Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer

  • Chapter
Infection and Cancer: Bi-Directorial Interactions

Abstract

Based on the comprehensive assessment of epidemiological and mechanistic study findings, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), human immunodeficiency virus, type-1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type-1 (HTLV-1), and human papillomavirus (HPV) as Group 1 human carcinogens. The Merkel cell polyomavirus has recently been documented to cause Merkel cell carcinoma. No causal specificity is observed for many oncogenic viruses. Some of them may cause different cancers, while some cancers may be caused by different viruses. However, only a proportion of infected persons will actually develop cancers, indicating that oncogenic viruses may be necessary but not sufficient to cause specific cancers. Viral, host and environmental cofactors have been assessed for the EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma, HBV/HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and HPV-associated cervical carcinoma. Persistent infection, high viral load, and genetic/acquired susceptibility factors are important risk predictors for these virus-caused cancers. Risk calculators have been developed for the prediction of the long-term risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients affected with chronic hepatitis B and C. Both clinical trials and national programs of immunization or anti-viral therapy have demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of cancers caused by HBV, HCV and HPV. Assessing the effects of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions on virus-caused cancers is urgently needed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

CLD:

chronic liver disease

EBV :

Epstein-Barr virus

HBV :

hepatitis B virus

HCC:

hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV :

hepatitis C virus

HIV-1 :

human immunodeficiency virus, type-1

HPV :

human papillomavirus

HTLV-1:

human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, type-1

KSHV :

Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus

MCV :

Merkel cell polyomavirus

References

  • Alter MJ (2007) Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 13(17):2436–2441

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amber K, McLeod MP, Nouri K (2013) The Merkel cell polyomavirus and its involvement in Merkel cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 39(2):232–238. doi:10.1111/dsu.12079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldur-Felskov B, Dehlendorff C, Munk C, Kjaer S (2014) Early impact of human papillomavirus vaccination on cervical neoplasia—nationwide follow-up of young Danish women. J Natl Cancer Inst 106 (3). doi:10.1093/jnci/djt460

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) Infectious diseases related to travel. In: Francisco A (ed) The yellow book (Updated). Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y, Moore PS (2012) Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 7:123–144. doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130227

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, Liang DC, Shau WY, Chen DS (1997) Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 336(26):1855–1859. doi:10.1056/NEJM199706263362602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, Liu CJ, Lee CM, Lin SM, Chu HC, Wu TC, Yang SS, Kuo HS, Chen DS, Grp THS (2009) Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study. JNCI-J Natl Cancer Inst 101(19):1348–1355. doi:10.1093/Jnci/Djp288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YJ, Chen HC, Lee BH, You SL, Lin CY, Pan MH, Chou YC, Hsieh CY, Chen YMA, Cheng YJ, Chen CJ, Grp C-HS (2011) Unique variants of human papillomavirus genotypes 52 and 58 and risk of cervical neoplasia. Int J Cancer 129(4):965–973. doi:10.1002/Ijc.25724

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ (2005) Time-dependent events in natural history of occult hepatitis B virus infection: the importance of population-based long-term follow-up study with repeated measurements. J Hepatol 42(4):438–440. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Chen DS (2002) Interaction of hepatitis B virus, chemical carcinogen, and genetic susceptibility: multistage hepatocarcinogenesis with multifactorial etiology. Hepatology 36(5):1046–1049. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.37084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Lee MH (2011) Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by multiple microRNAs: validity, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. J Clin Oncol 29(36):4745–4747. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.0054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Yang HI (2011) Natural history of chronic hepatitis B REVEALed. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26(4):628–638. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06695.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Liang KY, Chang AS, Chang YC, Lu SN, Liaw YF, Chang WY, Sheen MC, Lin TM (1991) Effects of hepatitis B virus, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking and familial tendency on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 13(3):398–406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Yu MW, Liaw YF, Wang LW, Chiamprasert S, Matin F, Hirvonen A, Bell DA, Santella RM (1996a) Chronic hepatitis B carriers with null genotypes of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms who are exposed to aflatoxin are at increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Hum Genet 59(1):128–134

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Wang LY, Lu SN, Wu MH, You SL, Zhang YJ, Wang LW, Santella RM (1996b) Elevated aflatoxin exposure and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 24(1):38–42. doi:10.1002/hep.510240108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Yu MW, Liaw YF (1997) Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(9–10):S294–S308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, Huang GT, Iloeje UH, Group R-HS (2006) Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 295(1):65–73. doi:10.1001/jama.295.1.65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CL, Yang HI, Yang WS, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, You SL, Wang LY, Sun CA, Lu SN, Chen DS, Chen CJ (2008) Metabolic factors and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by chronic hepatitis B/C infection: a follow-up study in Taiwan. Gastroenterology 135(1):111–121. doi:S0016-5085(08)00569-6 [pii] 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.073

  • Chen T, Hedman L, Mattila PS, Jartti T, Ruuskanen O, Soderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K (2011a) Serological evidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus primary infections in childhood. J Clin Virol 50(2):125–129. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.10.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen HC, Schiffman M, Lin CY, Pan MH, You SL, Chuang LC, Hsieh CY, Liaw KL, Hsing AW, Chen CJ, Group C-HS (2011b) Persistence of type-specific human papillomavirus infection and increased long-term risk of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(18):1387–1396. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr283

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CF, Lee WC, Yang HI, Chang HC, Jen CL, Iloeje UH, Su J, Hsiao CHK, Wang LY, You SL, Lu SN, Chen CJ, Elevati REVL (2011c) Changes in serum levels of HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase determine risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 141(4):1240–U1662. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen HC, You SL, Hsieh CY, Schiffman M, Lin CY, Pan MH, Chou YC, Liaw KL, Hsing AW, Chen CJ, Group C-HS (2011d) Prevalence of genotype-specific human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in Taiwan: a community-based survey of 10,602 women. Int J Cancer 128(5):1192–1203. doi:10.1002/ijc.25685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YY, You SL, Koong SL, Liu J, Chen CA, Chen CJ (2014) Screening frequency and atypical cells and the prediction of cervical cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 123(5):1003–1011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang CJ, Yang YW, You SL, Lai MS, Chen CJ (2013) Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. JAMA 310(9):974–976. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.276701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YC, Chen CJ (2003) Epidemiology and etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: gene-environment interaction. Cancer Rev Asia-Pac 1:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YC, Chen JY, Liu MY, Yang HI, Hsu MM, Chen CJ, Yang CS (2001) Serologic markers of Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwanese men. N Engl J Med 345(26):1877–1882. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011610

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chien YC, Jan CF, Kuo HS, Chen CJ (2006) Nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan: effectiveness in the 20 years after it was launched. Epidemiol Rev 28:126–135. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxj010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho EY, Hildesheim A, Chen CJ, Hsu MM, Chen IH, Mittl BF, Levine PH, Liu MY, Chen JY, Brinton LA, Cheng YJ, Yang CS (2003) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair enzymes XRCC1 and hOGG1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12(10):1100–1104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang LC, Hu CY, Chen HC, Lin PJ, Lee B, Lin CY, Pan MH, You SL, Hsieh CY, Chen CJ, Community-Based Cancer Screening Program-Human Papillomavirus Study G (2012) Associations of human leukocyte antigen class II genotypes with human papillomavirus 18 infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia risk. Cancer 118(1):223–231. doi:10.1002/cncr.26227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Sanjose S, Diaz M, Castellsague X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Munoz N, Bosch FX (2007) Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 7(7):453–459. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dukers NH, Rezza G (2003) Human herpesvirus 8 epidemiology: what we do and do not know. AIDS 17:1717–1730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, Smith C, Marinos G, Goncales FL Jr, Haussinger D, Diago M, Carosi G, Dhumeaux D, Craxi A, Lin A, Hoffman J, Yu J (2002) Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 347(13):975–982. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fwu CW, Chien YC, Kirk GD, Nelson KE, You SL, Kuo HS, Feinleib M, Chen CJ (2009) Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma among parous Taiwanese women: nationwide cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(14):1019–1027. doi:djp146 [pii] 10.1093/jnci/djp146

  • Fwu CW, Chien YC, You SL, Nelson KE, Kirk GD, Kuo HS, Feinleib M, Chen CJ (2011) Hepatitis B virus infection and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a cohort study of parous women in Taiwan. Hepatology 53(4):1217–1225. doi:10.1002/hep.24150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Dore GJ (2013) Epidemiology and natural history of HCV infection. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10(9):553–562. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han KH, Ahn SH (2005) How to predict HCC development in patients with chronic B viral liver disease? Intervirology 48(1):23–28. doi:10.1159/000082091

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildesheim A, Anderson LM, Chen CJ, Cheng YJ, Brinton LA, Daly AK, Reed CD, Chen IH, Caporaso NE, Hsu MM, Chen JY, Idle JR, Hoover RN, Yang CS, Chhabra SK (1997) CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. J Natl Cancer Inst 89(16):1207–1212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildesheim A, Dosemeci M, Chan CC, Chen CJ, Cheng YJ, Hsu MM, Chen IH, Mittl BF, Sun B, Levine PH, Chen JY, Brinton LA, Yang CS (2001) Occupational exposure to wood, formaldehyde, and solvents and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10(11):1145–1153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildesheim A, Apple RJ, Chen CJ, Wang SS, Cheng YJ, Klitz W, Mack SJ, Chen IH, Hsu MM, Yang CS, Brinton LA, Levine PH, Erlich HA (2002) Association of HLA class I and II alleles and extended haplotypes with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(23):1780–1789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WL, Chen JY, Chien YC, Liu MY, You SL, Hsu MM, Yang CS, Chen CJ (2009) Independent effect of EBV and cigarette smoking on nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a 20-year follow-up study on 9,622 males without family history in Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(4):1218–1226. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-1175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WL, Yu KJ, Chien YC, Chiang CJ, Cheng YJ, Chen JY, Liu MY, Chou SP, You SL, Hsu MM, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Hong JH, Leu YS, Tsai MH, Su MC, Tsai ST, Chao WY, Ger LP, Chen PR, Yang CS, Hildesheim A, Diehl SR, Chen CJ (2011) Familial tendency and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan: effects of covariates on risk. Am J Epidemiol 173(3):292–299. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq358

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WL, Tse KP, Liang S, Chien YC, Su WH, Yu KJ, Cheng YJ, Tsang NM, Hsu MM, Chang KP, Chen IH, Chen TI, Yang CS, Goldstein AM, Chen CJ, Chang YS, Hildesheim A (2012a) Evaluation of human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA-A), other non-HLA markers on chromosome 6p21 and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS ONE 7(8):e42767. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042767

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu WL, Pan WH, Chien YC, Yu KJ, Cheng YJ, Chen JY, Liu MY, Hsu MM, Lou PJ, Chen IH, Yang CS, Hildesheim A, Chen CJ (2012b) Lowered risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and intake of plant vitamin, fresh fish, green tea and coffee: a case-control study in Taiwan. PLoS One 7(7):e41779. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041779

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YT, Jen CL, Yang HI, Lee MH, Lu SN, Iloeje UH, Chen CJ, Group R-HHS (2011) Lifetime risk and gender difference of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients affected with chronic hepatitis B and C. J Clin Oncol 29:3643–3650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012) A review of human carcinogens: part B – biological agents. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 100B. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavanchy D (2004) Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 11(2):97107. doi:487 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavanchy D (2009) The global burden of hepatitis C. Liver Int 29(Suppl 1):74–81. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01934.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN, Jen CL, Yeh SH, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, You SL, Wang LY, Chen WJ, Chen CJ (2010) Hepatitis C virus seromarkers and subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term predictors from a community-based cohort study. J Clin Oncol 28(30):4587–4593. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.1500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Jen CL, Lu SN, Yeh SH, Liu CJ, You SL, Sun CA, Wang LY, Chen WJ, Chen CJ, Group REVEALHS (2011) Community and personal risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection: a survey of 23,820 residents in Taiwan in 1991-2. Gut 60(5):688–694. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.220889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN, Jen CL, You SL, Wang LY, Wang CH, Chen WJ, Chen CJ, Group REVEALHS (2012) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection increases mortality from hepatic and extrahepatic diseases: a community-based long-term prospective study. J Infect Dis 206(4):469–477. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Liu J, Batrla-Utermann R, Jen CL, Iloeje UH, Lu SN, You SL, Wang LY, Chen CJ, Group REVEALHS (2013) Prediction models of long-term cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B patients: risk scores integrating host and virus profiles. Hepatology 58(2):546–554. doi:10.1002/hep.26385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Yuan Y, L’Italien G, Chen CJ (2014a) Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 20(28):9270–9280

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN, Jen CL, You SL, Wang LY, L’Italien G, Chen CJ, Yuan Y, for the R-HCVSG (2014b) Hepatitis C virus genotype 1b increases cumulative lifetime risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 135(5):1119–1126. doi:10.1002/ijc.28753

  • Lee MH, Lu SN, Yuan Y, Yang HI, Jen CL, You SL, Wang LY, L’Italien G, Chen CJ (2014c) Development and validation of a clinical scoring system for predicting risk of HCC in asymptomatic individuals seropositive for anti-HCV antibodies. PLoS One 9(5):e94760. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094760

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Lu SN, Jen CL, Wang LY, You SL, Iloeje UH, Chen CJ, Group R-HS (2010) Incidence and determinants of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance: a community-based follow-up study. Gastroenterology 139(2):474–482. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.04.048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Lu SN, Jen CL, Batrla-Utermann R, Wang LY, You SL, Hsiao CK, Chen PJ, Chen CJ, REVEALHBVSG (2013a) Spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B seromarkers and subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 63(10):1648–1657. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Lee MH, Batrla-Utermann R, Jen CL, Iloeje UH, Lu SN, Wang LY, You SL, Hsiao CK, Yang HI, Chen CJ (2013b) A predictive scoring system for the seroclearance of HBsAg in HBeAg-seronegative chronic hepatitis B patients with genotype B or C infection. J Hepatol 58(5):853–860. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Batrla R, Jen CL, Lu SN, Wang LY, You SL, Hsiao CK, Chen CJ (2014) Distinct seromarkers predict different milestones of chronic hepatitis B progression. Hepatology 60(1):77–86. doi:10.1002/hep.27083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loomba R, Liu J, Yang HI, Lee MH, Lu SN, Wang LY, Iloeje UH, You SL, Brenner D, Chen CJ, Group R-HS (2013) Synergistic effects of family history of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus infection on risk for incident hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(12):1636–1645 e1631–e1633. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.043

  • Markowitz LE, Hariri S, Lin C, Dunne EF, Steinau M, McQuillan G, Unger ER (2013) Reduction in human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among young women following HPV vaccine introduction in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2003–2010. J Infect Dis 208(3):385–393. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda T, McCombs J, Lee MH, Tonnu-Mihara I, L’Italien G, Saab S, Hines P, Yuan Y (2014) External validation of the risk-prediction model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma [HCC] from the REVEAL-HCV study using data from the U.S. Veterans Affairs [VA] Health System. Paper presented at the EASL, London, UK, April 9–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Catalan-Soares BC, Murphy EL (2005) Global epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection and associated diseases. Oncogene 24:6058–6068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semeere AS, Busakhala N, Martin JN (2012) Impact of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma in resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Curr Opin Oncol 24(5):522–530. doi:10.1097/CCO.0b013e328355e14b

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurgeon ME, Lambert PF (2013) Merkel cell polyomavirus: a newly discovered human virus with oncogenic potential. Virology 435(1):118–130. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.029

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun CA, Chen HC, Lu CF, You SL, Mau YC, Ho MS, Lin SH, Chen CJ (1999) Transmission of hepatitis C virus in Taiwan: prevalence and risk factors based on a nationwide survey. J Med Virol 59(3):290–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun CA, Wu DM, Lin CC, Lu SN, You SL, Wang LY, Wu MH, Chen CJ (2003) Incidence and co-factors of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Epidemiol 157:674–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolstov YL, Pastrana DV, Feng H, Becker JC, Jenkins FJ, Moschos S, Chang Y, Buck CB, Moore PS (2009) Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection II. MCV is a common human infection that can be detected by conformational capsid epitope immunoassays. Int J Cancer 125(6):1250–1256. doi:10.1002/ijc.24509

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UNAIDS (2012) http://data.unaids.org/pub/epislides/2012/2012_epiupdate_en.pdf

  • Wang LY, Hatch M, Chen CJ, Levin B, You SL, Lu SN, Wu MH, Wu WP, Wang LW, Wang Q, Huang GT, Yang PM, Lee HS, Santella RM (1996) Aflatoxin exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan. Int J Cancer 67(5):620–625. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960904)67:5<620::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-W

  • Wang LY, You SL, Lu SN, Ho HC, Wu MH, Sun CA, Yang HI, Chien-Jen C (2003) Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and habits of alcohol drinking, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking: a cohort of 2416 HBsAg-seropositive and 9421 HBsAg-seronegative male residents in Taiwan. Cancer Causes Control 14(3):241–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward MH, Pan WH, Cheng YJ, Li FH, Brinton LA, Chen CJ, Hsu MM, Chen IH, Levine PH, Yang CS, Hildesheim A (2000) Dietary exposure to nitrite and nitrosamines and risk of nasopharyngeal cancer in Taiwan. Inter J Cancer 86:603–609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong VW, Chan SL, Mo F, Chan TC, Loong HH, Wong GL, Lui YY, Chan AT, Sung JJ, Yeo W, Chan HL, Mok TS (2010) Clinical scoring system to predict hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B carriers. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol 28(10):1660–1665. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.26.2675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, You SL, Sun CA, Wang LY, Hsiao CK, Chen PJ, Chen DS, Chen CJ, Taiwan Community-Based Cancer Screening Project G (2002) Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 347(3):168–174. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HI, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Iloeje UH, Jen CL, Wang LY, Lu SN, You SL, Chen DS, Liaw YF, Chen CJ, Group R-H (2008) Association between Hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1134–1143

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HI, Sherman M, Su J, Chen PJ, Liaw YF, Iloeje UH, Chen CJ (2010) Nomograms for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Oncol 28(14):2437–2444. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4456

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HI, Yuen MF, Chan HL, Han KH, Chen PJ, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Chen CJ, Wong VW, Seto WK (2011) Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score. Lancet Oncol 12:568–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HI, Hung HL, Lee MH, Liu J, Jen CL, Su J, Wang LY, Lu SN, You SL, Iloeje UH, Chen CJ, Risk Evaluation of Viral Load E, Associated Liver Disease/Cancer HBVSG (2012) Incidence and determinants of spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B e antigen and DNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol: Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc 10(5):527–534 e521–522. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.12.019

  • Yu MW, Chen CJ (1993) Elevated serum testosterone levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 53(4):790–794

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Gladekyarborough A, Chiamprasert S, Santella RM, Liaw YF, Chen CJ (1995a) Cytochrome-P450 2e1 and glutathione-S-transferase M1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to hepatocellular-carcinoma. Gastroenterology 109(4):1266–1273. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90587-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Hsieh HH, Pan WH, Yang CS, Chen CJ (1995b) Vegetable consumption, serum retinol level, and risk of hepatocellular-carcinoma. Cancer Res 55(6):1301–1305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Chiu YH, Chiang YC, Chen CH, Lee TH, Santella RM, Chern HD, Liaw YF, Chen CJ (1999a) Plasma carotenoids, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: independent and interactive effects. Am J Epidemiol 149(7):621–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Horng IS, Hsu KH, Chiang YC, Liaw YF, Chen CJ (1999b) Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis virus infection. Am J Epidemiol 150(4):367–374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Chang HC, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Hsiao TJ, Lee PH, Chen CJ (2000a) Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(14):1159–1164. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.14.1159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Cheng SW, Lin MW, Yang SY, Liaw YF, Chang HC, Hsiao TJ, Lin SM, Lee SD, Chen PJ, Liu CJ, Chen CJ (2000b) Androgen-receptor CAG repeat, plasma testosterone levels, and risk of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:2023–2028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu MW, Yang SY, Pan IJ, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Chen PJ, Lee SD, Chen CJ (2003) Polymorphisms in XRCC1 and glutathione S-transferase genes and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(19):1485–1488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Fong DY, Fung J, Wong DK, Yuen JC, But DY, Chan AO, Wong BC, Mizokami M, Lai CL (2009) Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 50(1):80–88. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.07.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan

    Jessica Liu, Hwai-I Yang, Wan-Lun Hsu, Hui-Chi Chen & Chien-Jen Chen

  2. Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Mei-Hsuan Lee

  3. Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chien-Jen Chen

Authors
  1. Jessica Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hwai-I Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mei-Hsuan Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wan-Lun Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hui-Chi Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chien-Jen Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chien-Jen Chen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Michael R. Shurin

  2. Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA

    Yasmin Thanavala

  3. Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Nahed Ismail

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liu, J., Yang, HI., Lee, MH., Hsu, WL., Chen, HC., Chen, CJ. (2015). Epidemiology of Virus Infection and Human Cancer. In: Shurin, M., Thanavala, Y., Ismail, N. (eds) Infection and Cancer: Bi-Directorial Interactions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20669-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation