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Microbial Toxins and Related Contamination in the Food Industry pp 13–55Cite as

Biological Toxins from Marine and Freshwater Microalgae

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Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science ((BRIEFSCHEFO))

Abstract

In the last decades the increased occurrence of intoxications caused by biological toxins produced from marine and freshwater microalgae has underlined their relevance as emerging risks for food safety. Biological toxins from algae (i.e. saxitoxin, brevetoxin, okadaic acid, domoic acid) are recognised as a major threat for human and animal health, especially where Harmful Algal Blooms phenomena develop. Many of these toxins are responsible for severe illness or death, mostly related to consumption of seafood contaminated by toxic algae. The present book summarises current knowledge and perspectives for future research on marine and freshwater algal toxins. Specific topics are: overview of the different species producing toxins, their survival strategies in the environment; typologies of toxins, their chemical structure and mechanisms of actions; methods currently in use for their monitoring; emerging issues and future outlooks for their control. The importance of biotoxin monitoring in the framework of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

ASP:

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

AOAC:

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

AZA:

Azaspiracid

AZP:

Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning

BMAA:

β-Methylamino-L-Alanine

PbTx:

Brevetoxin

CYN:

Cylindrospermopsin

BIOTOX:

Development of Cost-Effective Tools for Risk Management and Traceability Systems for Marine Biotoxins in Seafood

DSP:

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning

DST:

Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxin

DiCANN:

Dinoflagellate Categorisation by Artificial Neural Network

DTX:

Dinophysistoxin

DA:

Domoic Acid

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

EFSA:

European Food Safety Authority

EU:

European Union

GEOHAB:

Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms

GES:

Good Environmental Status

HAB:

Harmful Algal Bloom

HPLC:

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

LD50 :

Median Lethal Dose (50 % of the population)

LOQ:

Limit of Quantification

LC:

Liquid Chromatography

LC-MS:

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

MSFD:

Marine Strategy Framework Directive

MALDI-TOF:

Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight

MCY:

Microcystin

MCY-RR:

Microcystin-RR

MW:

Molecular Weight

NSP:

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

N:

Nitrogen

OA:

Okadaic Acid

PLTX:

Palitoxin

PSP:

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

PTX:

Pectenotoxin

P:

Phosphorus

PCR:

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PSU:

Practical Salinity Unit

Q-TOF:

Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight

STX:

Saxitoxin

SPX:

Spirolides

USA:

United States of America

YTX:

Yessotoxin

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Sicily, Italy

    Antonino Santi Delia, Lucia Melcarne & Pasqualina Laganà

  2. Italian National Research Council, Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122, Messina, Italy

    Gabriella Caruso

  3. Industrial Consultant, Via G. La Farina 3, 90141, Palermo, Italy

    Giorgia Caruso

  4. Industrial Consultant, Via Roccazzo 25, 90135, Palermo, Italy

    Salvatore Parisi

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Santi Delia, A., Caruso, G., Melcarne, L., Caruso, G., Parisi, S., Laganà, P. (2015). Biological Toxins from Marine and Freshwater Microalgae. In: Microbial Toxins and Related Contamination in the Food Industry. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20559-5_2

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