Skip to main content

Assessing the Quality of Forensic Interviews with Child Witnesses

  • Chapter
Forensic Interviews Regarding Child Sexual Abuse

Abstract

In this chapter, we discuss key aspects of assessing the quality of forensic interviews conducted with childwitnesses. We begin by discussing the quality of the case material, before reviewing the key components of investigative interviews and methods of assessing the quality of each of these components. The overall structure of the interview is discussed with reference to the use of “ground rules” and the effectiveness of rapport building and episodic memory training during the presubstantive phase of the interview. Issues surrounding the identification of appropriate and inappropriate questions and prompts are examined in relation to the strengths and weaknesses of memory. Additional issues that can influence the effectiveness of an interview, such as the use of repeated questions, the specific vs. generic nature of accounts, and the use of anatomical dolls, are also considered in light of the impact they may have on children’s responses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahern, E. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2011). Young children’s emerging ability to make false statements. Developmental Psychology, 47, 61–66. doi:10.1037/a0021272.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almerigogna, J., Ost, J., Bull, R., & Akehurst, L. (2007). A state of high anxiety: How non-supportive interviewers can increase the suggestibility of child witnesses. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 963–974. doi:10.1002/acp.1311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. D., Anderson, J. N., & Gilgun, J. F. (2014). The influence of narrative practice techniques on child behaviors in forensic interviews. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23, 615–634. doi:10.1080/105387/12.2014.932878.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, S. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2014). The effects of age and delay on responses to repeated questions in forensic interviews with children alleging sexual abuse. Law and Human Behavior, 38, 171–180. doi:10.1037/lhb0000064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., & Kingma, J. (1990). The development of forgetting and reminiscence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 55, 1–109. doi:10.2307/1166106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, A. J., Faust, D., & Ahern, D. C. (2009). Methods for the identification of sexually abused children: Reframing the clinician’s task and recognizing its disparity with research on indicators. In K. Kuehnle & M. Connell (Eds.), The evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations: A comprehensive guide to assessment and testimony (pp. 21–47). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, P., Fisher, R., & Cutler, B. (1999). Examining the cognitive interview in a double-test paradigm. Psychology, Crime & Law, 5, 29–45. doi:10.1080/10683169908414992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubacher, S. P., Malloy, L. C., Lamb, M. E., & Roberts, K. P. (2013). How do interviewers and children discuss individual occurrences of alleged repeated abuse in forensic interviews? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 443–450. doi:10.1002/acp.2920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brubacher, S. P., Roberts, K. P., & Powell, M. (2011). Effects of practicing episodic versus scripted recall on children’s subsequent narratives of a repeated event. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17, 286–314. doi:10.1037/a0022793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., Francoeur, E., & Renick, A. (1995). Anatomically detailed dolls do not facilitate pre-schoolers’ reports of a paediatric examination involving genital touch. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 1, 95–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Hembrooke, H. (1998). Reliability and credibility of young children’s reports: From research to policy and practice. American Psychologist, 53, 136–151. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Hembrooke, H. (2002). The nature of children’s true and false narratives. Developmental Review, 22, 520–554. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00006-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C. A., Bottoms, B. L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on the accuracy of children’s reports. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 335–356. doi:10.1007/BF01499044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1993). Suggestibility of the child witness: A historical review and synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 403–439. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., & Bruck, M. (1995). Jeopardy in the courtroom: A scientific analysis of children’s testimony. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10180-000.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., Huffman, M. L. C., Smith, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1994). Repeatedly thinking about a non-event: Source misattributions among preschoolers. Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 388–407. doi:10.1006/ccog.1994.1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., Kulkofsky, S., Klemfuss, J. Z., Sweeney, C. D., & Bruck, M. (2007). Unwarranted assumptions about children’s testimonial accuracy. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 311–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., Loftus, E. F., Leichtman, M. D., & Bruck, M. (1994). The possible role of source misattributions in the creation of false beliefs among preschoolers. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, 304–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R., Lincoln, R., & Frank, M. G. (2002). The effect of rapport in forensic interviewing. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 9, 69–78. doi:10.1375/132187102760196916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, D. A., & Read, J. D. (2006). Delayed prosecutions of historic child sexual abuse: Analyses of 2064 Canadian criminal complaints. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 409–434. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9011-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, P. S. (1976). Language development: Structure and function. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, S., & Bottoms, B. (2002). Effects of social support on children’s eyewitness reports: A test of the underlying mechanism. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 185–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Villiers, J. G., & de Villiers, P. A. (1999). Language development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dent, H. R., & Stephenson, G. M. (1979). An experimental study of the effectiveness of different techniques of questioning child witnesses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 41–51. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00302.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A. D., & Lee, K. (2010). Promising to tell the truth makes 8- to 16-year olds more honest. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 28, 801–811. doi:10.1002/bsl.960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, A. D., Lee, K., & Lyon, T. D. (2009). Complex questions asked by defense lawyers but not prosecutors predicts convictions in child abuse trials. Law and Human Behavior, 33, 258–264. doi:10.1007/s10979-008-9148-6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., Peterson, C., & Schwarzmueller, A. (2002). Questions and answers: The credibility of child witnesses in the context of specific questioning techniques. In M. L. Eisen, J. A. Quas, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 331–354). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., & Schwarzmueller, A. (1995). Say it once again: Effects of repeated questions on children’s event recall. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 555–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, W. J. (1991). The development of children’s memory for the time of past events. Child Development, 62, 139–155. doi:10.2307/1130710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, W. J. (1993). Memory for the time of past events. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 44–66. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gee, S., Gregory, M., & Pipe, M. E. (1999). ‘What color is your pet dinosaur?’ The impact of pre-interview training and question type on children’s answer. Legal and Criminal Psychology, 4, 111–128. doi:10.1348/135532599167716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J. A. E., & Fisher, R. P. (2006). The effects of varied retrieval cues on reminiscence in eyewitness memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 723–739. doi:10.1002/acp.1232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, G. S., & Aman, C. (1990). Children’s use of anatomically detailed dolls to recount an event. Child Development, 61, 1859–1871. doi:10.2307/1130842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, G. S., Bottoms, B. L., Schwartz-Kenney, B. M., & Rudy, L. (1991). Children’s testimony about a stressful event: Improving children’s reports. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1, 69–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guadagno, B. L., Powell, M. B., & Wright, R. (2006). Police officers’ and legal professionals’ perceptions regarding how children are, and should be, questioned about repeated abuse. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 13, 251–260. doi:10.1375/pplt.13.2.251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I. (2009). Socioemotional factors in child sexual abuse investigations. Child Maltreatment, 14, 172–181. doi:10.1177/1077559508326224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I., Fisher, S., Lamb, M. E., & Horowitz, D. (2007). Improving credibility assessment in child sexual abuse allegations: The role of the NICHD investigative interview protocol. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 99–110. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Katz, C. & Malloy, L. C. (2013). Does enhanced rapport-building alter the dynamics of investigative interviews with suspected victims of intra-familial abuse? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30, 6–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Katz, C. (2014). Allegation rates in forensic child abuse investigations: Comparing the revised and standard NICHD protocols. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20, 336–344. doi:10.1037/a0037391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheson, G. D., Baxter, J. S., Telfer, K., & Warden, D. (1995). Child witness statement quality: Question type and errors of omission. Law and Human Behavior, 19, 641–648. doi:10.1007/BF01499378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. P., & Krugman, R. D. (1986). Can a three-year-old child bear witness to her sexual assault and attempted murder? Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 253–258. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(86)90086-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. H., & Pipe, M.-E. (2002). How quickly do children forget events? A systematic study of children’s event reports as a function of delay. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 755–768. doi:10.1002/acp.826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the “general acceptance” of eyewitness testimony research: A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56, 405–416. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.5.405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krackow, E., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children’s eyewitness reports. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 868–884. doi:10.1002/acp.1594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Rooy, D., & Block, S. (2013). The importance of scientifically analysing the quality of joint investigative interviews (JIIs) conducted with children in Scotland. Scots Law Times, 10, 77–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Rooy, D., Pipe, M., & Murray, J. E. (2007). Enhancing children’s event recall after long delays. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 1–17. doi:10.1002/acp.1272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., & Fauchier, A. (2001). The effects of question type on self-contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 483–491. doi:10.1002/acp.726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470773291.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., La Rooy, D., Malloy, L. C., & Katz, C. (2011). Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Warren, A. R., Esplin, P. W., & Hershkowitz, I. (2007a). Enhancing performance: Factors affecting the informativeness of young witnesses. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology (Memory for events, Vol. 1, pp. 429–451). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2007b). A structured forensic interview protocol improves the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD investigative interview protocol. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 1201–1231. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., Hershkowitz, I., & Horowitz, D. (2000). Accuracy of investigators’ verbatim notes of their forensic interviews with alleged child abuse victims. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 699–708.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Warren, A. R., Esplin, P. W., & Hershkowitz, I. (2007). Enhancing performance: Factors affecting the informativeness of young witnesses. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology (Memory for events, Vol. 1, pp. 429–451). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Hovav, M. (1997). Criterion-based content analysis: A field validation study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 255–264. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00170-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., Stewart, H., & Mitchell, S. (2003). Age differences in young children’s responses to open-ended invitations in the course of forensic interviews. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 71, 926–934. doi:10.1037/0022006X.71.5.926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., & Esplin, P. W. (1998). Conducting investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 2, 813–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, T. D. (2010). Investigative interviewing of the child. In D. N. Duquette & A. M. Haralambie (Eds.), Child welfare law and practice (2nd ed., pp. 87–109). Denver, CO: Bradford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, T. D., & Dorado, J. S. (2008). Truth induction in young maltreated children: The effects of oath- taking and reassurance on true and false disclosures. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 738–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melnyk, L., & Bruck, M. (2004). Timing moderates the effects of repeated suggestive interviewing on children’s eyewitness memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 613–631. doi:10.1002/acp.1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melnyk, L., Crossman, A. M., & Scullin, M. H. (2007). The suggestibility of children’s memory. In D. F. Ross, R. C. L. Lindsay, M. P. Toglia, & J. D. Read (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology (Memory for events, Vol. 1, pp. 401–427). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oates, K., & Shrimpton, S. (1991). Children’s memories for stressful and non-stressful events. Medical Science and Law, 31, 4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., & Horowitz, D. (2000). Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 733–752. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00137-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Young children’s references to temporal attributes of allegedly experienced events in the course of forensic interviews. Child Development, 78, 1100–1120. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01055.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C., Dowden, C., & Tobin, J. (1999). Interviewing preschoolers: Comparisons of yes/no and wh- questions. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 539–555. doi:10.1023/A:102239611219.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, D. A., Bruck, M., & Pipe, M.-E. (2011). Forensic interviewing aids: Do props help children answer questions about touching? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 11–15. doi:10.1177/0963721410388804.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. (1998). Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Poole, D. A., & White, L. T. (1993). Two years later: Effects of question repetition and retention interval on the eyewitness testimony of children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 29, 844–853. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.5.844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M. B., Roberts, K. P., & Guadagno, B. (2007). Particularisation of child abuse offences: Common problems when interviewing child witnesses. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 19, 64–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, H. L., Roberts, K. P., & Collins, A. (2013). The quality of children’s allegations of abuse in investigative interviews containing practice narratives. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.03.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quas, J. A., & Lench, H. C. (2007). Arousal at encoding, arousal at retrieval, interviewer support, and children’s memory for a mild stressor. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 289–305. doi:10.1002/acp.1279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quas, J. A., Malloy, L. C., Melinder, A., Goodman, G. S., D’Mello, M., & Schaaf, J. (2007). Developmental differences in the effects of repeated interviews and interviewer bias on young children’s event memory and false reports. Developmental Psychology, 43, 823–837. doi:10.1037/00121649.43.4.823.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, D. C., & Esplin, P. W. (1991). Statement validity assessment: Interview procedures and content analysis of children’s statements of sexual abuse. Behavioral Assessment, 13, 265–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. P. (2002). Children’s ability to distinguish between memories from multiple sources: Implications for the quality and accuracy of eyewitness statements. Developmental Review, 22, 403–435. doi:10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00005-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. P., Brubacher, S. P., Price, H. L., & Powell, M. B. (2011). Practice narratives. In M. E. Lamb, D. La Rooy, C. Katz, & L. Malloy (Eds.), Children’s testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (pp. 129–145). West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. P., Lamb, M. E., & Sternberg, K. J. (2004). The effects of rapport building style on children’s reports of a staged event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 189–202. doi:10.1002/acp.957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saywitz, K., Camparo, L. B., & Romanoff, A. (2010). Interviewing children in custody cases: Implications of research and policy practice. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 28, 542–562. doi:10.1002/bsl.945.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saywitz, K. J., Goodman, G. S., Nicholas, E., & Moan, S. F. (1991). Children’s memories of a physical examination involving genital touch: Implications for reports of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 682–691. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saywitz, K. J., & Moan-Hardie, S. (1994). Reducing the potential for distortion of childhood memories. Consciousness & Cognition, 3, 408–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saywitz, K. J., Snyder, L., & Nathanson, R. (1999). Facilitating the communicative competence of the child witness. Applied Developmental Science, 3, 58–68. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0301_7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharman, S. J., Powell, M. B., & Roberts, K. P. (2011). Children’s ability to estimate the frequency of single and repeated events. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 13, 234–242. doi:10.1350/ijps.2011.13.3.243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steller, M., & Koehnken, G. (1989). Criteria-based statement analysis. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (pp. 217–245). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Esplin, P. W., Orbach, Y., & Hershkowitz, I. (2002). Using a structured interview protocol to improves the quality of investigative interviews. In M. L. Eisen, J. A. Quas, & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 409–436). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Esplin, P. W., & Baradaran, L. P. (1999). Using a scripted protocol in investigative interviews: A pilot study. Applied Developmental Science, 3, 70–76. doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0302_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Yudilevitch, L., Orbach, Y., Esplin, P. W., & Hovav, M. (1997). Effects of introductory style on children’s abilities to describe experiences of sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 1133–1146. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00071-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strange, D., Garry, M., & Sutherland, R. (2003). Drawing out children’s false memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 607–619. doi:10.1002/acp.911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talwar, V., Lee, K., Bala, N., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2002). Children’s conceptual knowledge of lying and its relation to their actual behaviors: Implications for court competence examinations. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 395–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, Y.-S., & Lamb, M. E. (2010). Preparing children for investigative interviews: Rapport-building, instruction, and evaluation. Applied Developmental Psychology, 14, 154–163. doi:10.1080/10888691.2010.494463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. G., & Kenniston, J. (2013). Handbook on questioning children: A linguistic perspective (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wandrey, L., Lyon, T. D., Quas, J. A., & Friedman, W. J. (2012). Maltreated children’s ability to estimate temporal location and numerosity of placement changes and court visits. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 18, 79–104. doi:10.1037/a0024812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, A. R., & Woodall, C. E. (1999). The reliability of hearsay testimony: How well do interviewers recall their interviews with children? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 5, 355–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, A. R., Woodall, C. E., Hunt, J. S., & Perry, N. W. (1996). “It sounds good in theory, but…” Do investigator interviewers follow guidelines based on memory research? Child Maltreatment, 1, 231–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. H., & Blades, M. (2011). Helping children correctly say “I don’t know” to unanswerable questions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17, 396–405. doi:10.1037/a0026150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. (2000). Do children try to answer nonsensical questions? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 211–225. doi:10.1348/026151000165652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. (2001). Interviewing children and adults: The effect of question format on the tendency to speculate. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 521–531. doi:10.1002/acp.741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. (2004). Indicating when you do not know the answer: The effect of question format and interviewer knowledge on children’s ‘don’t know’ responses. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 335–348. doi:10.1348/0261510041552710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. M., McClure, K. A., & Birch, R. A. (1996). Suggestions for improving interviews in child protection agencies. Child Maltreatment, 1, 223–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, J. D., & Ghosaini, M. E. (2013). Revisiting the fantasy–reality distinction: Children as naïve skeptics. Child Development, 84, 1496–1510. doi:10.1111/cdev.12081.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajac, R., & Hayne, H. (2003). I don’t think that’s what really happened: The effect of cross-examination on the accuracy of children’s reports. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 9, 187–195. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.9.3.187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Becky Earhart .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Earhart, B., La Rooy, D., Lamb, M. (2016). Assessing the Quality of Forensic Interviews with Child Witnesses. In: O'Donohue, W., Fanetti, M. (eds) Forensic Interviews Regarding Child Sexual Abuse. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21097-1_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics