Skip to main content
  • 1021 Accesses

Abstract

Apricots, cherries, peaches, plums and almonds are collectively called as stone fruits. They are susceptible to various pests and diseases. These pests must be managed to produce quality fruits and ensure survival of trees. Pests are not the only cause of poor flowering. Poor fruit set can also occur for a variety of other reasons such as damage to pistil and stamens before the flower blooms prevents pollination and fertilization and cool, wet weather during bloom discourages pollination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Abrol DP (1988) Pollination studies in almond (Prunus amygdalus L.). Curr Sci 57(7):398–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP (1989) Insect pollinators of cherry (Prunus avium L.). J Anim Morphol Physiol 36(2):243–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP (1993) Intervarietal differences in pollinator attractiveness and fruit set in almond cultivars. In: Veeresh GK, Ganeshaiah KN, Umashankar (eds) Pollination in tropics. Proc Intl Symp Pollin Trop. IUSSI, Bangalore, pp 120–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP (1995) Energetics of nectar production in some almond cultivars as a predictor of floral choice by honeybees Apis cerana indica F. and Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Proc Indian Nan Sci Acad B 61(4):285–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP (2005a) Foraging ecology of insect pollinators visiting cherry flowers and their impact on fruit production. Korean J Apicul 20(2):159–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP (2005b) Pollination energetics. J Asia Pacific Entomol 8(1):3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP, Bhat AA (1989) New record of Xylocopa valga Gerstacker (Hymenoptera:Anthophoridae) from India. Curr Sci 58(1):41

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP, Bhat AK, Khan AR (1990) Factors affecting pollination activity of honeybee and fruit set in almond. In: Veeresh GK, Kumar ARV, Shiva-shankar T (eds) Social insects: an Indian perspective. IUSSI Indian Chapter/Oxford and IBH Publishing, Bangalore/New Delhi, pp 50–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrol DP, Sharma D, Monobrullah M (2005) Abundance and diversity of pollinating insects visiting peach and plum flowers and their impact on fruit production SKUAST. J Res 4(1):38–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad R, Muzaffar N, Makhdomi SMA, Khan S (1986) Honeybee research programme, Progress report 1977–85. Pak Agri Res Council, Islamabad, 172 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Alburquerque N, Burgos L, Egea J (2000) Consequences to fertilization of the developmental stage of apricot ovules at anthesis. J Hortic Sci Biotech 75(6):662–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman WH, Angelo E (1933) Self and cross sterility in plum hybrids. Am Soc Hortic Sci Proc 29:118–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen FW (1929) Plum growing in California. Calif Agr Ext Sen Cir 34: 65 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DL (2000) Variation in the parasitic bee mite Varroa jacobsoni Dud. Apidologie 31:281–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson DL, Trueman JWH (2000) Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species. Exp Appl Acarol 24:165–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1970) Buzzzz. Almond Facts 35(1):27

    Google Scholar 

  • Auchter EC, Knapp HB (1937) Orchard and small fruit culture, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York, 627 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin PT, Hewett E, Noiton DA, Plummer JA (1996) Cross-pollination of sundrop apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). NZ J Crop Horticul Sci 24(3):287–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse W[O] (1911) Self-sterility in plums. Gard Chron 1296:299

    Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse W[O] (1912) The pollination of fruit trees. Gard Chron 1352:381

    Google Scholar 

  • Batra SWT (1982) Biological control in agroecosystems. Science 25:134–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batra SWT, Richards KW (1997) Fruit-pollinating bees of the Garhwal Himalaya, U.P., India. In: Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on pollination, Lethbridge, Alberta, 23–28 June 1996, pp 325–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedek P, Nagy C (1995) Honeybee flower constancy on some fruit species. Hort Sci 27(3–4):38–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedek P, Nyeki J, Szabo Z, Gulcan R (ed), Aksoy U (1995) Bee pollination of apricot: variety features affecting bee activity. In: Tenth international symposium on apricot culture, Izmir, 20–24 September 1993, Acta-Horticulturae No 384, pp 329–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedek P, Nyeki J, Soltesz M, Erdos Z, Skola I, Szabo T, Amtmann I, Bakcsa F, Kocsis-Molnar G, Vadas Z, Szabo Z (2000) The effect of limitation of insect pollination period on the fruit and yield of temperate-zone fruit trees species. Int J Hor Sci 6(1):90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Benner B (1963). Fruit and vegetable facts and pointers: peaches. United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, Washington, DC, 3d rev. and expanded ed. p 11 (total pagination not known)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman P, Molau U, Holmgren B (1996) Micrometeorological impacts on insect activity and plant reproductive success in an Alpine environment, Swedish Lapland. Arctic Alpine Res 28:196–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhalla OP, Verma AK, Dhaliwal HS (1983) Foraging activity of insect pollinators visiting stone fruits. J Entomo Res 7(2):91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohart GE (1951) Alfalfa seed growers of Utah should protect their wild bees. Utah Agric Expt Sta Farm House Sci 12:32–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohart GE (1962) How to manage the alfalfa leaf-cutting bee (Megacilile rotundata Fabr.) for alfalfa pollination. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 144

    Google Scholar 

  • Boiler CA (1953) Pollination of stone fruits. Oreg State Hort Soc Proc 45:122–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J (1992) Parasitism in wild and managed populations of the almond pollinator Osmia cornuta Latr (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Apic Res 31:77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J (1994a) Improvement of field management of Osmia cornuta (Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 25:71–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J (1994b) Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) as a potential pollinator in almond orchards. Releasing methods and nest hole-length. J Appl Entomo 117:151–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J (1994c) The nesting behavior of the mason bee Osmia cornuta (Latr) with special reference to its pollinating potential (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Apidologie 25:84–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J (1995) Comparison of nesting materials for the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Entomo Gene 19:285–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Blas M (1994) Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera’ on almond (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Appl Entomo Zoo 29:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Kemp WP (1999) Exceptional cherry production in an orchard pollinated with blue orchard bees. Bee World 80(4):163–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Kemp WP (2000a) Development and emergence of the orchard pollinator, Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ Entomol 29:8–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Kemp WP (2000b) Developmental biology and rearing methods for Osmia bees used as crop pollinators. In: Sommeijer MJ, de Ruijter A (eds) Insect pollination in greenhouses. CIP-DATA Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, pp 119–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Kemp MP (2001) How to manage the blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria, as an orchard pollinator. Sustainable Agriculture Network, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch J, Kemp WP (2002) Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees. Bull Entomol Res 92(1):3–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch RV, Horn R, Mattteson P, Frazer BD, Messenger PS (1979) Biological control of the walnut aphid in California: impact of parasite Trioxys pallidus. Hilgardia 47:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1994) Tree fruit production guide for commercial growers in interior districts. Victoria

    Google Scholar 

  • Brittain WH (1933) Field studies in the role insects in apple pollination. Bulletin of Agricultural Canada, Ottawa, No 182, pp 91–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown AG (1951) Factors affecting fruit production in plums. Fruit Year Book 1950(4):12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown K (1968) Pollination of royal Ann (a-10) in the Willamette valley. Polk County (Oregon) Agr Ext Serv Agent, 4 pp. [Mimeographed.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Buban T (1996) The effect of temperature and environmental pollution on fertilization. In: Nyeki J, Soltesz M (eds) Floral biology of temperate zone fruit trees and small fruits. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp 170–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan RE (1903) Contribution to our knowledge of the development of Prunus americana. Iowa Acad Sci Proc 11:77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, DC, 292 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulatovic S, Konstantinovic B (1962) The role of bees in the pollination of the more important kinds of fruit in Serbia. In: Burtner JC (eds) 1st international symposium on pollination Proc., Copenhagen, Aug 1960. Commun 7, Swedish Seed Growers’ Assn, pp 167–172. 1923. Latest cherry pollination studies. Better Fruit 182: 5–6, 23–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Burtner JC (1923) Latest cherry pollination studies. Better Fruit 182(5–6):23–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrill RM, Dietz A (1981) The response of honeybees to variations in solar radiation and temperature. Apidologie 12:319–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cane JH (1997) Ground-nesting bees: the neglected pollinator resource for agriculture. Acta Hor 437:309–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cane JH (2001) Exotic non-social bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in North America: ecological implications. In: Strickler K, Cane JH (eds) For non-native crops, whence pollinators of the future? Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings, Entomological Society of America, Lanham (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler WH (1957) Deciduous orchard. Henry, Kimpton

    Google Scholar 

  • Claypool LL, Overley FL, Overholser EL (1931) Washington sweet cherry pollination studies in 1931. In: 27th Ann. Mtg. Wash. State Hort. Assoc. Proc., December 1, 2, and 3 at Yakima, Wash., pp 171–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Claypool LL, Overley FL, Overholser EL (1932) Sweet cherry pollination in Washington for 1931. Amer Soc Hort Sci Proc 28:67–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe FM (1934) Cherry pollination studies in Utah. Utah Agr Expt Sta Bul 245, 53 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners CH (1922a) Peach breeding a summary of results. Amer Soc Hort Sci 19th Ann Mtg Proc:108–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners CH (1922b) Fruit setting of the J. H. Hale Peach. Amer Soc Hort Sci 19th Ann Mtg Proc:147–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners CH (1926) Sterility in peaches. Hort Soc NY Mem 3:215–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook AJ, Green EC (1894) Symposium on bees and fruit-fertilization, again. Gleanings Bee Cult 22:448–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Coote G (1895) Fruits and vegetables. Oreg Agr Expt Sta Bul 34:17–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet SA, Williams IH, Osborne JL (1991) Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 72:47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corner J, Lapins KO, Arrand JC (1964) Orchard and honeybee management planned tree-fruit pollination. Min Agr, Victoria, British Columbia, Apiary Cir 14, 18 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane E (1991) Apis species of tropical Asia as pollinators, and some rearing methods for them. Acta Hort 288:29–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane E, Walker P (1983) The impact of pest management on bees and pollination. Published by Tropical Development and Research Institute, London, 232 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane E, Walker P (1984) Pollination directory for world crops. London: Int Bee Res Assoc, 184 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullinan EP (1937) Improvement of stone fruits. US Dept Agr Year Book 1937:665–748

    Google Scholar 

  • Detjen LR (1945) Fruitfulness in peaches and its relationship to morphology and physiology of pollen grains. Del Agr Expt Sta Bul 257 (Tech Bul 34), 24 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson GH, Smith MV (1953). Fruit pollination. Ontario Agr Col Cir 172, 6 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton GW (1959) A study of the megagametophyte in Prunus avium and its relation to fruit setting. Can J PI Sci 39:466–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton GW (1962) Further studies on sweet cherry embryo sacs in relation to fruit setting. Rep Hort Exp Stn Prod Lab, Vineland

    Google Scholar 

  • Einset O (1932) Experiments in cherry pollination. NY Agr Expt Sta (Geneva) Bul 617, 13 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisikowitch D, Galil J (1971) Effect of wind on the pollination of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) by hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). J Anim Ecol 40:673–678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eves JD, Mayer DF, Johansen CA (1980) Parasites, predators and nest destroyers of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. Washington State University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Western Regional Extension Publication 32, p 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust M (1989) Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreres LP (1947) [polinizacion del almendro por los insectos.] Rancho mex. 3(18):17–20, 75. [in spanish.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Free JB (1960) The pollination of fruit trees. Bee World 41:141–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Free JB (1962) The effect of distance from pollinizer varieties on the fruit set on trees in plum and apple orchards. J Hortic Sci 37:262–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Free JB (1993) Insect pollination of crops, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Free JB, Spencer-Booth Y (1964) The effect of distance from pollenizer varieties on the fruit set of apple, pear and sweet-cherry trees. Jour Hort Sci 39:54–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnard JM (1954) Systematic characters and the sterility in almonds cultivated in Algeria.] Algeria Inst Agr Ann 8(2): 163. [In French] Abstract in Bee World 39:192

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner VR (1913) A preliminary report on the pollination of the sweet cherry. Oreg Agr Expt Sta Bul 116, 37 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould HP (1939) Why fruit trees fail to bear. US Dep Agric Leafl 172

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve P (1879) Bees as fertilizing agents. Gard Chron 11:204

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs WH (1970) The status of deciduous fruit pollination. In the indispensable pollination. Ark Ag Ext Serv Misc Pub 127:185–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs WH, Hesse CO (1963). Pollination requirements of Japanese plums. Calif Agr Expt Stat Ext Serv Leaflet 163, n.p

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs WH, Iwakiri BT (1960) Orchard tests of beehive pollen dispensers [traps] for cross-pollination of almonds, sweet cherries, and apples. Amer Soc Hortic Sci Proc 75:115–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Griggs WH, Vansell GH, Iwakiri BT (1952) The use of beehive pollen dispensers in the pollination of almonds and sweet cherries. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 60:146–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Guleryuz M, Bolat I, Karayiannis I (1999) Investigation on characteristics of apricot cultivars in Erzincan – Turkey. In: Proceedings of the XIth international symposium on apricot culture, Veria-Makedonia, Greece, 25–30 May 1997, Acta-Horticulturae. 1(488), pp 139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PR, Thakur JR (1993) Sexual generation and overwintering of the peach leaf curling aphid Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kalt.) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Ann Appl Bio 122(2):215–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta JK, Reddy MCM, Kumar J (1990) Pattern of nectar secretion in wild cherry, Prunus puddum Roxb, and the associated foraging behaviour of Apis cerana indica F and Apis mellifera L. Apidologie 21:11–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heard TA (1999) The role of stingless bees in crop pollination. Annu Rev Entomol 44:183–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1916) The common honeybee as an agent in prune pollination. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 274:127–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1918) The common honeybee as an agent in prune pollination. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 291:215–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1919a) Plum pollination. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 310, 28 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1919b) Five years results in plum pollination. Amer Soc Hort Sci Proc 15:65–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1922a) Wonder work of bees. They make millions for the fruit growers. Bees that returned to the orchardist $100 per colony. Gleanings Bee Cult 50:226–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1922b) Further experiments in plum pollination. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 352:247–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1923) Prune growing in California. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 328, 38 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson AH (1930) The essentials of plum pollination. Blue Anchor [Sacramento] 7(2):8–9, 31–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper CH (1930) The study of pollination in relation to cherry orchards. Gard Chron 88(2293):475–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooper CH (1936) Plums; notes on their pollination, order of flowering of varieties and insect visitors to the blossoms. Jour Sol-East Agr Col [Wye, Kent] 38:131–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Hootman HD (1935) Importance of pollination and the honey-bee in fruit yields. Midwest Fruitman 8(9):3–4, 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye DW (1980) The terminology of floral larceny. Ecology 61:1251–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen C, Drage CM (1953) Pollination of Colorado fruit. Colo Agr Expt Sta and Ext Serv Bul 427-A, 13 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Jusubov AM (1957) Pollinators for new apricot varieties in the central belt. Sad i Ogorod 2:47–48. [In Russian.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanato K, Yoshida M, Kurihara A, Makino Y (1967) Studies on pollen sterility of peach. Hiratsuka Hort Res Sta Bul Ser A, 6:91–104. [In Japanese, English tables and summary.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearns CA, Inouye DW (1993) Techniques for pollination biologists. University Press of Colorado, Niwot

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly BW (1964) Factors relating to the cost of producing peaches in Pennsylvania, 1959–63. Pa Agr Ext Serv Farm Mangt Pub 19, 20 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kevan PG (1988) Pollination: crops and bees. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Publication 72

    Google Scholar 

  • Kevan PG, Baker HG (1983) Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annu Rev Entomol 28:407–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khajuria DR, Sharma JP (1998) Field screening of different cultivars of plum, prunes and almonds against flat-headed peach tree borer, Sphenoptera lafertei Thomson. J Insect Sci 11(2):159–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan KS, Rahman A (1930) Some observations on the pollination of peaches (Prunus persica Benth. and Hook.). Agric J India 25(6):492–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinman CF (1924) Plum and prune growing in the pacific states. US Dept Agr Farmers’ Bul 1372, 59 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinman CF (1938) Plum and prune growing in the pacific states. US Dept Agr Farmers’ Bull 1372, 55 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinman CF (1943) Plum and prune growing in the pacific states. US Dept Agr Farmers’ Bul 1372, rev, 55 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosior A (1987) Impact of economic activity upon bumblebee Bombus Latr population in the west Bieszczady Mts. Ochrona Przyrody 45:239–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostina KF (1966) Stepen’ samooplodnosti sortov i gibridov abrikosa različnyh ekologo-geografičeskih grupp. Sel’skohozyaystvenaya Bio 1:352–355

    Google Scholar 

  • Krombein KV (1967) Trap-nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests and associates. Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar J, Rao KVK, Gupta PR, Dogra GS (1989) Temporal distribution of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) on spring flowering crops in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian Bee J 51(2):55–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakra RK, Kharub WS, Singh Z (1980) Comparative efficacy of some banding materials against mango mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae Green in Haryana. Indian J Ent 42(2):170–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Langridge DF, Jenkins PT, Goodman RD (1977) A study on pollination of dessert peaches cv “Crawford”. Aus J Agr Res Ani Hus 17:697–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson FK, Tengo J (1989) The effects of temperature and body size on the mating pattern of a gregariously nesting bee, Colletes cunicularius (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Ecol Entomol 14:279–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin MD (1986) Using honey bees to pollinate crops. US Department of Agriculture, Leaflet 549

    Google Scholar 

  • Luce WA, Morris OM (1928) Pollination of deciduous fruits. Wash Agr Expt Sta Bul 223, 22 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdaniels LH (1942) Notes on the pollination of the Italian prune. Am Soc Hortic Sci Proc 40:84–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdaniels LH, Heinicke AJ (1929) Pollination and other factors affecting the set of fruit with special reference to the apple. NY (Cornell) Agr Expt Sta Bul 497, 47 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeta Y (1978) Comparative studies on the biology of the bees of the genus Osmia in Japan, with special reference to their management for pollination of crops (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Bull Tohoku Nat Agric Exp Stn &num 57, 221 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Maeta Y, Kitamura T (1974) How to manage the Mame-Ko bee (Osmia cornifrons, Radoszkowski) for pollination of fruit crops. Ask Co Ltd, 16 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahanoglu G, Eti S, Gulcan R (ed), Aksoy U (1995) Effects of artificial pollination on the fruit set level and fruit quality in some early ripening apricot cultivars. In: Tenth international symposium on apricot culture, Izmir, Turky, 20–24 September 1993, Acta Horticulturae No. 384, pp 397–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann GS, Singh G (1981a) A note on activity and abundance of flower visiting insects of peach (Prunus persica L.) at Ludhiana (Punjab). Prog Hort 13(3/4):25–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann GS, Singh G (1981b) Activity and abundance of flower visiting insects of almond (Prunus amygdalus Matsch) at Ludhiana (Punjab). J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 78(3):617–6 18

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquez J, Bosch J, Vicens N (1994) Pollens collected by wild and managed populations of the potential pollinator Osmia cornuta Latreille. J Appl Entomo 117:353–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall G (1920) Principles of economics, 8th edn. Mac Millan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall RE, Johnston S, Hootman HD, Wells HM (1929) Pollination of orchard fruits in Michigan. Mich Agr Expt Sta Spec Bul 188, 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez del Rio C, Burquez A (1986) Nectar production and temperature dependent pollination in Mirabilis jalapa L. Biotropica 18:28–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi AA, Bhagat KC, Koul VK, Bhat OK (1987) Seasonal incidence of dusky veined walnut aphid Callaphis juglandis Kaltenbach Aphididae Homoptera in Kashmir Valley. Environ Ecolo (Kalyani) 5(3):572–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Masoodi MA, Koul VK, Bhagat KC, Bhat OK (1989) Bioecology of dusky veined walnut aphid callaphis juglandis on walnut in Kashmir, India. Indian J Plant Prot 17(1):139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattu VK, Chaudhary DK, Kumar L (1994) Foraging ecology of Apis cerana F.and Apis mellifera L. in pollinating stone fruit. PEST Manag Eco Zoo 2(1):35–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF (1980) Honey bees and peaches. Research Report of the West Orchard Pesticide Conference 54, 26

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF, Johansen CA (1988) How to reduce bee poisoning. Washington State cooperative extensions Leaflet No. 15. WREP, pp 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF, Lunden JD, Kious CW (1988a) Effects of dipping alfalfa leafcutting bee nesting materials on chalkbrood disease. Appl Agric Res 3:167–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF, Lunden JD, Rathbone L (1988b) New ideas in cherry pollination. Proc Wash State Hortic Assoc 83:228–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF, Johansen CA, Burgett M (1986). Bee pollination of tree fruits. Publication, Pacific Northwest Cooperative Extension, No PNW 0282

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer DF, Britt RL, Lunden JD (1989) Evaluation of BeeScent as a honey bee attractant. Am Bee J 129(1):41–42

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor SE (1976) Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. USDA, Agri Handbook No 496, 411 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren GF, Fraser JA, Grant JE, Gulcan R, Aksoy U (1995) Pollination compatibility of apricots grown in central, Otago, New Zealand. International Society for Horticultural Science, The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaren GF, Fraser JA, Grant JE (1996) Some factors influencing fruit set in cv Sundrop apricot. NZ J Crop Hort Sci 24:55–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monzon VH (1998) Biologia de Osmia cornuta Latr. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) y su utilizacion como polinizador de peral (Pyrus communis). Ph.D. thesis, University of Barcelona, Barcelona

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrill FL (1899) Bees and fruit. Gleanings Bee Cult 27:430–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Murneek AE (1930) Fruit pollination. Mo Agr Expt Sta Bul 283, 12 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Murneek AE (1937) Pollination and fruit setting. Mo Agr Expt Sta Bul 379, 28 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Muttoo RN (1950) Honey bees and fruit crops. Ind J Hort 7(3/4):17–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Muttoo RN (1953) Flora of Jeolikote. Indian Bee J 15:49–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann K, Currie RW, Isman MB (1994) Evaluation of the repellent effects of a neem insecticide on foraging honey bees and other pollinators. Can Entomol 126:225–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nevkryta AN (1957) [Distribution of apiaries for pollinating cherries.] PchelovodstVo 34(4):34–38. [In Russian.] AA-373l58

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyeki J, Szabo Z (1996) Fruit set of self and pollen pollinated peach flowers under Hungarian ecological conditions. In: Acta Horticulturae – Proceedings of the third international peach symposium. ISHS Secretariat, Leuven, pp 177–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker FD, Batra SWT, Tepedino VJ (1987) New pollinators for our crops. Agric Zool Rev 2:279–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip GL (1930) Cherry culture in California. Calif Agric Ext Serv Cir 46, 43 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Philp GL (1947) Cherry culture in California. Rev Calif Agr Ext Serv Cir 46

    Google Scholar 

  • Philp GL, Vansell GH (1932) Pollination of deciduous fruits by bees. Calif Agr Ext Serv Cir 62, 26 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Philp GL Vansell GH (1944) Pollination of deciduous fruits by bees. Calif Agr Ext Serv Cir 62, rev, 26 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdie JD, Winn RA (1964) Almond pollination-honey bee activity. So Austral Agr 68(5):152–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Purdie JD, Winn RA (1965) Almond pollination: honey bee activity. Australian Bee J 46:17–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana RS, Verma LR, Mattu VK (1994) Foraging activity and abundance of insect pollinators on plum bloom. In: Pollination biology-environmental factors and pollination. Rajendra Scientific Publishers, Hisar, Haryana, .pp 20–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Randhawa GS, Yadav IS, Nath N (1963) Studies on flowering, pollination and fruit development in peach grown under subtropical conditions. Indian J Agr Sci 33(2):129–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RH (1922) Better cherry yields. Wis Agr Expt Sta Bul 344, 30 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RH (1945) Blossom structure and setting of ‘Delicious’ and other apple varieties. Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 46:87–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts D, Congdon NB (1955) The relationship of nectar secretion (volume) and sugar concentration to insect pollination of plums (Prunus spp.). NZ J Sci Tech Sect A 37(3):196–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson WS (1979) Effect of apple cultivar on foraging behaviour and pollen transfer by honey bees. J Am Soc Hort Sci 104:596–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz JH (1948) Self-incompatibility in apricots. Am Soc Hort Sci Proc 51:171–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster CE (1925) Pollination and growing of the cherry. Oreg Agr Col Expt Sta

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Dupree CD, Winston ML (1987) Wild bee pollinator diversity and abundance in orchard and uncultivated habitats in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Can Entomol 119:735–745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Dupree C, Winston M, Hergert G, Jay SC, Nelson D, Gates J, Termeer B, Otis G (eds) (1995) A guide to managing bees for crop pollination. Canadian Association of Professional Apiculturalists

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma PL (1961) The honeybee [Apis indica] population among insects visiting temperate-zone fruit flowers and their role in setting fruit. Bee World 42:6–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HK, Gautam DR (1994) Evaluation of some almond root stocks for tolerance to flat headed peach tree borer Sphenoptera laferti Thompson. Pest Manag Econ Zoo 2:153–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HK, Chander R, Thakur JR (1990) Incidence of flat headed peach tree borer Sphenoptera laferti Thompson(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on stone fruits in himachal Pradesh. Indian J Agric Sci 60:785–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HC, Mukuru SZ, Mayasa E, Were J (1999) Breakdown of resistance to Sorghum midge Stenodiplosis sorghicola. Euphytica 109:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HC, Taneja SL, Kameshwara Nao N, Prasada Rao KE (2003) Evaluation of sorghum germplasm for resístance to insects. Information Bulletin No. 63. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India, 184pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheesley B, Poduska B (1970a) Grading bee colony strength. Almond Facts 35(5):22–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheesley B, Poduska B (1970b) Strong honeybee colonies prove value in almond pollination. Calif Agr 24(8):4–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheesley B, Poduska B (1970c) Relative values of honeybees colonies for almond pollination. Gleanings Bee Cult 98(8):486–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker JS (1928).Cherry pollination. Ohio Agr Expt Sta Bul 422, 34 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S (1988) Insect pollination studies on Almond. Ph.D. thesis, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan

    Google Scholar 

  • Skrebtsova ND, Iakovlev AS (1959) [Effectiveness of saturated pollination of cherries by bees.] Pchelovodstvo 36(5):25–26. [In Russian.] AA-154/61

    Google Scholar 

  • Slate GL (1970) Apricots, nectarines and almonds. Horticulture 48(5):42, 47–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltesz M (1996) Requirements for successful fruit set in orchards. In: Nyeki J, Soltesz M (eds) Floral biology of temperate zone fruit trees and small fruits. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp 257–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava RP, Singh I (1970) Floral biology, fruit-set, fruit-drop, and physico-chemical characters of sweet-cherry (Prunus avium L.). Indian J Agr Sci 40:400–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Standifer L, McGregor SE (1977) Using honey bees to pollinate crops. US Department of Agriculture, Leaflet 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanger W, Thorp R, Foote L (1973) Honeybee pollination in California. Div Agri Sci, Uni Calif Leaflet No 75-LE, 9 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark AL (1944) Fruit pollination – a problem in Utah. Farm and Home Sci 5(4):5–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen WP (1955) Alfalfa pollination in Manitoba. J Econ Entomol 48:543–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephen WP (1961) Bees and pollination of stone fruits. Oreg State Hort Soc Ann Rpt 53:78–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson AG (1981) Flower and fruit abortion: proximate causes and ultimate functions. Ann Revof Ecol Sys 12:253–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, N., Luckwill, L. C., Mealy, A. G., and others. 1967. The pollination of fruit crops. Sci Hort 14 and 15:1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo Z, Nyeki J, Andrasfalvy A, Szalay L, Pedryc A, Karayiannis I (1999) Evaluation of some Romanian apricot varieties in Hungary. In: Proceedings of the XIth international symposium on apricot culture, Veria-Makedonia, Greece, 25–30 May 1997, Acta-Horticulturae, 1(488), p 211–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo Z, Nyeki J, Benedek P, Erdos ZM, Soltesz M (2000) Bee pollination and association of apricot varieties. Int J Hort Sci 6(4):20–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepedino VJ, Torchio PF (1989) The influence of nest-hole selection on sex ratio and progeny size in Osmia lignaria propinqua (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 82:355–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson MM, Liu LJ (1972) Pollination and erratic bearing in ‘italian prunes’ Amer. Soc Hort Sci Proc 97:489–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson M, Brenner D, Anwer R, Ahmed Z, Bhatti S (1988) Biogeographic survey and collection of temperate fruit and nut genetic resources in Northern Pakistan. IUCN, Gilgit, 105 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorp RW, Mussen E (1979) Honey bees in almond pollination. University of California Cooperative Extension Service, Leaflet 2465, University of California, Oakland

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1976) Use of Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae) as a pollinator in an apple and prune orchard. J Kan Entomol Soc 49:475–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1981a) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson in almond orchards: I, 1975 studies (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Kan Entomol Soc 54:815–823

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1981b) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson in almond orchards: II, 1976 studies (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Kan Entomol Soc 54:824–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1982a) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson in apple orchards: I, 1975 studies (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Kansas Entomol Soc 55:136–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1982b) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson in apple orchards: II, 1976 studies (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Kansas Entomol Soc 55:759–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1984a) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in apple orchards: III, 1977 studies. J Kansas Entomol Soc 57:517–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1984b) Field experiments with the pollinator species, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in apple orchards: IV, 1978 studies. J Kansas Entomol Soc 57:689–694

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1987) Use of non-honey bee species as pollinators of crops. Proc Entomol Soc Ontario 118:111–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1989) In-nest biologies and development of immature stages of three Osmia species (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 82:599–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1990) Diversification of pollination strategies for U.S. crops. Environ Entomol 19:1649–1656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF (1991) Bees as crop pollinators and the role of solitary species in changing environments. Sixth Int Symp on Pollination. Acta Hortic 288, pp 49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF, Asensio E (1985) The introduction of the European bee, Osmia cornuta Latr, into the U.S. as a potential pollinator of orchard crops, and a comparison of its manageability with Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). J Kan Entomol Soc 58:42–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio PF, Asensio E, Thorp RW (1987) Introduction of the European bee, Osmia cornuta, into California almond orchards (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Environ Entomol 16:664–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Traynor J (1993) Almond pollination handbook. Kovak Books, Bakersfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Tufts WP, Philp GL (1925) Pollination of the sweet cherry. Calif Agr Expt Sta Bul 385, 28 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch R, Hom R, Matteson P, Frazer BD, Messenger PS, Davis CS (1979) Biological control of the walnut aphid in California: impact of the parasite Trioxys pallidus. Hilgardia 47:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vansell GH (1942) Factors affecting the usefulness of honeybees in pollination. Circ US Dept Agric 650:1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Vansell G, Griggs WH (1952) Honey bees as agents of distribution. USDA Yearbook:88–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen L, Pelerents C (1965) Effect of the honeybee on fruit setting. Fruitrev [Belgium]:1–4. [In Dutch.] AA-792/71

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicens N (1997) Potencial pol. linitzador en pomeres i inversio parental en l’abella solitaria Osmia cornuta (Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Megachildae). Ph.D. dissertation, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicens N, Bosch J (2000a) Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Apidae) on ‘Red Delicious’ apple. Environ Entomol 29:235–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicens N, Bosch J (2000b) Weather-dependent pollinator activity in an apple orchard, with special reference to Osmia cornuta and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae and Apidae). Environ Entomol 29:413–420

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicens N, Bosch J, BIas M (1993) Analisis de Ios nidos de algunas Osmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) nidificantes en cavidades preestablecidas. Orsis 8:41–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Vij V, Harish K, Mehrotta N, Aulakh P, Thind S, Arora P (1999) Evaluation of almond varieties under arid-irrigated conditions of Punjab. Indian J Hort 56:233–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Waugh FA (1898) Pollination of plums. Vt Agr Expt Sta 11th Ann Rpt 1897–98: pp 238–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster TC, Thorp RW, Briggs D, Skinner J, Parisian T (1985) Effects of pollen traps on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging and brood rearing during almond and prune pollination. Environ Entomol 14:683–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss K (1957) The dependence of the cherry harvest on the number of colonies present. Deut Bienenw 8(7):124–126, German

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington Westwood MN (1993) Temperate-zone pomology, physiology and culture. Tllnber Press, Portland

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams RR (1969) Factors affecting pollination in fruit trees. In: Luckvill LC, Cutting LV (eds) Physiology of tree crops. Academic Press, London, pp 193–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PH (1982) The distribution and decline of British bumble bees (Bombus Latr.). J Apicul Res 21:236–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JT (1991) Seasonal light requirements in a fruit orchard. Fruit Notes 56:20–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams IH (1994) The dependence of crop production within the European Union on pollination by honey bees. Agri Zoo Rev 6:229–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Winston ML (1987) The biology of the honey bee. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodrow AW (1932) The comparative value of different colonies of bees in pollinati0n. Jour Econ Ent 25:331–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yakovleva LP (1975) Utilization of bees for pollination of entomophilous farm crops in the USSR. In: Proceedings of III international symposium pollination, Prague, 2, pp 199–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada M, Oyama N, Sekita N, Shirasaki S, Tsugawa C (1971) The ecology of the megachilid bee Osmia cornifrons and its utilization for apple pollination. Bull Aom Apple Exp Stan 15:1–80 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yokozawa Y, Yasui A (1957) Studies on the pollination of peach.] 1. Insect visitors to the flowers of peach. Hort Assoc Jap Jour 26(3):185–191. [In Japanese, English title and summary.]

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman M, Pyke GH (1988) Reproduction in Polemonium: assessing the factors limiting seed set. Am Nat 131:723–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abrol, D.P. (2015). Stone Fruits. In: Pollination Biology, Vol.1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21085-8_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics