Melton MS, Klein SM, Gan TJ. Management of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(6):612–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ormel G, Romundstad L, Lambert-Jensen P, Stubhaug A. Dexamethasone has additive effect when combined with ondansetron and droperidol for treatment of established PONV. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(10):1196–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dogan U, Yavas G, Tekinalp M, Yavas C, Ata OY, Ozdemir K. Evaluation of the acute effect of palonosetron on transmural dispersion of myocardial repolarization. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(4):462–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Antor MA, Uribe AA, Erminy-Falcon N, Werner JG, Candiotti KA, Pergolizzi JV, Bergese SD. The effect of transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Apfel CC, Zhang K, George E, Shi S, Jalota L, Hornuss C, Fero KE, Heidrich F, Pergolizzi JV, Cakmakkaya OS, Kranke P. Transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2010;32(12):1987–2002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Halloran K, Barash PG. Inside the black box: current policies and concerns with the United States Food and Drug Administration’s highest drug safety warning system. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23(3):423–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Gan TJ, Gu J, Singla N, Chung F, Pearman MH, Bergese SD, Habib AS, Candiotti KA, Mo Y, Huyck S, Creed MR, Cantillon M, Rolapitant Investigation Group. Rolapitant for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(4):804–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Willms D, Shure D. Pulmonary edema due to upper airway obstruction in adults. Chest. 1988;94(5):1090–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Palumbo MA, Aidlen JP, Daniels AH, Bianco A, Caiati JM. Airway compromise due to laryngopharyngeal edema after anterior cervical spine surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2013;25(1):66–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Anastasian ZH, Gaudet JG, Levitt LC, Mergeche JL, Heyer EJ, Berman MF. Factors that correlate with the decision to delay extubation after multilevel prone spine surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2014;26(2):167–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. De Bast Y, De Backer D, Moraine JJ, Lemaire M, Vandenborght C, Vincent JL. The cuff leak test to predict failure of tracheal extubation for laryngeal edema. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(9):1267–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zeng JH, Zhong ZM, Chen JT. Early dysphagia complicating anterior cervical spine surgery: incidence and risk factors. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(8):1067–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Radcliff KE, Koyonos L, Clyde C, Sidhu GS, Fickes M, Hilibrand AS, Albert TJ, Vaccaro AR, Rihn JA. What is the incidence of dysphagia after posterior cervical surgery? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(13):1082–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Anderson KK, Arnold PM. Oropharyngeal Dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a review. Global Spine J. 2013;3(4):273–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Apfelbaum RI, Kriskovich MD, Haller JR. On the incidence, cause, and prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies during anterior cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(22):2906–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fineberg SJ, Oglesby M, Patel AA, Singh K. Incidence, risk factors, and mortality associated with aspiration in cervical spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(19):E1189–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Kaloostian PE, Kim JE, Bydon A, Sciubba DM, Wolinsky JP, Gokaslan ZL, Witham TF. Intracranial hemorrhage after spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2013;19(3):370–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Chen Z, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Wang S. Delayed emergence from anesthesia resulting from bilateral epidural hemorrhages during cervical spine surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2013;25(3):244–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lee MJ, Lin EL. The use of the three-pronged Mayfield head clamp resulting in an intracranial epidural hematoma in an adult patient. Eur Spine J. 2010;19 Suppl 2:S187–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli, 8., 00168, Rome, Italy

    Chierichini Angelo, Santoprete Stefano & Frassanito Luciano

Authors
  1. Chierichini Angelo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Santoprete Stefano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frassanito Luciano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chierichini Angelo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Spine Center, Rome American Hospital, Rome, Italy

    Pier Paolo Maria Menchetti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Angelo, C., Stefano, S., Luciano, F. (2016). Anesthesia and Perioperative Care in Cervical Spine Surgery. In: Menchetti, P. (eds) Cervical Spine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21608-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21608-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21607-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21608-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation