Abstract
Pediatric palliative care (PPC) involves both a medical subspecialty and an integrated interdisciplinary approach to whole patient care that extends throughout the illness course. Psychosocial care features prominently in PPC. It is provided by the primary psychosocial oncology team from the time of diagnosis of cancer. As cancer advances or circumstances become more complex, children, families, and clinicians may also benefit from the added support of a pediatric palliative care service. In this chapter, we define and describe specific components of PPC while highlighting opportunities to expand the breadth of psychosocial support for patients and families facing prognostic uncertainty. For example, early integration of both medical oncology and psychological oncology and PPC teams may facilitate patient and family adjustment, support, and comprehension of complicated and/or high-risk treatment plans. Later PPC roles include exploring overall goals of care and subsequent medical decision-making for patients with poor prognoses, advance care planning for the end of life, anticipatory grief counseling, and ongoing bereavement support. PPC can seamlessly complement the services available to patients and families in overwhelming situations, thereby helping to alleviate distress and promote quality of life.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Agingwithdignity.Org. Aging with dignity. http://www.agingwithdignity.org/catalog
Agrawal ME, Emanuel EJ (2003) Ethics of phase 1 oncology studies: reexamining the arguments and data. JAMA 290:1075–1082
Alam R, Barrera M, D'agostino N et al (2012) Bereavement experiences of mothers and fathers over time after the death of a child due to cancer. Death Stud 36:1–22
Alderfer MA, Long KA, Lown EA et al (2010) Psychosocial adjustment of siblings of children with cancer: a systematic review. Psychooncology 19:789–805
Anderson KO, Mendoza TR, Valero V et al (2000) Minority cancer patients and their providers: pain management attitudes and practice. Cancer 88:1929–1938
Back AL, Arnold RM, Baile WF et al (2007) Efficacy of communication skills training for giving bad news and discussing transitions to palliative care. Arch Intern Med 167:453–460
Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzi R et al (2000) SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer. Oncologist 5:302–311
Baker JN, Windham JA, Hinds PS et al (2013) Bereaved parents’ intentions and suggestions about research autopsies in children with lethal brain tumors. J Pediatr 163:581–586
Bakitas M, Lyons KD, Hegel MT et al (2009) Effects of a palliative care intervention on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced cancer: the Project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 302:741–749
Balboni TA, Vanderwerker LC, Block SD et al (2007) Religiousness and spiritual support among advanced cancer patients and associations with end-of-life treatment preferences and quality of life. J Clin Oncol 25:555–560
Balboni TA, Balboni M, Enzinger AC et al (2013) Provision of spiritual support to patients with advanced cancer by religious communities and associations with medical care at the end of life. JAMA Intern Med 173:1109–1117
Barrera M, Teall T, Barr R et al (2012) Health related quality of life in adolescent and young adult survivors of lower extremity bone tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58:265–273
Beale EA, Baile WF, Aaron J (2005) Silence is not golden: communicating with children dying from cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:3629–3631
Bluebond-Langner M (1978) The private worlds of dying children. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bluebond-Langner M, Belasco JB, Goldman A et al (2007) Understanding parents’ approaches to care and treatment of children with cancer when standard therapy has failed. J Clin Oncol 25:2414–2419
Bona K, Dussel V, Orellana L et al (2014) Economic impact of advanced pediatric cancer on families. J Pain Symptom Manage 47(3):594–603
Bona K, London WB, Dongjing G, Abel G, Lehmann L, Wolfe J (2015) Prevalence and impact of financial hardship among New England pediatric stem cell transplantation families. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 21(2):312–318
Bylund CL, Brown R, Gueguen JA et al (2010) The implementation and assessment of a comprehensive communication skills training curriculum for oncologists. Psychooncology 19:583–593
Clemens KE, Kumar S, Bruera E et al (2007) Palliative care in developing countries: what are the important issues? Palliat Med 21:173–175
Curlin FA, Lawrence RE, Odell S et al (2007) Religion, spirituality, and medicine: psychiatrists’ and other physicians’ differing observations, interpretations, and clinical approaches. Am J Psychiatry 164:1825–1831
Dalal S, Del Fabbro E, Bruera E (2009) Is there a role for hydration at the end of life? Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 3:72–78
Dalal S, Palla S, Hui D et al (2011) Association between a name change from palliative to supportive care and the timing of patient referrals at a comprehensive cancer center. Oncologist 16:105–111
Dalberg T, Jacob-Files E, Carney PA et al (2013) Pediatric oncology providers’ perceptions of barriers and facilitators to early integration of pediatric palliative care. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:1875–1881
Davidhizar R, Giger JN (2004) A review of the literature on care of clients in pain who are culturally diverse. Int Nurs Rev 51:47–55
Davies R (2004) New understandings of parental grief: literature review. J Adv Nurs 46:506–513
Davies B, Sehring SA, Partridge JC et al (2008) Barriers to palliative care for children: perceptions of pediatric health care providers. Pediatrics 121:282–288
De Trill M, Kovalcik R (1997) The child with cancer. Influence of culture on truth-telling and patient care. Ann N Y Acad Sci 809:197–210
De Vries MC, Wit JM, Engberts DP et al (2010) Pediatric oncologists’ attitudes towards involving adolescents in decision-making concerning research participation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 55:123–128
Delgado E, Barfield RC, Baker JN et al (2010) Availability of palliative care services for children with cancer in economically diverse regions of the world. Eur J Cancer 46:2260–2266
Donovan LA, Wakefield CE, Russell V et al (2015) Hospital-based bereavement services following the death of a child: a mixed study review. Palliat Med 29:193–210
Dussel V, Kreicbergs U, Hilden JM et al (2009) Looking beyond where children die: determinants and effects of planning a child’s location of death. J Pain Symptom Manage 37:33–43
Dussel V, Joffe S, Hilden JM et al (2010) Considerations about hastening death among parents of children who die of cancer. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:231–237
Dussel V, Bona K, Heath JA et al (2011) Unmeasured costs of a child’s death: perceived financial burden, work disruptions, and economic coping strategies used by American and Australian families who lost children to cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:1007–1013
Ecklund EH, Cadge W, Gage EA et al (2007) The religious and spiritual beliefs and practices of academic pediatric oncologists in the United States. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 29:736–742
Elwyn TS, Fetters MD, Gorenflo W et al (1998) Cancer disclosure in Japan: historical comparisons, current practices. Soc Sci Med 46:1151–1163
Enright BP, Marwit SJ (2002) Diagnosing complicated grief: a closer look. J Clin Psychol 58:747–757
Epstein AS, Morrison RS (2012) Palliative oncology: identity, progress, and the path ahead. Ann Oncol 23(Suppl 3):43–48
Feudtner C, Walter JK, Faerber JA et al (2015) Good-parent beliefs of parents of seriously ill children. JAMA Pediatr 169(1):39–47
Fitchett G, Lyndes KA, Cadge W et al (2011) The role of professional chaplains on pediatric palliative care teams: perspectives from physicians and chaplains. J Palliat Med 14:704–707
Foster TL, Gilmer MJ, Vannatta K et al (2012) Changes in siblings after the death of a child from cancer. Cancer Nurs 35:347–354
Fowler K, Poehling K, Billheimer D et al (2006) Hospice referral practices for children with cancer: a survey of pediatric oncologists. J Clin Oncol 24:1099–1104
Friedrichsdorf SJ, Postier A, Dreyfus J et al (2015) Improved quality of life at end of life related to home-based palliative care in children with cancer. J Palliat Med 18(2):143–150
Gerhardt CA, Fairclough DL, Grossenbacher JC et al (2012) Peer relationships of bereaved siblings and comparison classmates after a child’s death from cancer. J Pediatr Psychol 37:209–219
Greer JA, Pirl WF, Jackson VA et al (2012) Effect of early palliative care on chemotherapy use and end-of-life care in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 30:394–400
Grossoehme DH, Ragsdale JR, Mchenry CL et al (2007) Pediatrician characteristics associated with attention to spirituality and religion in clinical practice. Pediatrics 119:e117–e123
Heden L, Poder U, Von Essen L et al (2013) Parents’ perceptions of their child's symptom burden during and after cancer treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage 46:366–375
Hexem KR, Mollen CJ, Carroll K et al (2011) How parents of children receiving pediatric palliative care use religion, spirituality, or life philosophy in tough times. J Palliat Med 14:39–44
Hilden JM, Emanuel EJ, Fairclough DL et al (2001) Attitudes and practices among pediatric oncologists regarding end-of-life care: results of the 1998 American Society of Clinical Oncology survey. J Clin Oncol 19:205–212
Hill DL, Miller VA, Hexem KR et al (2013) Problems and hopes perceived by mothers, fathers and physicians of children receiving palliative care. Health Expect. doi:10.1111/hex.12078, epub 20 May 2013
Hinds PS, Drew D, Oakes LL et al (2005) End-of-life care preferences of pediatric patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:9146–9154
Hinds PS, Oakes LL, Hicks J et al (2009) “Trying to be a good parent” as defined by interviews with parents who made phase I, terminal care, and resuscitation decisions for their children. J Clin Oncol 27:5979–5985
Hinds PS, Oakes LL, Hicks J et al (2012) Parent-clinician communication intervention during end-of-life decision making for children with incurable cancer. J Palliat Med 15:916–922
Jalmsell L, Kreicbergs U, Onelov E et al (2006) Symptoms affecting children with malignancies during the last month of life: a nationwide follow-up. Pediatrics 117:1314–1320
Jalmsell L, Onelov E, Steineck G et al (2011) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with cancer and the risk of long-term psychological morbidity in the bereaved parents. Bone Marrow Transplant 46:1063–1070
Johnston DL, Nagel K, Friedman DL et al (2008) Availability and use of palliative care and end-of-life services for pediatric oncology patients. J Clin Oncol 26:4646–4650
Kacel E, Gao X, Prigerson HG (2011) Understanding bereavement: what every oncology practitioner should know. J Support Oncol 9:172–180
Kassam A, Skiadaresis J, Alexander S et al (2014) Parent and clinician preferences for location of end-of-life care: home, hospital or freestanding hospice? Pediatr Blood Cancer 61:859–864
Keele L, Keenan HT, Sheetz J et al (2013) Differences in characteristics of dying children who receive and do not receive palliative care. Pediatrics 132:72–78
Klass D (2006) Continuing conversation about continuing bonds. Death Stud 30:843–858
Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdottir U, Onelov E et al (2004a) Anxiety and depression in parents 4–9 years after the loss of a child owing to a malignancy: a population-based follow-up. Psychol Med 34:1431–1441
Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdottir U, Onelov E et al (2004b) Talking about death with children who have severe malignant disease. N Engl J Med 351:1175–1186
Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdottir U, Onelov E et al (2005) Care-related distress: a nationwide study of parents who lost their child to cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:9162–9171
Kreicbergs UC, Lannen P, Onelov E et al (2007) Parental grief after losing a child to cancer: impact of professional and social support on long-term outcomes. J Clin Oncol 25:3307–3312
Lannen PK, Wolfe J, Prigerson HG et al (2008) Unresolved grief in a national sample of bereaved parents: impaired mental and physical health 4 to 9 years later. J Clin Oncol 26:5870–5876
Li J, Precht DH, Mortensen PB et al (2003) Mortality in parents after death of a child in Denmark: a nationwide follow-up study. Lancet 361:363–367
Lightfoot TJ, Johnston WT, Simpson J et al (2012) Survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the impact of social inequality in the United Kingdom. Eur J Cancer 48:263–269
Liu JM, Lin WC, Chen YM et al (1999) The status of the do-not-resuscitate order in Chinese clinical trial patients in a cancer centre. J Med Ethics 25:309–314
Mack JW, Smith TJ (2012) Reasons why physicians do not have discussions about poor prognosis, why it matters, and what can be improved. J Clin Oncol 30:2715–2717
Mack JW, Hilden JM, Watterson J et al (2005) Parent and physician perspectives on quality of care at the end of life in children with cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:9155–9161
Mack JW, Wolfe J, Grier HE et al (2006) Communication about prognosis between parents and physicians of children with cancer: parent preferences and the impact of prognostic information. J Clin Oncol 24:5265–5270
Mack JW, Cook EF, Wolfe J et al (2007a) Understanding of prognosis among parents of children with cancer: parental optimism and the parent-physician interaction. J Clin Oncol 25:1357–1362
Mack JW, Wolfe J, Cook EF et al (2007b) Hope and prognostic disclosure. J Clin Oncol 25:5636–5642
Mack JW, Joffe S, Hilden JM et al (2008) Parents’ views of cancer-directed therapy for children with no realistic chance for cure. J Clin Oncol 26:4759–4764
Makoul G (2001) The SEGUE Framework for teaching and assessing communication skills. Patient Educ Couns 45:23–34
Maurer SH, Hinds PS, Spunt SL et al (2010) Decision making by parents of children with incurable cancer who opt for enrollment on a phase I trial compared with choosing a do not resuscitate/terminal care option. J Clin Oncol 28:3292–3298
Mazanec P, Tyler MK (2003) Cultural considerations in end-of-life care: how ethnicity, age, and spirituality affect decisions when death is imminent. Am J Nurs 103:50–58; quiz 59
Meert KL, Donaldson AE, Newth CJ et al (2010) Complicated grief and associated risk factors among parents following a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 164:1045–1051
Meert KL, Shear K, Newth CJ et al (2011) Follow-up study of complicated grief among parents eighteen months after a child’s death in the pediatric intensive care unit. J Palliat Med 14:207–214
Miller VA, Baker JN, Leek AC et al (2013) Adolescent perspectives on phase I cancer research. Pediatr Blood Cancer 60:873–878
Nagarajan R, Clohisy DR, Neglia JP et al (2004) Function and quality-of-life of survivors of pelvic and lower extremity osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Br J Cancer 91:1858–1865
Onelov E, Steineck G, Nyberg U et al (2007) Measuring anxiety and depression in the oncology setting using visual-digital scales. Acta Oncol 46:810–816
Poder U, Ljungman G, Von Essen L (2010) Parents’ perceptions of their children’s cancer-related symptoms during treatment: a prospective, longitudinal study. J Pain Symptom Manage 40:661–670
Postier A, Chrastek J, Nugent S et al (2014) Exposure to home-based pediatric palliative and hospice care and its impact on hospital and emergency care charges at a single institution. J Palliat Med 17:183–188
Prigerson HG, Horowitz MJ, Jacobs SC et al (2009) Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Med 6:e1000121
Pritchard M, Burghen E, Srivastava DK et al (2008) Cancer-related symptoms most concerning to parents during the last week and last day of their child's life. Pediatrics 121:e1301–e1309
Pritchard M, Burghen EA, Gattuso JS et al (2010) Factors that distinguish symptoms of most concern to parents from other symptoms of dying children. J Pain Symptom Manage 39:627–636
Ries Lag SM, Gurney JG, Linet M, Tamra T, Young JL, Bunin GR (eds) (1999) Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975–1995. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
Rosenberg AR, Baker KS, Syrjala K et al (2012) Systematic review of psychosocial morbidities among bereaved parents of children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58:503–512
Rosenberg AR, Dussel V, Kang T et al (2013) Psychological distress in parents of children with advanced cancer. JAMA Pediatr 167(6):537–543
Rosenberg AR, Dussel V, Orellana L et al (2014a) What’s missing in missing data? Omissions in survey responses among parents of children with advanced cancer. J Palliat Med 8:953–956
Rosenberg AR, Orellana L, Kang TI et al (2014b) Differences in parent-provider concordance regarding prognosis and goals of care among children with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 32(27):3005–3011
Rosenberg AR, Postier A, Osenga K et al (2015) Long-term psychosocial outcomes among bereaved siblings of children with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 49(1):55–65
Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A et al (2010) Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 363:733–742
Thibodeaux AG, Deatrick JA (2007) Cultural influence on family management of children with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 24:227–233
Tomlinson D, Hinds PS, Bartels U et al (2011) Parent reports of quality of life for pediatric patients with cancer with no realistic chance of cure. J Clin Oncol 29:639–645
Truong TH, Weeks JC, Cook EF et al (2011) Altruism among participants in cancer clinical trials. Clin Trials 8:616–623
Tsimicalis A, Stevens B, Ungar WJ et al (2011) The cost of childhood cancer from the family's perspective: a critical review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 56:707–717
Ullrich CK, Dussel V, Hilden JM et al (2010a) End-of-life experience of children undergoing stem cell transplantation for malignancy: parent and provider perspectives and patterns of care. Blood 115:3879–3885
Ullrich CK, Dussel V, Hilden JM et al (2010b) Fatigue in children with cancer at the end of life. J Pain Symptom Manage 40:483–494
Valdimarsdottir U, Kreicbergs U, Hauksdottir A et al (2007) Parents’ intellectual and emotional awareness of their child's impending death to cancer: a population-based long-term follow-up study. Lancet Oncol 8:706–714
Van Der Geest IM, Darlington AS, Streng IC et al (2014) Parents’ experiences of pediatric palliative care and the impact on long-term parental grief. J Pain Symptom Manage 47:1043–1053
Vega P, Rivera MS, Gonzalez R (2014) When grief turns into love: understanding the experience of parents who have revived after losing a child due to cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 31:166–176
Von Gunten CF, Ferris FD, Emanuel LL (2000) The patient-physician relationship. Ensuring competency in end-of-life care: communication and relational skills. JAMA 284:3051–3057
Waldman E, Wolfe J (2013) Palliative care for children with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 10:100–107
Washington UO (2011) End of life culture clues. http://depts.washington.edu/pfes/CultureClues.htm
Wendler D, Abdoler E, Wiener L et al (2012) Views of adolescents and parents on pediatric research without the potential for clinical benefit. Pediatrics 130:692–699
WHO (2014) World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/
Wiener L, Ballard E, Brennan T et al (2008) How I wish to be remembered: the use of an advance care planning document in adolescent and young adult populations. J Palliat Med 11:1309–1313
Wiener L, Zadeh S, Battles H et al (2012) Allowing adolescents and young adults to plan their end-of-life care. Pediatrics 130:897–905
Wiener L, Mcconnell DG, Latella L et al (2013) Cultural and religious considerations in pediatric palliative care. Palliat Support Care 11:47–67
Wiener L, Sweeney C, Baird K et al (2014) What do parents want to know when considering autopsy for their child with cancer? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 36:464–470
Wolfe J (2011) Recognizing a global need for high quality pediatric palliative care. Pediatr Blood Cancer 57:187–188
Wolfe JHP, Sourkes B (2011) Textbook of interdisciplinary pediatric palliative care. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia
Wolfe J, Grier HE, Klar N et al (2000a) Symptoms and suffering at the end of life in children with cancer. N Engl J Med 342:326–333
Wolfe J, Klar N, Grier HE et al (2000b) Understanding of prognosis among parents of children who died of cancer: impact on treatment goals and integration of palliative care. JAMA 284:2469–2475
Wolfe J, Hammel JF, Edwards KE et al (2008) Easing of suffering in children with cancer at the end of life: is care changing? J Clin Oncol 26:1717–1723
Wolfe JOL, Cook EF, Ullrich C, Kang T, Rosenebrg AR, Geyer JR, Feudtner C, Dussel V (2015) Symptoms and distress in children with advanced cancer: prospective patient-reported outcomes from the PediQUEST study. J Clin Oncol 33(17):1928–1935
Zadeh S, Pao M, Wiener L (2014) Opening end-of-life discussions: how to introduce Voicing My CHOiCES, an advance care planning guide for adolescents and young adults. Palliat Support Care 13(3):591–599
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenberg, A.R., Wolfe, J., Jones, B.L. (2016). Palliative Care for Children with Cancer and Their Families. In: Abrams, A., Muriel, A., Wiener, L. (eds) Pediatric Psychosocial Oncology: Textbook for Multidisciplinary Care. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21374-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21374-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-21373-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-21374-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)