Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cardiovascular Diseases in Pregnancy

  • Chapter
MRI of Fetal and Maternal Diseases in Pregnancy

Abstract

In addition to conditions specific to pregnancy such as eclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy, nearly any cardiac condition may occur during pregnancy. Common cardiovascular conditions may occur in 1 % of all pregnant women. Physiological increased volume loading during pregnancy may exacerbate cardiac conditions including valvular disease, shunts, or heart failure. Cardiac imaging examinations in the pregnant patient include radiography, echocardiology, and MRI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ain DL, Narula J, Sengupta PP (2012) Cardiovascular imaging and diagnostic procedures in pregnancy. Cardiol Clin 30(3):331–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Akintunde AA, Opadijo OG (2011) Case report of a 26 year old primigravida with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in heart failure. Afr Health Sci 11(1):138–140

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Alpendurada F, Wage R, Mohiaddin R (2008) Evaluation of a sinus venosus atrial septal defect by magnetic resonance: a case report. Rev Port Cardiol 27(10):1317–1321

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Anilkumar M (2013) Patent ductus arteriosus. Cardiol Clin 31(3):417–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr et al (1990) The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 33(8):1129–1134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arora NP, Mohamad T, Mahajan N, Danrad R, Kottam A, Li T, Afonso LC (2014) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Am J Med Sci 347(2):112–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Barone-Rochette G, Rodière M, Lantuejoul S (2011) Value of cardiac MRI in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 104(4):263–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barrett JM, Van Hooydonk JE, Boehm FH (1982) Pregnancy-related rupture of arterial aneurysms. Obstet Gynecol Surv 37(9):557–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Beerbaum P, Körperich H, Barth P, Esdorn H, Gieseke J, Meyer H (2001) Noninvasive quantification of left-to-right shunt in pediatric patients: phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging compared with invasive oximetry. Circulation 103(20):2476–2482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Berg C, Lachmann R, Kaiser C, Kozlowski P, Stressig R, Schneider M, Asfour B, Herberg U, Breuer J, Gembruch U, Geipel A (2010) Prenatal diagnosis of tricuspid atresia: intrauterine course and outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 35(2):183–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bhattacharyya A, Basra SS, Sen P, Kar B (2012) Peripartum cardiomyopathy: a review. Tex Heart Inst J 39(1):8–16

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O’Gara PT, O’Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS (2008) American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(13):e1–e142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Burgstahler C, Wöhrle J, Kochs M, Nusser T, Löffler C, Kunze M, Höher M, Gawaz MP, Hombach V, Merkle N (2007) Magnetic resonance imaging to assess acute changes in atrial and ventricular parameters after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects. J Magn Reson Imaging 25(6):1136–1140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Capeless EL, Clapp JF (1991) When do cardiovascular parameters return to their preconception values? Am J Obstet Gynecol 165(4 Pt 1):883–886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chaturvedi A, Dubinsky TJ, Maki JH (2012) MR findings of a rare defect, coronary sinus ASD. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(2):429–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen SS, Keegan J, Dowsey AW, Ismail T, Wage R, Li W, Yang GZ, Firmin DN, Kilner PJ (2011) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance tagging of the right ventricular free wall for the assessment of long axis myocardial function in congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 13:80

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Clough RE, Nienaber CA (2015) Management of acute aortic syndrome. Nat Rev Cardiol 12(2):103–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Colletti PM (2014) Magnetic resonance imaging in the pregnant patient. In: Shellock FG, Crues JV (eds) MRI bioeffects, safety, and patient management, 1st edn. Biomedical Research Publishing Group, Los Angeles, pp 217–241

    Google Scholar 

  19. Colletti PM, Lee KH, Elkayam U (2013) Cardiovascular imaging and the pregnant patient. Am J Roentgenol 200:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Colletti PM, Sylvestre PB (1994) Magnetic resonance in pregnancy. MRI Clin North Am 2(2):291–307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Cosyns B, Plein S, Nihoyanopoulos P, Smiseth O, Achenbach S, Andrade MJ, Pepi M, Ristic A, Imazio M, Paelinck B, Lancellotti P, On behalf of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and European Society of Cardiology Working Group (ESC WG) on Myocardial and Pericardial diseases (2015) European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) position paper: multimodality imaging in pericardial disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16(1):12–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. De Cobelli F, Pieroni M, Esposito A, Chimenti C, Belloni E, Mellone R, Canu T, Perseghin G, Gaudio C, Maseri A, Frustaci A, Del Maschio A (2006) Delayed gadolinium-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with chronic myocarditis presenting with heart failure or recurrent arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(8):1649–1654

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dearani JA, Danielson GK (2000) Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: Ebstein’s anomaly and tricuspid valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg 69(4 Suppl):S106–S117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Debl K, Djavidani B, Buchner S, Heinicke N, Poschenrieder F, Feuerbach S, Riegger G, Luchner A (2009) Quantification of left-to-right shunting in adult congenital heart disease: phase-contrast cine MRI compared with invasive oximetry. Br J Radiol 82(977):386–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ducas RA, Elliott JE, Melnyk SF, Premecz S, daSilva M, Cleverley K, Wtorek P, Mackenzie GS, Helewa ME, Jassal DS (2014) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pregnancy: insights from the cardiac hemodynamic imaging and remodeling in pregnancy (CHIRP) study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 16:1

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Egidy Assenza G, Cassater D, Landzberg M, Geva T, Schreier J, Graham D, Volpe M, Barker N, Economy K, Valente AM (2013) The effects of pregnancy on right ventricular remodeling in women with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 168(3):1847–1852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. El-Deeb M, El-Menyar A, Gehani A, Sulaiman K (2011) Acute coronary syndrome in pregnant women. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 9(4):505–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Elkayam U, Gleigher N (1998) Cardiac evaluation during pregnancy. In: Elkayam U, Gleigher N (eds) Cardiac problems in pregnancy, 3rd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp p23–p32

    Google Scholar 

  29. Elkayam U, Hameed A (1998) Vascular dissections and aneurysms during pregnancy. In: Elkayam U, Gleigher N (eds) Cardiac problems in pregnancy, 3rd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp p23–p32

    Google Scholar 

  30. Elkayam U, Jalnapurkar S, Barakkat MN, Khatri N, Kealey AJ, Mehra A, Roth A (2014) Pregnancy-associated acute myocardial infarction: a review of contemporary experience in 150 cases between 2006 and 2011. Circulation 129(16):1695–1702

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Essop MR, Sareil P (1998) Theumatic valvular disease and pregnancy. In: Elkayam U, Gleigher N (eds) Cardiac problems in pregnancy, 3rd edn. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp p23–p32

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fletcher BD, Jacobstein MD, Abramowsky CR, Anderson RH (1987) Right atrioventricular valve atresia: anatomic evaluation with MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148(4):671–674

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fogel MA, Crawford M (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance of the common arterial trunk and transposition of the great arteries. Cardiol Young 22(6):677–686

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ganigara M, Tanous D, Celermajer D, Puranik R (2014) The role of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis and management of sinus venosus atrial septal defect. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 7(2):160–162

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Geerdink LM, Kapusta L (2014) Dealing with Ebstein’s anomaly. Cardiol Young 24(2):191–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilmore DA, Wakim J, Secrest J, Rawson R (2003) Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy: a review of the literature with latest management and outcome data. AANA J 71(2):120–126

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ginsberg JS, Brill-Edwards P, Burrows RF, Bona R, Prandoni P, Büller HR, Lensing A (1992) Venous thrombosis during pregnancy: leg and trimester of presentation. Thromb Haemost 67(5):519–520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Goenka AH, Wang H, Flamm SD (2014) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the investigation of cardiovascular disorders. Part 2: emerging applications. Tex Heart Inst J 41(2):135–143

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Goland S, Elkayam U (2009) Cardiovascular problems in pregnant women with marfan syndrome. Circulation 119(4):619–623

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Grifka RG, Fenrich AL, Tapio JB (2008) Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus and aorto-pulmonary vessels using non-ferromagnetic Inconel MReye embolization coils. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 72(5):691–695

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Grothues F, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ (2004) Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 147(2):218–223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gulati GS, Hoey ET, Gopalan D, Agrawal BS, Screaton NJ (2010) Sinus venosus atrial septal defect in adults: utility of cardiovascular MRI in resolving this diagnostic dilemma. Heart Lung Circ 19(10):615–619

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Helgason H, Jonsdottir G (1999) Spontaneous closure of atrial septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol 20(3):195–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr, Eagle KA, Hermann LK, Isselbacher EM, Kazerooni EA, Kouchoukos NT, Lytle BW, Milewicz DM, Reich DL, Sen S, Shinn JA, Svensson LG, Williams DM, American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Society for Vascular Medicine (2010) 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 76(2):E43–E86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hosoya Y, Watanabe M, Terashima M, Amiya E, Nakao T, Hasegawa A, Hyodo H, Ando J, Fujii T, Nagai R, Komuro I (2013) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with amniotic fluid embolism associated with severe cardiopulmonary complications. Int Heart J 54(2):119–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ishida M, Sakuma H (2015) Coronary MR angiography revealed: how to optimize image quality. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 23(1):117–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jacobs JP, Burke RP, Quintessenza JA, Mavroudis C (2000) Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: ventricular septal defect. Ann Thorac Surg 69(4 Suppl):S25–S35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Jimenez-Juan L, Krieger EV, Valente AM, Geva T, Wintersperger BJ, Moshonov H, Siu SC, Colman JM, Silversides CK, Wald RM (2014) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predictors of pregnancy outcomes in women with coarctation of the aorta. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15(3):299–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kabul HK, Hagspiel KD (2006) Cross-sectional vascular imaging with CT and MR angiography. J Nucl Cardiol 13(3):385–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Karamlou T, Diggs BS, McCrindle BW, Welke KF (2011) A growing problem: maternal death and peripartum complications are higher in women with grown-up congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 92(6):2193–2198; discussion 2198–2199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Katz R, Karliner JS, Resnik R (1978) Effects of a natural volume overload state (pregnancy) on left ventricular performance in normal human subjects. Circulation 58(3 Pt 1):434–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Khurana J, Spinello IM (2013) Splenic artery aneurysm rupture: a rare but fatal cause for peripartum collapse. J Intensive Care Med 28(2):131–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Krexi D, Sheppard MN (2015) Pulmonary hypertensive vascular changes in lungs of patients with sudden unexpected death. Emphasis on congenital heart disease, Eisenmenger syndrome, postoperative deaths and death during pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Pathol 68(1):18–21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Krishnam MS, Tomasian A, Malik S, Desphande V, Laub G, Ruehm SG (2010) Image quality and diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced SSFP MR angiography compared with conventional contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases. Eur Radiol 20(6):1311–1320

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Maksimović R, Seferović PM, Ristić AD, Vujisić-Tesić B, Simeunović DS, Radovanović G, Matucci-Cerinic M, Maisch B (2006) Cardiac imaging in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45(Suppl 4):iv26–iv31

    Google Scholar 

  56. Maron BJ, Maron MS (2015) The 20 advances that have defined contemporary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Trends Cardiovasc Med 25(1):54–64

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Maron MS, Maron BJ, Harrigan C, Buros J, Gibson CM, Olivotto I, Biller L, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Appelbaum E (2009) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype revisited after 50 years with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(3):220–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Metcalfe J, Ueland K (1974) Maternal cardiovascular adjustments to pregnancy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 16(4):363–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Morello A, Gelfand EV (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease. Curr Heart Fail Rep 6(3):160–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Nayak KS, Cunningham CH, Santos JM, Pauly JM (2004) Real-time cardiac MRI at 3 tesla. Magn Reson Med 51(4):655–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Nielsen JC, Powell AJ, Gauvreau K, Marcus EN, Prakash A, Geva T (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of coarctation severity. Circulation 111(5):622–628

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Partington SL, Valente AM (2013) Cardiac magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 9(3):156–162

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Pawade T, Holloway B, Bradlow W, Steeds RP (2014) Noninvasive imaging for the diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 12(1):71–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Piaw CS, Kiam OT, Rapaee A, Khoon LC, Bang LH, Ling CW, Samion H, Hian SK (2006) Use of non-invasive phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging for estimation of atrial septal defect size and morphology: a comparison with transesophageal echo. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 29(2):230–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rafik Hamad R, Larsson A, Pernow J, Bremme K, Eriksson MJ (2009) Assessment of left ventricular structure and function in preeclampsia by echocardiography and cardiovascular biomarkers. J Hypertens 27(11):2257–2264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rajiah P, Nazarian J, Vogelius E, Gilkeson RC (2014) CT and MRI of pulmonary valvular abnormalities. Clin Radiol 69(6):630–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Rigatelli G, Cardaioli P, Hijazi ZM (2007) Contemporary clinical management of atrial septal defects in the adult. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 5(6):1135–1146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Robson SC, Hunter S, Boys RJ, Dunlop W (1989) Serial study of factors influencing changes in cardiac output during human pregnancy. Am J Physiol 256(4 Pt 2):H1060–H1065

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rossi A, Cornette J, Johnson MR, Karamermer Y, Springeling T, Opic P, Moelker A, Krestin GP, Steegers E, Roos-Hesselink J, van Geuns RJ (2011) Quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance in pregnant women: cross-sectional analysis of physiological parameters throughout pregnancy and the impact of the supine position. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 13:31

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sampson FC, Goodacre SW, Thomas SM, van Beek EJ (2007) The accuracy of MRI in diagnosis of suspected deep vein thrombosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 17(1):175–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shafi NA, Malik A, Silverman DI (2009) Management of Takayasu arteritis during pregnancy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 11(7):383–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Steen H (2011) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in heart transplant patients. Transplantationsmedizin 23:91–95

    Google Scholar 

  73. Thuny F, Gaubert JY, Jacquier A, Tessonnier L, Cammilleri S, Raoult D, Habib G (2013) Imaging investigations in infective endocarditis: current approach and perspectives. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 106(1):52–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Toglia MR, Weg JG (1996) Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 335(2):108–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Tzemos N, Silversides CK, Colman JM, Therrien J, Webb GD, Mason J, Cocoara E, Sermer M, Siu SC (2009) Late cardiac outcomes after pregnancy in women with congenital aortic stenosis. Am Heart J 157(3):474–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, Roos-Hesselink JW (2011) Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 58(21):2241–2247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Trauzeddel RF, Schulz-Menger J (2014) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with previous cardiovascular surgery. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15(3):235–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Waksmonski CA (2014) Cardiac imaging and functional assessment in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 38(5):240–244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yamano T, Sawada T, Sakamoto K, Nakamura T, Azuma A, Nakagawa M (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging differentiated partial from complete absence of the left pericardium in a case of leftward displacement of the heart. Circ J 68(4):385–388

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yap SC, Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Moons P, Mulder BJ, Vliegen HW, van Dijk AP, Meijboom FJ, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA, Boersma E, Roos-Hesselink JW, ZAHARA Investigators (2010) Pregnancy outcome in women with repaired versus unrepaired isolated ventricular septal defect. BJOG 117(6):683–689

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Zaidi AN, Raman SV, Cook SC (2008) Acute myocardial infarction in early pregnancy: definition of myocardium at risk with noncontrast T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 198(3):e9–e12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Kristina E. Hoque MS, MD, PhD & Patrick M. Colletti MD

Authors
  1. Kristina E. Hoque MS, MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Patrick M. Colletti MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patrick M. Colletti MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Umberto I Hospital Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

    Gabriele Masselli

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoque, K.E., Colletti, P.M. (2016). Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cardiovascular Diseases in Pregnancy. In: Masselli, G. (eds) MRI of Fetal and Maternal Diseases in Pregnancy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21428-3_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21428-3_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21427-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21428-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation