Skip to main content

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering ((BRIEFSELECTRIC,volume 150))

Abstract

Embedded controllers are normally seen as computer based systems performing specific tasks. These systems are embedded in larger systems such as industrial machinery, medical devices, buildings, and vehicles of all kinds. An embedded controller can be named as a Distributed Embedded Controller (DEC) if composed by several components in interaction (Wolf 2008). Several embedded controllers (understood as components) in interaction to perform specific tasks also become a distributed embedded controller.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. André C (1996) SyncCharts: a visual representation of reactive behaviors. Tech. rep. RR 95–52, rev. RR (96–56). I3S, Sophia-Antipolis

    Google Scholar 

  2. André C (2003) Semantics of S.S.M. (safe state machine). Tech. rep. Esterel Technologies, Sophia-Antipolis

    Google Scholar 

  3. André C, Peraldi MA (1993) Grafcet and synchronous languages. APII 27(1):95–105

    Google Scholar 

  4. Balbo G (2000) Introduction to stochastic Petri nets. In: Brinksma E, Hermanns H, Katoen JP (eds) Lectures on formal methods and performance analysis, first EEF/Euro summer school on trends in computer science, Berg en Dal, The Netherlands, July 3–7, 2000, revised lectures. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2090, pp 84–155. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  5. Benveniste A, Caspi P, Edwards S, Halbwachs N, Le Guernic P, de Simone R (2003) The synchronous languages 12 years later. Proc IEEE 91(1):64–83. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2002.805826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Berry G, Kishinevsky M, Singh S (2003) System level design and verification using a synchronous language. In: International conference on computer aided design, 2003. ICCAD-2003, pp 433–439. doi:10.1109/ICCAD.2003.1257813

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bhaduri P, Ramesh S (2004) Model checking of statechart models: survey and research directions. CoRR cs.SE/0407038

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bicchierai I, Bucci G, Carnevali L, Vicario E (2012) Combining UML-MARTE and preemptive time Petri nets: an industrial case study. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 9:1806–1818. doi:10.1109/TII.2012.2205399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Billington J, Vanit-Anunchai S, Gallasch G (2009) Parameterised coloured Petri net channel models. In: Jensen K, Billington J, Koutny M (eds) Transactions on Petri nets and other models of concurrency III. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 5800. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04856-2_4

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boussinot F, De Simone R (1991) The ESTEREL language. Proc IEEE 79(9):1293–1304. doi:10.1109/5.97299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bruno G, Agarwal R, Castella A, Pescarmona M (1995) CAB: An environment for developing concurrent application. In: De Michelis G, Diaz M (eds) Application and theory of Petri nets 1995. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 935. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 141–160

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Bunse C, Gross HG, Peper C (2007) Applying a model-based approach for embedded system development. In: Proceedings of the 33rd EUROMICRO conference on software engineering and advanced applications. IEEE Computer Society, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  13. Campos-Rebelo R, Pereira F, Moutinho F, Gomes L (2011) From IOPT Petri nets to C: An automatic code generator tool. In: 2011 9th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN), pp 390–395

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chapiro DM (1984) Globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous systems. Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University

    Google Scholar 

  15. Christensen S, Damgaard HN (1994) Coloured Petri nets extended with channels for synchronous communication. In: Valette R (ed) Application and theory of Petri nets 1994. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 815. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 159–178. doi:10.1007/3-540-58152-9_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  16. Christensen S, Petrucci L (2000) Modular analysis of Petri nets. Comput J 43(3):224–242

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Costa A, Gomes L (2007) Petri net splitting operation within embedded systems co-design. In: 2007 5th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics, vol 1, pp 503–508, doi:10.1109/INDIN.2007.4384808

  18. Costa A, Gomes L (2009) Petri net partitioning using net splitting operation. In: 7th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN 2009), Cardiff. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INDIN.2009.519580410.1109/INDIN.2009.5195804

  19. Costa A, Gomes L, Barros J, Oliveira J, Reis T (2008) Petri nets tools framework supporting FPGA-based controller implementations. In: 34th annual conference of IEEE industrial electronics, 2008. IECON 2008, pp 2477–2482. doi:10.1109/IECON.2008.4758345

    Google Scholar 

  20. CPN-AMI Web site (2015). http://move.lip6.fr/software/CPNAMI/

  21. David R, Alla H (2010a) Bases of Petri nets. In: Discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri nets. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10669-9_1

    Google Scholar 

  22. David R, Alla H (2010b) Non-autonomous Petri nets. In: Discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri nets. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 61–116. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10669-9_3

    Google Scholar 

  23. David R, Alla H (2010c) Properties of Petri nets. In: Discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri nets. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 21–60. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10669-9_2

    Google Scholar 

  24. de Niz D, Bhatia G, Rajkumar R (2006) Model-based development of embedded systems: the SysWeaver approach. In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE real-time and embedded technology and applications symposium. IEEE Computer Society, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  25. Di Natale M, Guo L, Zeng H, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli A (2010) Synthesis of multitask implementations of simulink models with minimum delays. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 6(4):637–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Doucet F, Menarini M, Krüger IH, Gupta R, Talpin JP (2006) A verification approach for GALS integration of synchronous components. Electron Notes Theor Comput Sci 146(2):105–131. doi:10.1016/j.entcs.2005.05.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Esterel Technologies (2005) The Esterel v7 Reference Manual Version v7.30, initial IEEE standardization proposal

    Google Scholar 

  28. Esterel Technologies (2015) Home — Esterel Technologies. http://www.esterel-technologies.com/

  29. Estevez E, Marcos M (2012) Model-based validation of industrial control systems. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 8(2):302–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ferreira HA (2010) Petri nets based components within globally asynchronous locally synchronous systems. Master’s thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/4796

  31. Ferreira R, Costa A, Gomes L (2011) Intra- and inter-circuit network for Petri nets based components. In: 2011 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE), pp 1529–1534

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gajski DD, Zhu J, Domer R, Gerstlauer A, Zhao S (2000) SpecC: specification language and methodology. Kluwer Academic, Boston

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Gamatie A, Gautier T (2010) The signal synchronous multiclock approach to the design of distributed embedded systems. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst. 21(5):641–657. doi:10.1109/TPDS.2009.125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Garavel H, Thivolle D (2009) Verification of GALS Systems by combining synchronous languages and process calculi. In: Proceedings of the 16th international SPIN workshop on model checking software, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 241–260. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02652-2_20

    Google Scholar 

  35. Girault C, Valk R (2003) Petri nets for system engineering: a guide to modeling, verification, and applications. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  36. Glabbeek R, Goltz U, Schicke-Uffmann JW (2012) On distributability of Petri nets. In: Birkedal L (ed) Foundations of software science and computational structures. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 7213. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 331–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Gomes L, Barros J (2003) On structuring mechanisms for Petri nets based system design. In: IEEE conference on emerging technologies and factory automation, 2003. Proceedings. ETFA ‘03, vol 2, pp 431–438. doi:10.1109/ETFA.2003.1248731

  38. Gomes L, Barros JP (2005) Structuring and composability issues in Petri nets modeling. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 1(2):112–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gomes L, Fernandes JM (eds) (2010) Behavioral modeling for embedded systems and technologies: applications for design and implementation. IGI Global, Hershey

    Google Scholar 

  40. Gomes L, Barros JP, Costa A (2005a) Modeling formalisms for embedded systems design. In: Zurawski R (ed) Embedded systems handbook. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 5–1, 5–34

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gomes L, Barros JP, Costa A, Pais R, Moutinho F (2005b) Towards usage of formal methods within embedded systems co-design. In: ETFA’2005 - 10th IEEE conference on emerging technologies and factory automation. Facolta’ di Ingegneria, Univ. Catania

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gomes L, Barros J, Costa A, Nunes R (2007a) The input-output place-transition Petri net class and associated tools. In: Proceedings of the 5th IEEE international conference on industrial informatics (INDIN’07), Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gomes L, Costa A, Barros J, Lima P (2007b) From Petri net models to VHDL implementation of digital controllers. In: Proceedings of the IECON’2007 - the 33rd annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society. The Grand Hotel, Taipei

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gomes L, Moutinho F, Pereira F (2013) IOPT-tools - a web based tool framework for embedded systems controller development using Petri nets. In: 2013 23rd international conference on field programmable logic and applications (FPL), pp 1–1. doi:10.1109/FPL.2013.6645633

  45. Gomes L, Moutinho F, Pereira F, Ribeiro J, Costa A, Barros JP (2014) Extending input-output place-transition Petri nets for distributed controller systems development. In: International conference on mechatronics and control (ICMC), Jinzhou

    Google Scholar 

  46. Grkaynak FK, Oetiker S, Felber N, Kaeslin H, Fichtner W (2004) Is there hope for GALS in the future? In: Fourth ACiD-WG workshop of the european commissions fifth framework programme, Turku

    Google Scholar 

  47. Halbwachs N, Caspi P, Raymond P, Pilaud D (1991) The synchronous data flow programming language LUSTRE. Proc IEEE 79(9):1305–1320. doi:10.1109/5.97300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hamez A, Hillah L, Kordon F, Linard A, Paviot-Adet E, Renault X, Thierry-Mieg Y (2006) New features in CPN-AMI 3: focusing on the analysis of complex distributed systems. In: Sixth international conference on application of concurrency to system design, 2006. ACSD 2006, pp 273–275. doi:10.1109/ACSD.2006.15

    Google Scholar 

  49. Han B, Billington J (2004) Experience using coloured Petri nets to model TCP’s connection management procedures. In: Proc. 5th workshop and tutorial on practical use of coloured Petri nets and the CPN tools (CPN Workshop 2004), pp 57–76

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hanisch HM, Lüder A (2000) A signal extension for petri nets and its use in controller design. Fundam. Inform. 41(4):415–431

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  51. Harel D (1987) Statecharts: a visual formalism for complex systems. Sci Comput Program 8(3):231–274. doi:10.1016/0167-6423(87)90035-9

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. ISO/IEC (2011) Systems and software engineering – high-level Petri nets – Part 2: Transfer format. ISO/IEC 15909-2

    Google Scholar 

  53. Jensen K (1992) Coloured Petri nets. Basic concepts, analysis methods and pratical use, vol 1. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kleijn H, Koutny M, Rozenberg G (2006) Processes of Petri nets with localities. Tech. Rep. CS-TR-941, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne

    Google Scholar 

  55. Krstić M, Grass E, Gürkaynak FK, Vivet P (2007) Globally asynchronous, locally synchronous circuits: overview and outlook. IEEE Des Test Comput 24:430–441. doi:10.1109/MDT.2007.164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Kummer O (1998) Simulating synchronous channels and net instances. In: Desel J, Kemper P, Kindler E, Oberweis A (eds) Forschungsbericht, No. 694: 5. Workshop Algorithmen und Werkzeuge fr Petrinetze, Fachbereich Informatik, Universitt Dortmund, pp 73–78

    Google Scholar 

  57. LeGuernic P, Gautier T, Le Borgne M, Le Maire C (1991) Programming real-time applications with SIGNAL. Proc IEEE 79(9):1321–1336. doi:10.1109/5.97301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Liu G, Jiang C, Zhou M (2012) Process nets with channels. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern A Syst Hum 42(1):213–225. doi:10.1109/TSMCA.2011.2157136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Maier C, Moldt D (2001) Object coloured Petri nets - a formal technique for object oriented modelling. In: Agha G, Cindio F, Rozenberg G (eds) Concurrent object-oriented programming and Petri nets. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 2001. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 406–427. doi:10.1007/3-540-45397-0_16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  60. Malik A, Salcic Z, Roop PS, Girault A (2010) SystemJ: a GALS language for system level design. Comput Lang Syst Struct 36(4):317–344. doi:10.1016/j.cl.2010.01.001

    Google Scholar 

  61. Malik A, Girault A, Salcic Z (2011) A GALS language for dynamic distributed and reactive programs. In: 2011 11th international conference on application of concurrency to system design (ACSD), pp 173–182. doi:10.1109/ACSD.2011.30

  62. Mehmood Khan A (2010) Model-based design for on-chip systems: using and extending Marte and IP-Xact. Ph.D. thesis, Universit de Nice/Sophia-Antipolis

    Google Scholar 

  63. Minas M, Frey G (2002) Visual PLC-programming using signal interpreted Petri nets. In: Proceedings of the 2002 American control conference, 2002, vol 6, pp 5019–5024. doi:10.1109/ACC.2002.1025461

  64. Moalla M, Pulou J, Sifakis J (1978) Synchronized Petri nets: A model for the description of non-autonomous sytems. In: Winkowski J (ed) Mathematical foundations of computer science 1978. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 64. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 374–384. doi:10.1007/3-540-08921-7_85

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  65. Moutinho F, Gomes L (2011) State space generation algorithm for GALS systems modeled by IOPT Petri nets. In: IECON 2011 - 37th annual conference on IEEE industrial electronics society, pp 2839–2844. doi:10.1109/IECON.2011.6119762

  66. Moutinho F, Gomes L (2012a) Asynchronous-channels and time-domains extending Petri nets for GALS systems. In: Camarinha-Matos L, Shahamatnia E, Nunes G (eds) Technological innovation for value creation, IFIP advances in information and communication technology, vol 372. Springer, Boston, pp 143–150

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  67. Moutinho F, Gomes L (2012b) State Space generation for Petri nets-based GALS systems. In: Proceedings of the ICIT’2012 - IEEE international conference on industrial technology, Kos Island

    Google Scholar 

  68. Moutinho F, Gomes L (2013) Distributed embedded systems design using Petri nets. In: 2013 23rd international conference on field programmable logic and applications (FPL), pp 1–2. doi:10.1109/FPL.2013.6645617

  69. Moutinho F, Gomes L (2014) Asynchronous-channels within Petri net-based GALS distributed embedded systems modeling. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 10(4):2024–2033. doi:10.1109/TII.2014.2341933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Moutinho F, Gomes L, Ramalho F, Figueiredo J, Barros J, Barbosa P, Pais R, Costa A (2010) Ecore representation for extending PNML for Input-Output Place-Transition nets. In: IECON 2010 - 36th annual conference on IEEE industrial electronics society, pp 2156–2161. doi:10.1109/IECON.2010.5675332

  71. Moutinho F, Gomes L, Costa A, Pimenta J (2012) Asynchronous wrappers configuration within GALS systems specified by Petri nets. In: 2012 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE), pp 1357–1362

    Google Scholar 

  72. Moutinho F, Pimenta J, Gomes L (2013) Configuring communication nodes for networked embedded systems specified by Petri nets. In: 2013 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE)

    Google Scholar 

  73. Moutinho F (2014) Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Petri net based development of globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous distributed embedded systems. Ph.D. thesis

    Google Scholar 

  74. Murata T (1989) Petri nets: properties, analysis and applications. Proc IEEE 77(4):541–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Nolte T, Passerone R (2009) Guest editorial special section on real-time and (Networked) embedded systems. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 5(3):198–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. OMG Model Driven Architecture (2015). http://www.omg.org/mda/

  77. OMG SysML (2015) http://www.omgsysml.org/

  78. Pereira F, Gomes L (2013) Automatic synthesis of VHDL hardware components from IOPT Petri net models. In: Proceedings of the IECON’2013 - 39th annual conference of the IEEE industrial electronics society, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  79. Pereira F, Gomes L (2015) Cloud based IOPT Petri net simulator to test and debug embedded system controllers. In: Camarinha-Matos LM, Baldissera TA, Di Orio G, Marques F (eds) Technological innovation for cloud-based engineering systems. IFIP advances in information and communication technology, vol 450. Springer, Springer International Publishing, pp 165–175. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16766-4_18

    Google Scholar 

  80. Pereira F, Moutinho F, Gomes L (2012a) Model-checking framework for embedded systems controllers development using IOPT Petri nets. In: 2012 IEEE international symposium on industrial electronics (ISIE), pp 1399–1404

    Google Scholar 

  81. Pereira F, Moutinho F, Ribeiro J, Gomes L (2012b) Web based IOPT Petri net editor with an extensible plugin architecture to support generic net operations. In: IECON 2012 - 38th annual conference on IEEE industrial electronics society, pp 6151–6156

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pereira F, Moutinho F, Gomes L (2014) IOPT-Tools - towards cloud design automation of digital controllers with Petri nets. In: International conference on mechatronics and control (ICMC), Jinzhou

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ramchandani C (1974) Analysis of asynchronous concurrent systems by timed Petri nets. Tech. rep., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  84. Ramesh S, Sonalkar S, Dsilva V, Chandra R N, Vijayalakshmi B (2004) A toolset for modelling and verification of GALS systems. In: Alur R, Peled D (eds) Computer aided verification. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3114. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 506–509. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-27813-9_47

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  85. Rausch M, Hanisch HM (1995) Net condition/event systems with multiple condition outputs. In: 1995 INRIA/IEEE symposium on emerging technologies and factory automation. ETFA ‘95, Proceedings, vol 1, pp 592–600. doi:10.1109/ETFA.1995.496811

  86. Reisig W (1985) Petri nets: an introduction. Springer, New York,

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  87. Schatz B, APretschner, Huber F, Philipps J (2002) Model-based development of embedded systems. In: Bruel J-M, Bellahsene Z (eds) Advances in object-oriented information systems (OOIS’2002) workshops, Montpellier. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  88. SDL (2015) Sdl forum society. http://www.sdl-forum.org/SDL/index.htm

  89. Sibertin-Blanc C (1994) Cooperative nets. In: Valette R (ed) Application and theory of Petri nets 1994. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 815. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 471–490. doi:10.1007/3-540-58152-9_26

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  90. Silva M (1993) Introducing Petri nets. In: Practice of Petri nets in manufacturing. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–62. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6955-4_1

    Google Scholar 

  91. Simulink (2015) Simulation and model-based design. http://www.mathworks.com/products/simulink/

  92. Starke P, Roch S (2002) Analysing signal net systems. Informatik-Bericht, vol 162. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  93. SystemC (2012) IEEE standard for standard SystemC language reference manual. IEEE Std 1666-2011 (Revision of IEEE Std 1666-2005), pp 1–638. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6134619

  94. UML (2015) Object management group - UML. http://www.uml.org/

  95. UML MARTE (2015) UML profile for MARTE: modeling and analysis of real-time embedded systems. http://www.omgmarte.org/

  96. van Glabbeek RJ, Goltz U, Schicke JW (2009) On synchronous and asynchronous interaction in distributed systems. CoRR abs/0901.0048

    Google Scholar 

  97. Vyatkin V, Hanisch HM (2000) Practice of modeling and verification of distributed controllers using signal net systems. In: Burkhard H-D, Czaja L, Skowron A, Starke P (eds) Report: proceedings of the international workshop on concurrency, specification and programming. Humboldt-University, Berlin, pp 335–350; Published as report: Proceedings of the workhop on concurrency, specification and programming, vol 140, 9–11 October 2000

    Google Scholar 

  98. W3C (2013) Xquery 1.0 and xpath 2.0 formal semantics, 2nd edn. http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery-semantics/

  99. Wang FY, Gildea K, Jungnitz H, Chen D (1994) Protocol design and performance analysis for manufacturing message specification: a Petri net approach. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 41(6): 641–653. doi:10.1109/41.334581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Wolf W (2008) Middleware architectures for distributed embedded systems. In: 2008 11th IEEE international symposium on object oriented real-time distributed computing (ISORC), pp 377–380. doi:10.1109/ISORC.2008.31

  101. Zhao Q, Krogh B (2006) Formal verification of statecharts using finite-state model checkers. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 14(5):943–950. doi:10.1109/TCST.2006.876921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Zurawski R, Zhou M (1994) Petri nets and industrial applications: a tutorial. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 41(6):567–583

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moutinho, F., Gomes, L. (2016). Introduction. In: Distributed Embedded Controller Development with Petri Nets. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol 150. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20822-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20822-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20821-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20822-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics