Skip to main content

Determining the Long-Term Health Outcomes of Servicewomen and Female Veterans: An Australian Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Risk and Resilience in Military and Veteran Families ((RRMV))

Abstract

Australian women have served in overseas military operations since the Boer War (1889–1902) in Southern Africa. ADF gender restrictions have recently been lifted, and from 2016 will allow Australian women to participate in every aspect of future military service, including frontline combat. As the number of women in the ADF continues to increase, the health issues affecting servicewomen and female veterans can also be expected to rise. Similarly, as women’s roles change, the profile of service-related injury is also expected to change. Although the Australian servicewomen/female veteran cohort is relatively small in relation to other nations such as the UK and the USA, the research highlights a critical need to adjust the health care delivery and support model for female veterans in Australia and to recognize their vulnerability within existing veteran health paradigms. As more women are included within the contemporary veteran cohort, it is important that health professionals as well as policy makers and senior defense personnel, understand the gender-specific health effects of service on this emerging female veteran cohort. Understanding and meeting their ongoing health care needs must remain a national priority.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Australian Defence Force. (2011). PMKeys Reporting 14 January 2011. ADF HR Reporting and Analysis, Data provided to Crompvoets.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Government Department of Veterans’ Affairs (March 2012). Treatment population statistics. Retrieved from: http://www.dva.gov.au/aboutDVA/Statistics/Documents/TpopMar2012.pdf

  • Australian Human Rights Commission. Review into the treatment of women in the Australian Defence Force 2012 Sydney. Retrieved from: http://www.humanrights.gov.au/defencereview/index.html

  • Christiansen, D. M., & Elklit, A. (2008). Risk factors predict post-traumatic stress disorder differently in men and women. Annals of General Psychiatry, 7(1), 24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth Department of Veterans’ Affairs. (1998). Morbidity of Vietnam Veterans: A study of the health of Australia’s Vietnam Veteran community. Volume 2: Female Vietnam Veterans survey and community comparison outcomes. Canberra, ACT: Department of Veterans’ Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompvoets, S. (2012). The health and wellbeing of female Vietnam and contemporary Veterans 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.dva.gov.au/health_and_wellbeing/research/Documents/viet_fem_con_report.pdf

  • Davy, C. P., Lorimer, M., McFarlane, A., Hodson, S., Crompvoet, S., Lawrence-Wood, E., & Neuhaus, S. J. (in press). The Well-being of Australian Service Mothers. Women & Health 2015, May:1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Davy, C. P., Lorimer, M., McFarlane, A., Hodson, S., Crompvoets, S., Lawrence-Wood, E., & Neuhaus, S. J. Lasting effects of separation on mothers deploying to the MEAO. Presented at the South Australian Defence and Veteran health research paper day 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Defence. (February 2013). Lifting of gender restrictions in the Australian Defence Force. Media. Retrieved from: http://news.defence.gov.au/2013/02/01/lifting-of-gender-restrictions-in-the-australian-defence-force/

  • Dobson, A., Treloar, S., Zheng, W., Anderson, R., Bredhauer, K., Kanesarajah, J., & Waller, M. (2013). The Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) health study. Brisbane, QLD: The University of Queensland, Centre for Military and Veterans Health

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Y., Yanovich, R., Moran, D. S., & Heled, Y. (2013). Physiological employment standards IV: Integration of women in combat units physiological and medical considerations. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(11), 2673–2690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrier-Auerbach Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., Rath, C. M., & Sponheim, S. R. (2010). Predictors of emotional distress reported by soldiers in the combat zone. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(7), 470–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, S. G., Gordon, K. S., Mattocks, K., Duggal, M., Erdos, J., Justice, A., & Brandt, C. A. (2010). Gender differences in rates of depression, PTSD, pain, obesity, and military sexual trauma among Connecticut War Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(2), 267–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodson, S., Van Hooff, M., McFarlane, A., Benassi, H., Verhagen, A., & Steele, N. (2011). Stigma and barriers to mental health care for Australian Defence Force personnel. Presentation to the Australian Military Medicine Conference, Brisbane, QLD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, L. M., Doane, A. M., & Pearson, M. R. (2011). Single military mothers in the new millenium: Stresses, supports and effects of deployment. In Risk and resilience in US military families (pp. 343–363). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lande, R. G., Marin, B. A., Chang, A. S., & Lande, G. R. (2007). Gender differences and alcohol use in the US Army. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 107, 401–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, A. C. (2009). Military deployment: The impact on children and family adjustment and the need for care. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22, 369–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, A., Runge, C., Cosgrove, L., Bredhauer, K., Anderson, R., Waller, M., … Nasveld, P. (2012). Timor-Leste family study: Summary report. The University of Queensland, Centre for Military and Veterans’ Health, Brisbane, Australia Available at: http://www.dva.gov.au/health_and_wellbeing/research/FamilyStudyProgram/TLFS/Documents/tlfs-summary.pdf

  • Neuhaus, S. J., & Crompvoets, S. (2013). Australia’s servicewomen and female Veterans: Do we understand their health needs? Medical Journal of Australia, 199(8), 530–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orr, R. M., Johnston, V., Coyle, J., & Pope, R. (2011). Load carriage and the female soldier. Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 19(3), 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, P. F., Lewandowski-Romps, L., & Silverschanz, P. (2011). War related stressors as predictors of post-deployment health of Air Force women. Women’s Health Issues, 21(4S), S152–S159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raspal, K. (2011). Australian Defence Almanac 2011-2012. Canberra, ACT: Australian Strategic Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, W., Fletcher, S., Howard, A., & Forbes, D. (2013). Gender differences in mental health among serving and ex-serving military personnel: A review of the literature. Australian Centre for Post-traumatic Mental Health. Retrieved from: http://www.defence.gov.au/health/dmh/docs/1%20MHPWS%20report%20-%20Front%20matter.pdf

  • Wolfe, J., Schnurr, P. P., Brown, P. J., & Furey, J. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder and war-zone exposure as correlates of perceived health in female Vietnam War veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 1235–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yano, E. M., Bastian, L. A., Frayne, S. M., Hoell, A. L., Lipson, L. R., McGlynn, G., … Fihn, S. D. (2006).Toward a VA women’s health research agenda: Setting evidence-based priorities to improve the health and health care of women veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, S93–S101.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan J. Neuhaus CSC, MD, PhD, FRACS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Neuhaus, S.J., Crompvoets, S., Hodson, C.S., Raphael, B. (2016). Determining the Long-Term Health Outcomes of Servicewomen and Female Veterans: An Australian Perspective. In: MacDermid Wadsworth, S., Riggs, D. (eds) War and Family Life. Risk and Resilience in Military and Veteran Families. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21488-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21488-7_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21487-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21488-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics