Abstract
When waves travel between two media, they may be transmitted, reflected and scattered. The reflection depends on the angle of incidence and difference in acoustic impedances between the media. Acoustic impedance (Z) is proportional to the density of the media and speed of sound in the particular media.
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Video 16.1
Apical four chamber view, agitated saline contrast study showing right to left shunt in patient with patent foramen ovale (AVI 141116 kb)
Video 16.2
Parasternal long axis view of patient with persistent left superior vena cava. The agitated saline was injected into the left arm. Note the microbubble appearance in the coronary sinus (below) which occurs prior to the appearance of microbubbles in right ventricle (above) (AVI 117761 kb)
Video 16.3
Modified apical four chamber view in patient with persistent left superior vena cava showing bubble opacification of coronary sinus prior to the bubbles appearance in the right atrium (left arm agitated contract injection) (AVI 119531 kb)
Video 16.4
Apical four chamber view with (right) and without (left) Definity contrast in patient with poor acoustic images due to obesity. Please note apical akinesis and associated LV apical thrombus which are not apparent on a study without the contrast (AVI 5074 kb)
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Kireyev, D., Hung, J. (2016). Basics of Agitated Saline Contrast (“Bubble”) and LV Opacification Contrast Studies. In: Kireyev, D., Hung, J. (eds) Cardiac Imaging in Clinical Practice. In Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21458-0_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21458-0_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21457-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21458-0
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