Skip to main content

Lower Extremity Length Discrepancies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Orthopedic Deformities, Volume 1

Abstract

Lower extremity length discrepancies outlines the natural history of specific disorders leading to discrepancies, negative sequelae of discrepancies, methods projecting eventual discrepancies at skeletal maturity, developmental patterns of discrepancies, and techniques and timing for shortening, lengthening, and bone bridge resection. Femoral overgrowth following diaphyseal fractures is reviewed and updated following immediate casting or intramedullary nailing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Breathnach AS. The lower extremity: pelvis and femur. J Churchill. 1965:103–131 (Frazer’s anatomy of the human skeleton. 6th ed. London).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Grant JCB. An atlas of anatomy. 6th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hasse C. Dehner. Unsere truppen in korperlicher beziehung. Arch Anat Entwick. 1893:249–256.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Edinger A, Biedermann F. Kurzes bien-schiefes becken. Fortschr Rontg. 1957;86:754–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rush WA, Steiner HA. A study of lower extremity length inequality. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther. 1946;56(5):616–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Schultz AH. Proportions, variability and asymmetries of the long bones of the limbs and the clavicles in man and apes. Human Biol. 1937;9:281–328.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Garson JG. Inequality in length of lower limbs. J Anat Physiol. 1879;13:502–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Schwerz F. Die alamannen in der schweiz. Z Morph Anthrop. 1912;14:609–700.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Munter AH. A study of the lengths of the long ones of the arms and legs in man, with special reference to Anglo-Saxon skeletons. Biometrika. 1936;28:258–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gurney B. Leg length discrepancy. Gait Posture. 2002;15(2):195–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Friberg O. Clinical symptoms and biomechanics of lumbar spine and hip joint in leg length inequality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983;8(6):643–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Morscher E. Etiology and pathophysiology of leg length discrepancies. In: Hungerford DS, editor. Leg Length discrepancy/The injured knee. New York: Springer; 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Pauwels F. Atlas zur Biomechanik der gesunden und kranken hufte. Berlkin: Springer; 1973.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Krakovits G. Uber die auswirkung einer beinverkurzung auf die statik und dynamik des huftgelenkes. Z Orthop. 1967;102:418–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gofton JP. Studies in osteoarthritis of the hip. IV. Biomechanics and clinical considerations. Can Med Assoc J. 1971;104(11):1007–11.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gofton JP, Trueman GE. Studies in osteoarthritis of the hip. II. Osteoarthritis of the hip and leg-length disparity. Can Med Assoc J. 1971;104(9):791–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Harvey WF, Yang M, Cooke TD, et al. Association of leg-length inequality with knee osteoarthritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(5):287–95.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hult L. Cervical, dorsal and lumbar spinal syndromes; a field investigation of a non-selected material of 1200 workers in different occupations with special reference to disc degeneration and so-called muscular rheumatism. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1954;17:1–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Taillard W, Morscher E. Beinlangenunterschiede. Basel: Karger; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Papaioannou T, Stokes I, Kenwright J. Scoliosis associated with limb-length inequality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(1):59–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Giles LG, Taylor JR. Lumbar spine structural changes associated with leg length inequality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1982;7(2):159–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nichols PJ. Short-leg syndrome. Br Med J. 1960;1(5189):1863–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Giles LG, Taylor JR. Low-back pain associated with leg length inequality. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1981;6(5):510–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Redler I. Clinical significance of minor inequalities in leg length. New Orleans Med Surg J. 1952;104(8):308–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. ten Brinke A, van der Aa HE, van der Palen J, Oosterveld F. Is leg length discrepancy associated with the side of radiating pain in patients with a lumbar herniated disc? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(7):684–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rossvoll I, Junk S, Terjesen T. The effect on low back pain of shortening osteotomy for leg length inequality. Int Orthop. 1992;16(4):388–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Tjernstrom B, Rehnberg L. Back pain and arthralgia before and after lengthening. 75 patients questioned after 6 (1–11) years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1994;65(3):328–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bhave A, Paley D, Herzenberg JE. Improvement in gait parameters after lengthening for the treatment of limb-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(4):529–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, Heliovaara M. Leg-length inequality in people of working age The association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;16(4):429–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yrjonen T, Hoikka V, Poussa M, Osterman K. Leg-length inequality and low-back pain after Perthes’ disease: a 28–47-year follow-up of 96 patients. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5(4):443–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoikka V, Ylikoski M, Tallroth K. Leg-length inequality has poor correlation with lumbar scoliosis. A radiological study of 100 patients with chronic low-back pain. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1989;108(3):173–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gibson PH, Papaioannou T, Kenwright J. The influence on the spine of leg-length discrepancy after femoral fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65(5):584–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gross RH. Leg length discrepancy in marathon runners. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11(3):121–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kaufman KR, Miller LS, Sutherland DH. Gait asymmetry in patients with limb-length inequality. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):144–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Goel A, Loudon J, Nazare A, Rondinelli R, Hassanein K. Joint moments in minor limb length discrepancy: a pilot study. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1997;26(12):852–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gurney B, Mermier C, Robergs R, Gibson A, Rivero D. Effects of limb-length discrepancy on gait economy and lower-extremity muscle activity in older adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(6):907–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. White SC, Gilchrist LA, Wilk BE. Asymmetric limb loading with true or simulated leg-length differences. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;421:287–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Walsh M, Connolly P, Jenkinson A, O’Brien T. Leg length discrepancy–an experimental study of compensatory changes in three dimensions using gait analysis. Gait Posture. 2000;12(2):156–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Song KM, Halliday SE, Little DG. The effect of limb-length discrepancy on gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(11):1690–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jamaluddin S, Sulaiman AR, Imran MK, Juhara H, Ezane MA, Nordin S. Reliability and accuracy of the tape measurement method with a nearest reading of 5 mm in the assessment of leg length discrepancy. Singapore Med J. 2011;52(9):681–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Smith CF. Instantaneous leg length discrepancy determination by “thigh-leg” technique. Orthopedics. 1996;19(11):955–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Morscher E, Figner G. Measurement of leg length. In: Hungerford DS, editor. Leg length discrepancy/The injured knee. New York: Springer; 1977. p. 21–7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  43. Ferran JL, Couture A, Veyrac C, Baud C, Dimeglio A. Place de la radiologie dans l’exploration des asymetries de longueur des membres inferiiures. In: Dimeglio JC, C Herisson, L Simon, editors. Les inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994:31–44.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Green WT, Wyatt GM, Anderson M. Orthoroentgenography as a method of measuring the bones of the lower extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1946;28:60–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Terjeson T, Benum P, Rossvoll I, Svenningsen S, Floystad Isern AE, Nordbo T. Leg-length discrepancy measured by ultrasonography. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;62:121–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Rannisto S, Paalanne N, Rannisto PH, et al. Measurement of leg-length discrepancy using laser-based ultrasound method. Acta Radial. 2011;52(10):1143–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Sabharwal S, Zhao C, McKeon JJ, McClemens E, Edgar M, Behrens F. Computed radiographic measurement of limb-length discrepancy. Full-length standing anteroposterior radiograph compared with scanogram. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(10):2243–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sabharwal S, Kumar A. Methods for assessing leg length discrepancy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(12):2910–22.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Doyle AJ, Winsor S. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lower limb length measurement. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2011;55(2):191–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shapiro F. Developmental patterns in lower-extremity length discrepancies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(5):639–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Todd TW. Atlas of skeletal maturation. Part 1: The hand and wrist. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. 2nd ed. Standford, CA: Standford U Press; 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Frantz CH, O’Rahilly R. Congenital skeletal limb deficiencies. J Bone Joint Surg. 1961;43A:1202–24.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Henkel L, Willert HG. Dysmelia. A classification and a pattern of malformation in a group of congenital defects of the limbs. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51(3):399–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kay HW, Day HJ, Henkel HL, et al. The proposed international terminology for the classification of congenital limb deficiencies. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl. 1975;34:1–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Aitken G. Proximal femoral focal deficiency In: CA Swinyard CA, Illinois S, Thomas CC, editors. Limb development and deformity: problems of evaluation and rehabilitation 1969:456–476.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Amstutz HC, Wilson PD Jr. Dysgenesis of the proximal femur (coxa vara) and its surgical management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1962;44-A:1–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ring PA. Congenital short femur; simple femoral hypoplasia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959;41-B(1):73–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bevan-Thomas WH, Millar EA. A review of proximal focal femoral deficiencies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(7):1376–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Koman LA, Meyer LC, Warren FH. Proximal femoral focal deficiency: natural history and treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;162:135–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lange DR, Schoenecker PL, Baker CL. Proximal femoral focal deficiency: Treatment and classification in forty-two cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;135:15–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zadek I. Congenital coxa vara. Arch Surg. 1935;30:62–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Pappas AM. Congenital abnormalities of the femur and related lower extremity malformations: classification and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3:45–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Vlachos D, Carlioz H. Les malformations du femur. Leur evolution spontanee. Rev Chir Orthop. 1973;59:626–40.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Coventry MB, Johnson EW Jr. Congenital absence of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1952;34 A(4):941–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Farmer AW, Laurin CA. Congenital absence of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1960;42-A:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Epps CH Jr, Schneider PL. Treatment of hemimelias of the lower extremity. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(2):273–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kruger LM. Recent advances in surgery of lower limb deficiencies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980;148:97–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hiroshima K, Kurata Y, Nakamura M, Ono K. Ball-and-socket ankle joint: anatomical and kinematic analysis of the hindfoot. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4(5):564–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Catagni MA, Cattaneo R, DeRosa V. Le traitement de l’hemimelia externe avec la methode d’Ilizarov. In: Dimeglio JC, Herisson C, Simon L, editors. Les inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994. p. 177–181.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Pappas AM, Hanawalt BJ, Anderson M. Congenital defects of the fibula. Orthop Clin North Am. 1972;3(1):187–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Achterman C, Kalamchi A. Congenital deficiency of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg. 1979;61B:133–7.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lefort J, Carlioz H, Pere C. Aplasies du perone et malformations associees. Rev Chir Orthop. 1976;62:621–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Hootnick D, Boyd NA, Fixsen JA, Lloyd-Roberts GC. The natural history and management of congenital short tibia with dysplasia or absence of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59(3):267–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Choi IH, Kumar SJ, Bowen JR. Amputation or limb-lengthening for partial or total absence of the fibula. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(9):1391–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Westin GW, Sakai DN, Wood WL. Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the fibula: follow-up of treatment by Syme amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(4):492–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jones D, Barnes J, Lloyd-Roberts GC. Congenital aplasia and dysplasia of the tibia with intact fibula. Classification and management. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60(1):31–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Schoenecker PL, Capelli AM, Millar EA, et al. Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(2):278–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kalamchi A, Dawe RV. Congenital deficiency of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(4):581–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Courvoisier A, Sailhan F, Thevenin-Lemoine C, Vialle R, Damsin JP. Congenital tibial deficiencies: treatment using the Ilizarov’s external fixator. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2009;95(6):431–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Pappas AM. Congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia and fibula. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4(5):525–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hofmann A, Wenger DR. Posteromedial bowing of the tibia. Progression of discrepancy in leg lengths. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(3):384–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Carlioz H, Langlais J. Les courbures congenitales de jambe a concavite anterieure 18 observations chez l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop. 1986;72:259–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Shapiro F, Simon S, Glimcher MJ. Hereditary multiple exostoses. Anthropometric, roentgenographic, and clinical aspects. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(6A):815–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Shapiro F. Ollier’s Disease. An assessment of angular deformity, shortening, and pathological fracture in twenty-one patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(1):95–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Trevor D. Tarso-epiphysial aclasis; a congenital error of epiphysial development. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1950;32-B(2):204–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mouchet A, Belot J. La tarsomegalie. J Radiol Electrol. 1926;10:289–93.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Connor JM, Horan FT, Beighton P. Dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelica. A clinical and genetic study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983;65(3):350–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kettelkamp DB, Campbell CJ, Bonfiglio M. Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica. A report of fifteen cases and a review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 1966;48(4):746–765; discussion 765–746.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Fairbank TJ. Dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelica (tarso-ephiphysial aclasis). J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1956;38-B(1):237–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Daoud A, Ganansia P, Clement JL, Descamps L, Maestro M. Etiologes des inegalities de longueur des membres infurieures chez l’enfant. In: A Dimeglio JC, Herisson C, Simon L, editors. Le inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994. p. 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Campbell CJ, Papademetriou T, Bonfiglio M. Melorheostosis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1968;50A:1281–304.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Younge D, Drummond D, Herring J, Cruess RL. Melorheostosis in children. Clinical features and natural history. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61-B(4):415–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Marshall JH, Bradish CF. Callotasis in melorheostosis: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(1):155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Wilson JC, McKeever FM. Bone growth disturbance following hematogenous acute osteomyelitis. J Am Med Assoc. 1936;107:1188–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. McCarthy RE. Leg length inequality associate with catheter use in neonates. J Pediatr Ortho. 1985;5:742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Green WT, Anderson M. Experiences with epiphyseal arrest in correcting discrepancies in length of the lower extremities in infantile paralysis; a method of predicting the effect. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1947;29(3):659–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Ratliff AH. The short leg in poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959;41B(1):56–69.

    Google Scholar 

  99. White JW. Leg-length discrepancies. Instructional course lectures, the American academy of orthopaedic surgeons, vol. 6. Ann Arbor: JW Edwards; 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Barr JS. Growth and inequality of leg length in poliomyelitis. New Eng J Med. 1948;238:737–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ring PA. Shortening and paralysis in poliomyelitis. Lancet. 1957;273(7003):980–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gullickson G Jr, Olson M, Kottke FJ. The effect of paralysis of one lower-extremity on bone growth. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1950;31(6):392–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Stinchfield AJ, Reidy JA, Barr JS. Prediction of unequal growth of the lower extremities in anterior poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31A(3):478–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Staheli LT, Duncan WR, Schaefer E. Growth alterations in the hemiplegic child. A study of femoral anteversion, neck-shaft angle, hip rotation, C.E. angle, limb length and circumference in 50 hemiplegic children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1968;60:205–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Eyre-Brook AL. Septic arthritis of the hip and osteomyelitis of the upper end of the femur in infants. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1960;42-B:11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Morgan JD, Somerville EW. Normal and abnormal growth at the upper end of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1960;42-B:264–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Betz RR, Cooperman DR, Wopperer JM, et al. Late sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip in infancy and childhood. J Pediatr Orthop. May-Jun. 1990;10(3):365–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hallel T, Salvati EA. Septic arthritis of the hip in infancy: end result study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;132:115–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Wopperer JM, White JJ, Gillespie R, Obletz BE. Long-term follow-up of infantile hip sepsis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(3):322–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Cottalorda J, Bollini G, Jouve JL, Tallet JM, Labriet C, Bouyala JM. Les sequelles des osteoarthrites de hanche en periode de croissance. Rev Chir Orthop. 1992;78:544–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gage JR, Cary JM. The effects of trochanteric epiphyseodesis on growth of the proximal end of the femur following necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62(5):785–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Manzotti A, Rovetta L, Pullen C, Catagni MA. Treatment of the late sequelae of septic arthritis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;410:203–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Jaffe HL. Degenerative and inflammatory diseases of bones and joints. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Langenbeck B. Ueber krankhaftes langenwachsthum der rohrenknochen und seine verwerthung fur fie chirurgische praxis. Berl Klin Wchnschr. 1869;6:265–70.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Dollinger J. Ueber zurukbleiben im wachsthum der kranken extremitat bei tubercloser kniegelenksentzundung. Centralbl Chir. 1888;149:897.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Reschke K. Verlangerung der rohrenknochen bei arthritis deformans jugendlicher. Deut Z Chir. 1922;168:136–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Pels Leusden F. Ueber die bei tuberculose des kniegelenkes zu beobachtended wachsthumsveranderungen am femur. Deut Z Chir. 1899;51:257–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Gill GG. The cause of discrepancy in length of the limbs following tuberculosis of the hip in children: arrest of growth from premature central closure of the epiphyseal cartilages about the knee. J Bone Joint Surg. 1944;26:272–81.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Parke W, Colvin GS, Almond AH. Premature epiphysial fusion at the knee joint in tuberculous disease of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1949;31B(1):63–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sissons HA. Osteoporosis and epiphysial arrest in joint tuberculosis; an account of the histological changes in involved tissues. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1952;34-B(2):275–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Wilson PD, Thompson TC. A clinical consideration of the methods of equalizing leg length. Ann Surg. 1939;110:992–1015.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kestler OC. Unclassified premature cessation of epiphyseal growth about the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1947;29(3):788–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Botting TD, Scrase WH. Premature epiphysial fusion at the knee complicating prolonged immobilisation for congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;47:280–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Ross D. Disturbance of longitudinal growth associated with prolonged disability of the lower extremity. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1948;30A(1):103–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Siffert RS. The effect of juxta-epiphyseal pyogenic infection on epiphyseal growth. Clin Orthop. 1957;10:131–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Siffert RS. The growth plate and its affections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48(3):546–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Pandey S, Sinha SK, Prasad MB, Singh PD, Pandey AK. Limb length disparity in experimentally produced pyogenic osteomyelitis. J Pediatr Ortho. 1995;3:45–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Hentschel. Z Orthop Chri. 1908;22:1647.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Speed K. Growth problems following osteomyelitis of adolescent long bones. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1922;34:469–76.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Speed K. Longitudinal overgrowth of long bones. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1923;36:787–94.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Trueta J, Morgan JD. Late results in the treatment of one hundred cases of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis. Br J Surg. 1954;41(169):449–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Trueta J. Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: its pathology and treatment. Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1953;14(1):5–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Roberts PH. Disturbed epiphysial growth at the knee after osteomyelitis in infancy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1970;52(4):692–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Fernandez F, Pueyo I, Jimenez JR, Vigil E, Guzman A. Epiphysiometaphyseal changes in children after severe meningococcic sepsis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136(6):1236–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Patriquin HB, Trias A, Jecquier S, Marton D. Late sequelae of infantile meningococcemia in growing bones of children. Radiology. 1981;141(1):77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Robinow M, Johnson GF, Nanagas MT, Mesghali H. Skeletal lesions following meningococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. A recognizable skeletal dystrophy. Am J Dis Child. 1983;137(3):279–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Wyssa B, Le Coultre C, Kaelin A. Orthopaedic and surgical complications of meningococcemia. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;1B:73–7.

    Google Scholar 

  138. O’Sullivan ME, Fogarty EE. Distal tibial physeal arrest: a complication of meningococcal septicemia. J Pediatr Orthop. Jul-Aug. 1990;10(4):549–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Monsell FP, McBride AR, Barnes JR, Kirubanandan R. Angular deformity of the ankle with sparing of the distal fibula following meningococcal septicaemia: a case series involving 14 ankles in ten children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(8):1131–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Barre PS, Thompson GH, Morrison SC. Late skeletal deformities following meningococcal sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5(5):584–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Belthur MV, Bradish CF, Gibbons PJ. Late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. A multicentre study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87(2):236–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Robertson WW Jr, Butler MS, D’Angio GJ, Rate WR. Leg length discrepancy following irradiation for childhood tumors. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(3):284–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Katzman H, Waugh T, Berdon W. Skeletal changes following irradiation of childhood tumors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51(5):825–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Lewis RJ, Marcove RC, Rosen G. Ewing’s sarcoma—functional effects of radiation therapy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(3):325–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Dawson WB. Growth impairment following radiotherapy in childhood. Clin Radiol. 1968;19(3):241–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Perthes G. Uber den einfluss der rontgenstralen auf epitheliale gewebe, inbesondere auf das carcinom. Arch Klin Chir. 1903;79:955–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Probert JC, Parker BR. The effects of radiation therapy on bone growth. Radiology. 1975;114(1):155–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Shapiro F. Fractures of the femoral shaft in children. The overgrowth phenomenon. Acta Orthop Scand. 1981;52(6):649–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Griffin PP, Green WT. Fractures of the shaft of the femur in children: treatment and results. Orthop Clin North Am. 1972;3(1):213–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Martin-Ferrero MA, Sanchez-Martin MM. Prediction of overgrowth in femoral shaft fractures in children. Int Orthop. 1986;10(2):89–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Reynolds DA. Growth changes in fractured long-bones: a study of 126 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B(1):83–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Stephens MM, Hsu LC, Leong JC. Leg length discrepancy after femoral shaft fractures in children. Review after skeletal maturity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(4):615–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Hougaard K. Femoral shaft fractures in children: a prospective study of the overgrowth phenomenon. Injury. 1989;20(3):170–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Hedberg E. Femoral fractures in children. Acta Chir Scand. 1944;90:568–88.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Aitken A. Overgrowth of the femoral shaft following fracture in childhood. Am J Surg. 1940;49:147–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Viljanto J, Kiviluoto H, Paananen M. Remodeling after femoral shaft fracture in children. Acta Chir Scand. 1975;141:360–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Staheli LT. Femoral and tibial growth following femoral shaft fracture in childhood. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;55:159–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Truesdell ED. Inequality of the lower extremities following fracture of the shaft of the femur in children. Ann Surg. 1921;74(4):498–500.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Ollier L. Traite experimental et clinique de la regeneration des os et de la production artificielle du tissue osseux. Paris: Victor Masson et Fils; 1867.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Burdick CG, Siris IE. Fracture of the femur in childrem. Ann Surg. 1923;77:736–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Cole WH. Results of treatment of fractured femurs in children. With special reference to Bryant’s overhead traction. Arch Surg. 1922;5:702–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. David VC. Shortening and compensatory overgrowth following fractures of the femur in children. Arch Surg. 1924;9:438–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Levander G. Uber die Behandlung von Bruchen des Oberschenkelschaftes. Acta Chir Scand. 1929;12:1–237.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Bisgard J. Longitudinal overgrowth of long bones with special reference to fractures. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1936;62:823–35.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Blount W. Fractures in children. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Hedstrom O. Growth stimulation of long bones after fracture or similar trauma. A clinical and experimental study. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1969;122:1–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Greiff J, Bergmann F. Growth disturbance following fracture of the tibia in children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1980;51(2):315–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Kellerova E, Delius W, Olerud S, Strom G. Changes in the muscle and skin blood flow following lower leg fracture in man. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41(3):249–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Barfod B, Christensen J. Fractures of the femoral shaft in children with special reference to subsequent overgrowth. Acta Chir Scand. 1958–59;116:235–250.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Wessel L, Seyfriedt C. Beinlangendifferenz nach kind lichen Obserschenkelfrakturen endgulliges oder passageres Phanomen? Unfallchirurg. 1996;99:275–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Stannard JP, Christensen KP, Wilkins KE. Femur fractures in infants: a new therapeutic approach. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(4):461–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Martinez AG, Carroll NC, Sarwark JF, Dias LS, Kelikian AS, Sisson GA Jr. Femoral shaft fractures in children treated with early spica cast. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(6):712–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Buehler KC, Thompson JD, Sponseller PD, Black BE, Buckley SL, Griffin PP. A prospective study of early spica casting outcomes in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(1):30–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Thompson JD, Buehler KC, Sponseller PD, et al. Shortening in femoral shaft fractures in children treated with spica cast. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;338:74–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Illgen R, Rodgers WB, Hresko MT, Waters PM, Zurakowski D, Kasser JR. Femur fractures in children: treatment with early sitting spica casting. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(4):481–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ferguson J, Nicol RO. Early spica treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(2):189–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Corry IS, Nicol RO. Limb length after fracture of the femoral shaft in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(2):217–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Infante AF Jr, Albert MC, Jennings WB, Lehner JT. Immediate hip spica casting for femur fractures in pediatric patients. a review of 175 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;376:106–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Epps HR, Molenaar E, O’Connor DP. Immediate single-leg spica cast for pediatric femoral diaphysis fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):491–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Viljanto J, Kiviluoto H, Paananen M. Indications and results of operative treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children. Acta Chir Scand. 1975;141:366–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Walsh MG. Limb lengths following femoral shaft fracture in children. J Ir Med Assoc. 1973;66(16):447–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Hedin H, Hjorth K, Rehnberg L, Larsson S. External fixation of displaced femoral shaft fractures in children: a consecutive study of 98 fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2003;17(4):250–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hedin H, Hjorth K, Larsson S, Nilsson S. Radiological outcome after external fixation of 97 femoral shaft fractures in children. Injury. 2003;34(4):287–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Blasier RD, Aronson J, Tursky EA. External fixation of pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1997;17(3):342–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Miner T, Carroll KL. Outcomes of external fixation of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(3):405–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Sanders JO, Browne RH, Mooney JF, et al. Treatment of femoral fractures in children by pediatric orthopedists: results of a 1998 survey. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(4):436–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Raney EM, Ogden JA, Grogan DP. Premature greater trochanteric epiphysiodesis secondary to intramedullary femoral rodding. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(4):516–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Momberger N, Stevens P, Smith J, Santora S, Scott S, Anderson J. Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20(4):482–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP, Prevot J, Lascombes P. Elastic stable intramedullary pinning of long bone shaft fractures in children. Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie : organ der Deutschen, der Schweizerischen und der Osterreichischen Gesellschaft fur Kinderchirurgie = Surgery in infancy and childhood. 1985;40(4):209–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Ligier JN, Metaizeau JP, Prevot J, Lascombes P. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(1):74–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Metaizeau JP. Stable elastic intramedullary nailing for fractures of the femur in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86(7):954–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Mann DC, Weddington J, Davenport K. Closed Ender nailing of femoral shaft fractures in adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1986;6(6):651–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Heinrich SD, Drvaric DM, Darr K, MacEwen GD. The operative stabilization of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures with flexible intramedullary nails: a prospective analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14(4):501–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Vierhout BP, Sleeboom C, Aronson DC, Van Walsum AD, Zijp G, Heij HA. Long-term outcome of elastic stable intramedullary fixation (ESIF) of femoral fractures in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2006;16(6):432–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Flynn JM, Hresko T, Reynolds RA, Blasier RD, Davidson R, Kasser J. Titanium elastic nails for pediatric femur fractures: a multicenter study of early results with analysis of complications. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21(1):4–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Luhmann SJ, Schootman M, Schoenecker PL, Dobbs MB, Gordon JE. Complications of titanium elastic nails for pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(4):443–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Maier M, Maier-Heidkamp P, Lehnert M, Wirbel R, Marzai I. Ausheilungsergebnisse knoservativ und operativ versorgter kindlicher Femurfrakturen. Unfallchirurg. 2003;106:48–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Wright JG. The treatment of femoral shaft fractures in children: a systematic overview and critical appraisal of the literature. Can J Surg. 2000;43(3):180–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Cramer KE, Tornetta P 3rd, Spero CR, Alter S, Miraliakbar H, Teefey J. Ender rod fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;376:119–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Ozdemir HM, Yensel U, Senaran H, Mutlu M, Kutlu A. Immediate percutaneous intramedullary fixation and functional bracing for the treatment of pediatric femoral shaft fracture. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(4):453–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Houshian S, Gothgen CB, Pedersen NW, Harving S. Femoral shaft fractures in children: elastic stable intramedullary nailing in 31 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004;75(3):249–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Song HR, Oh CW, Shin HD, et al. Treatment of femoral shaft fractures in young children: comparison between conservative treatment and retrograde flexible nailing. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13(4):275–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Oh CW, Park BC, Kim PT, Kyung HS, Kim SJ, Ihn JC. Retrograde flexible intramedullary nailing in children’s femoral fractures. Int Orthop. 2002;26(1):52–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Ho CA, Skaggs DL, Tang CW, Kay RM. Use of flexible intramedullary nails in pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Salem KH, Lindemann I, Keppler P. Flexible intramedullary nailing in pediatric lower limb fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):505–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Bopst L, Reinberg O, Lutz N. Femur fracture in preschool children: experience with flexible intramedullary nailing in 72 children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(3):299–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Ward WT, Levy J, Kaye A. Compression plating for child and adolescent femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12(5):626–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Hansen TB. Fractures of the femoral shaft in children treated with an AO-compression plate. Report of 12 cases followed until adulthood. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(1):50–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Kregor PJ, Song KM, Routt ML Jr, Sangeorzan BJ, Liddell RM, Hansen ST Jr. Plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures in multiply injured children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(12):1774–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Fyodorov I, Sturm PF, Robertson WW Jr. Compression-plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 8–12 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19(5):578–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Caird MS, Mueller KA, Puryear A, Farley FA. Compression plating of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(4):448–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Eren OT, Kucukkaya M, Kockesen C, Kabukcuoglu Y, Kuzgun U. Open reduction and plate fixation of femoral shaft fractures in children aged 4–10. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(2):190–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Agus H, Kalenderer O, Eryanilmaz G, Omeroglu H. Biological internal fixation of comminuted femur shaft fractures by bridge plating in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2003;23(2):184–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Sink EL, Hedequist D, Morgan SJ, Hresko T. Results and technique of unstable pediatric femoral fractures treated with submuscular bridge plating. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(2):177–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Hedequist D, Bishop J, Hresko T. Locking plate fixation for pediatric femur fractures. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(1):6–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Flynn JM, Schwend RM. Management of pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12(5):347–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Anglen JO, Choi L. Treatment options in pediatric femoral shaft fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2005;19(10):724–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Lascombes P, Haumont T, Journeau P. Use and abuse of flexible intramedullary nailing in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(6):827–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Srivastava AK, Mehlman CT, Wall EJ, Do TT. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(2):152–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Beals RK. Hemihypertrophy and hemihypotrophy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;166:199–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Pappas AM, Nehme AM. Leg length discrepancy associated with hypertrophy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;144:198–211.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Bryan RS, Lipscomb PR, Chatterton CC. Orthopedic aspects of congenital hypertrophy. Am J Surg. 1958;96(5):654–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. MacEwen GD, Case JL. Congenital hemihypertrophy. A review of 32 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;50:147–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Trelat V, Monod A. De l’hypertrophie unilaterale partielle ou totale du corps. Arch Gen Med 6th series. 1869;13:536–558, 676–705.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Saint-Hilaire IG. Histoire generale et particuliere des anomalies de l’organisation chez l’homme et les animaux. Paris: J-B Balliere; 1832.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  226. Hoyme HE, Seaver LH, Jones KL, Procopio F, Crooks W, Feingold M. Isolated hemihyperplasia (hemihypertrophy): report of a prospective multicenter study of the incidence of neoplasia and review. Am J Med Genet. 1998;79(4):274–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Dempsey-Robertson M, Wilkes D, Stall A, Bush P. Incidence of abdominal tumors in syndromic and idiopathic hemihypertrophy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(3):322–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Rump P, Zeegers MP, van Essen AJ. Tumor risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: a review and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;136(1):95–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Merks JH, Caron HN, Hennekam RC. High incidence of malformation syndromes in a series of 1,073 children with cancer. Am J Med Genet A. 2005;134A(2):132–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Wiedemann HR. Frequency of Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome in Germany; rate of hemihyperplasia and of tumours in affected children. Eur J Pediatr. 1997;156(3):251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Beckwith JB. Children at increased risk for wilms tumor: monitoring issues. J Pediatr. 1998;132(3 Pt 1):377–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Ballock RT, Wiesner GL, Myers MT, Thompson GH. Hemihypertrophy. Concepts and controversies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(11):1731–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Niemitz EL, Feinberg AP, Brandenburg SA, Grundy PE, DeBaun MR. Children with idiopathic hemihypertrophy and beckwith-wiedemann syndrome have different constitutional epigenotypes associated with wilms tumor. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;77(5):887–91.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Silver HK. Asymmetry, short stature, and variations in sexual development. A syndrome of congenital malformations. Am J Dis Child. 1964;107:495–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Silver HK, Kiyasu W, George J, Deamer WC. Syndrome of congenital hemihypertrophy, shortness of stature, and elevated urinary gonadotropins. Pediatrics. 1953;12(4):368–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Russell A. A syndrome of intra-uterine dwarfism recognizable at birth with cranio-facial dysostosis, disproportionately short arms, and other anomalies (5 examples). Proc R Soc Med. 1954;47(12):1040–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Tanner JM, Lejarraga H, Cameron N. The natural history of the Silver-Russell syndrome: a longitudinal study of thirty-nine cases. Pediatr Res. 1975;9(8):611–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Specht EE, Hazelrig PE. Orthopaedic considerations of Silver’s syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1973;55(7):1502–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Fischer EG, Strand RD, Shapiro F. Congenital hemihypertrophy and abnormalities of the cerebral vasculature. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 1984;61(1):163–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Malan E, Puglionisi A. Congenital angiodysplasias of the extremities. I. Generalities and classification; venous dysplasias. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1964;5:87–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Malan E, Puglionisi A. Congenital angiodysplasias of the extremities. II. Arterial, arterial and venous, and haemolymphatic dysplasias. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1965;6(4):255–345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;69(3):412–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Boyd JB, Mulliken JB, Kaban LB, Upton J 3rd, Murray JE. Skeletal changes associated with vascular malformations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;74(6):789–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. McNeill TW, Ray RD. Hemangioma of the extremities. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;101:154–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Maroteaux P. Les asymetries corporelles et les hypertrophies partielles. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1988;115:221–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Belov S. Anatomopathological classification of congenital vascular defects. Semin Vasc Surg. 1993;6(4):219–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Lee BB, Laredo J, Lee TS, Huh S, Neville R. Terminology and classification of congenital vascular malformations. Phlebology. 2007;22(6):249–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Lee BB, Do YS, Byun HS, Choo IW, Kim DI, Huh SH. Advanced management of venous malformation with ethanol sclerotherapy: mid-term results. J Vasc Surg. 2003;37(3):533–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Enjolras O, Chapot R, Merland JJ. Vascular anomalies and the growth of limbs: a review. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2004;13(6):349–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Upton J, Coombs CJ, Mulliken JB, Burrows PE, Pap S. Vascular malformations of the upper limb: a review of 270 patients. J Hand Surg Am. 1999;24(5):1019–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Gloviczki P, Duncan A, Kalra M, et al. Vascular malformations: an update. Perspect Vasc Surg Endovasc Ther. 2009;21(2):133–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Goidanich IF, Campanacci M. Vascular hamartomata and infantile angioectactic osteohyperplasia of the extremities. J Bone Joint Surg. 1962;44A:814–42.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Klippel M, Trenaunay P. Du noevus variqueux osteohypertrophique. Arch Gen Med. 1990;185:641–72.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Baskerville PA, Ackroyd JS, Lea Thomas M, Browse NL. The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical, radiological and haemodynamic features and management. Br J Surg. 1985;72(3):232–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Baskerville PA, Ackroyd JS, Browse NL. The etiology of the klippel-trenaunay syndrome. Ann Surg. 1985;202(5):624–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Servelle M. Klippel and Trenaunay’s syndrome. 768 operated cases. Ann Surg. 1985;201(3):365–73.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Jacob AG, Driscoll DJ, Shaughnessy WJ, Stanson AW, Clay RP, Gloviczki P. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: spectrum and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 1998;73(1):28–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Bourde CH. Classification des syndromes le Klippel-Trenaunay et de Parkes-Weber d’apres les donnees angiographiques. Ann Radiol. 1974;17(2):153–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Baraldini V, Coletti M, Cipolat L, Santuari D, Vercellio G. Early surgical management of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome in childhood can prevent long-term haemodynamic effects of distal venous hypertension. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(2):232–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Phillips GN, Gordon DH, Martin EC, Haller JO, Casarella W. The Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: clinical and radiological aspects. Radiology. 1978;128(2):429–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Cohen MM, Jr., Neri G, Weksberg R. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, parkes weber syndrome, and sturge-weber syndrome. Overgrowth Syndromes. New York, USA: Oxford University Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Parkes Weber F. Angioma-formation in connection with hypertrophy of limbs and hemi-hypertrophy. Br J Derm. 1907;19:231–5.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Parkes Weber F. Hemangiectatic hypertrophy of limbs-congenital phlebateriectasis and so-called congenital varicose veins. Br J Child Dis. 1918;15:13–7.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Biesecker L. The challenge of Proteus syndrome: diagnosis and management. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14:1151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Lindhurst MJ, Sapp JC, Teer JK, et al. A mosaic activating mutation in AKT1 associated with the Proteus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(7):611–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Cohen MM Jr, Hayden PW. A newly recognized hamartomatous syndrome. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1979;15(5B):291–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Wiedemann HR, Burgio GR, Aldenhoff P, Kunze J, Kaufmann HJ, Schirg E. The proteus syndrome. Partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, nevi, hemihypertrophy, subcutaneous tumors, macrocephaly or other skull anomalies and possible accelerated growth and visceral affections. Eur J Pediatr. 1983;140(1):5–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Burgio GR, Wiedemann HR. Further and new details on the Proteus syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1984;143(1):71–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Clark RD, Donnai D, Rogers J, Cooper J, Baraitser M. Proteus syndrome: an expanded phenotype. Am J Med Genet. 1987;27(1):99–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Tosi LL, Sapp JC, Allen ES, O’Keefe RJ, Biesecker LG. Assessment and management of the orthopedic and other complications of Proteus syndrome. J Child Orthop. 2011;5(5):319–27.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Beckwith J. Macroglossia, omphalocele, adrenal cytomegaly, gigantism, and hyperplastic visceromegaly. Birth Defects. 1969;5:188.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Wiedemann HR. Complexe malformatif familial avec hernie ombilicale et macroglossie-un syndrome nonveau? J Genet Hum. 1964;13:223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Horton BT. Hemihypertrophy of extremities associated with congenital arteriovenous fistula. J Am Med Assoc. 1932;98:373–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  274. McKibbin B, Ray RD. Experimental study of peripheral circulation and bone growth. The pattern of venous return in experimental arteriovenous fistulae. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1967;53:175–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Van Lohuizen C. Uber eine seltene angeborene hautananomalie (Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita). Acta Derm Venereol. 1922;3:202–11.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Gelmetti C, Schianchi R, Ernacora E. Cutis marmorata telengectatica congenita. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1987;114:1517–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Dutkowsky JP, Kasser JR, Kaplan LC. Leg length discrepancy associated with vivid cutis marmorata. J Pediatr Orthop. Jul-Aug. 1993;13(4):456–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Peixinho M, Arakaki T, Toledo CS. Correction of leg inequality in the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Int Orthop. 1982;6(1):45–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Gloviczki P, Hollier LH, Telander RL, Kaufman B, Bianco AJ, Stickler GB. Surgical implications of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Ann Surg. 1983;197(3):353–62.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Guidera KJ, Brinker MR, Kousseff BG, et al. Overgrowth management in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber and Proteus syndromes. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(4):459–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Rogalski R, Hensinger R, Loder R. Vascular abnormalities of the extremities: clinical findings and management. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(1):9–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Paley D, Evans DC. Angiomatous involvement of an extremity. A spectrum of syndromes. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;206:215–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Kim YW, Lee SH, Kim DI, Do YS, Lee BB. Risk factors for leg length discrepancy in patients with congenital vascular malformation. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44(3):545–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Cohen J, Cashman WF. Hemihypertrophy of lower extremity associated with multifocal intraosseous hemangioma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;109:155–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Adkins J, Ravitch N. Neurofibromatosis-von recklinghausen’s disease. In: Ravitch MMCB, Aberdeen E, Randolph JG, editors. Pediatric surgery. 3rd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1979. p. 1497–502.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Masserman RL, Peterson HA, Bianco AJ Jr. Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. A review of the literature and 52 cases from the Mayo Clinic. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;99:140–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Morrissy RT, Riseborough EJ, Hall JE. Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63B(3):367–75.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Van Nes CP. Congenital pseudoarthosis of the leg. J Bone Joint Surg. 1966;48A:1467–83.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Ansell BM, Bywaters EG. Growth in Still’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1956;15(4):295–319.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Ansell BM, Bywaters EG. Rheumatoid Arthritis (Still’s Disease). Pediatr Clin North Am. 1963;10:921–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Brewer EJ. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  292. Bywaters EG, Ansell BM. Monoarticular arthritis in children. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965;24:116–22.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Cassidy JT, Brody GL, Martel W. Monarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr. 1967;70(6):867–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Kuhns JG, Swaim LT. Disturbances of growth in chronic arthritis in children. Am J Dis Child. 1932;43:1118–33.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Laurin CA, Favreau JC. Rheumatoid disease in children. Can Med Assoc J. 1963;89(7):288–301.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Tachdjian MO. Pediatric orthopedics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Griffin PP, Tachdjian MO, Green WT. Pauciarticular arthritis in children. JAMA. 1963;184:23–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Simon S, Whiffen J, Shapiro F. Leg-length discrepancies in monoarticular and pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(2):209–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Phemister DB. Operative arrestment of longitudinal growth of bones in the treatment of deformaties. J Bone Joint Surg. 1933;15:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Currarino G, Erlandson ME. Premature fusion of epiphyses in cooley’s anemia. Radiology. 1964;83:656–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Effects of hemophilia on articulations of children and adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;328:7–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Caffey J, Schlesinger ER. Certain effects of hemophilia on the growing skeleton: some roentgenographic observation on overgrowth and dysgenesis of the epiphyses associated with chronic hemarthrosis. J Pediatr. 1940;16:549–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  303. Kingma MJ. Overgrowth in Hemophilia. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1965;39:199–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Heim M, Horoszowski H, Martinowitz U. Leg-length inequality in hemophilia. An interesting case report. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1985;24(10):600–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Moon NF. Synovial hemangioma of the knee joint. A review of previously reported cases and inclusion of two new cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1973;90:183–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Shapiro F. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease: a study of lower extremity length discrepancies and skeletal maturation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1982;53(3):437–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Goff CW. Legg-calve-perthes syndrome and related osteochondroses of youth. Illinois: Springfield; 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Salter RB. Legg-Perthes, Part V. Treatment by innominate osteotomy. The American academy of orthopaedic surgeons, vol. 22. Saint Louis: CV Mosby Company; 1973:309.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Siffert RS. Lower limb-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69(7):1100–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Axer A, Schiller MG, Segal D, Rzetelny V, Gershuni-Gordon DH. Subtrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of Legg-Calve-Perther’ syndrome (L.C.P.S.). Acta Orthop Scand. 1973;44(1):31–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Caffey J. Infantile cortical hyperostoses. J Pediatr. 1946;29(5):541–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Jackson DR, Lyne ED. Infantile cortical hyperostosis. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(5):770–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Frantz CH, Delgado S. Limb-length discrepancy after third-degree burns about the foot and ankle. Report of four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966;48(3):443–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Evans EB, Smith JR. Bone and joint changes following burns; a roentgenographic study; preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41-A(5):785–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Lohr W. Die verschiedenheit der auswirkung gleichartiger bekannter schaden auf den knochen jugendlicher und erwachsener, gezeigt an epiphysenstorungen nach erfrieungen und bei der hamophilie. Zentral f Chir. 1930;57:898–909.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Bennett R, Blount WP. Destruction of epihyses by freezing. J Am Med Assoc. 1935;105:661–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  317. Thelander HE. Epiphyseal destruction by frostbite. J Pediatr. Jan 1950;36(1):105, illust.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Bigelow D, Ritchie G. The effects of frostbite in childhood. J Bone Joint Surg. 1963;45B:122–31.

    Google Scholar 

  319. Digby KH. The measurement of diaphysial growth in proximal and distal directions. J Anat Physiol. 1916;50:187–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Bisgard J, Bisgard M. Longitudinal growth of long bones. Arch Surg. 1935;31:568–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  321. Maresh MM. Linear growth of long bones of extremities from infancy through adolescence; continuing studies. AMA Am J Dis Child. 1955;89(6):725–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Maresh MM. Measurements from roentgenograms. In: McCammon RW, editor. Human growth and development. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1970. p. 157–81.

    Google Scholar 

  323. Anderson M, Messner MB, Green WT. Distribution of lengths of the normal femur and tibia in children from one to eighteen years of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:1197–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Beumer A, Lampe HI, Swierstra BA, Diepstraten AF, Mulder PG. The straight line graph in limb length inequality. A new design based on 182 Dutch children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997;68(4):355–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Dimeglio A, Bonnel F. Croissance des membres inferieures. In: Herisson C, Simon L, editors. A Dimeglio JC. Les inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994. p. 6–12.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Rotch TM. A study of the development of the bones in childhood by the roentgen method, with the view of establishing a developmental index for the grading of and the protection of early life. Trans Assoc Am Phys. 1909;24:603–24.

    Google Scholar 

  327. Pyle SI, Hoerr NL. Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the knee. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  328. Hoerr NL, Pyle SI, Francis CC. Radiographic atlas of the skeletal development of the foot and ankle. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Acheson RM. A method of assessing skeletal maturity from radiographs; a report from the Oxford child health survey. J Anat. 1954;88(4):498–508.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Acheson RM. The Oxford method of assessing skeletal maturity. Clin Orthop. 1957;10:19–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Campbell WC. Operative orthopaedics. Louis: St. CV Mosby; 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  332. White JW, Warner WP. Experiences with metaphyseal growth arrests. South Med J. 1938;31:411–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  333. White JW, Stubbins SG. Growth arrest for equalizing leg lengths. J Am Med Assoc. 1944;126:1146–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  334. Gill GG, Abbott LC. Practical method of predicting the growth of the femur and tibia in the child. Arch Surg. 1942;45:286–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  335. Anderson M, Green WT, Messner MB. Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45A:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Stuart HC, Reed RB. Longitudinal studies of child health and development–Series II. Description of project. Pediatrics. 1959;24:875–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Green WT, Anderson M. Epiphyseal arrest for the correction of discrepancies in length of the lower extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1957;39–A(4):853–872; discussion, 872; passim.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Menelaus MB. Correction of leg length discrepancy by epiphysial arrest. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1966;48(2):336–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Westh RN, Menelaus MB. A simple calculation for the timing of epiphysial arrest: a further report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B(1):117–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Moseley CF. A straight-line graph for leg-length discrepancies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(2):174–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Moseley CF. A straight line graph for leg length discrepancies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:33–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. Hechard P, Carlioz H. Method oratique de prevision des inegalities de longuer des membres inferieurs. Rev Chir Orthop. 1978;64:81–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Eastwood DM, Cole WG. A graphic method for timing the correction of leg-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(5):743–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Paley D, Bhave A, Herzenberg JE, Bowen JR. Multiplier method for predicting limb-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82-A(10):1432–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Paley D, Gelman A, Shualy MB, Herzenberg JE. Multiplier method for limb-length prediction in the upper extremity. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(3):385–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Lamm BM, Paley D, Kurland DB, Matz AL, Herzenberg JE. Multiplier method for predicting adult foot length. J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(4):444–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Paley J, Gelman A, Paley D, Herzenberg JE. The prenatal multiplier method for prediction of limb length discrepancy. Prenat Diagn. 2005;25(6):435–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Huxley JS. Problems of relative growth. London: Methuen; 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  349. Richards OW, Kavanagh AJ. The analysis of growing form. In essays on growth and form. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Green WT, Anderson M. Skeletal age and the control of bone growth. Instr Course Lect. 1960;17:199–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Pritchett JW, Bortel DT. Single bone straight line graphs for the lower extremity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;342:132–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Bertrand P, Trillat A. Le traitement des inegalites de longueur des membres inferieurs pendant la croissance. Rev Orthop. 1948;34:264–311.

    Google Scholar 

  353. Coleman SS. Lower limb length discrepancy. In: W.W. Lovell RBW, editor. Pediatric orthopaedics. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Jansen K. Inhibition and stimulation of growth. Acta Orthop Scand. 1957;26(4):296–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Kaelin AJ. Les pieges, les techniques. In: A Dimgelio JC, Herisson C, Simon L, editor. Les inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994. p. 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  356. Green WT, Anderson M. The problem of unequal leg length. Pediatr Clin North Am 1955:1137–1155.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Aguilar JA, Paley D, Paley J, et al. Clinical validation of the multiplier method for predicting limb length at maturity, part I. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(2):186–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Aguilar JA, Paley D, Paley J, et al. Clinical validation of the multiplier method for predicting limb length discrepancy and outcome of epiphysiodesis, part II. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(2):192–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Blount WP, Clarke GR. Control of bone growth by epiphyseal stapling; a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1949;31A(3):464–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. Blount WP, Zeier F. Control of bone length. J Am Med Assoc. 1952;148(6):451–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Blount WP. Unequal leg length instructional course lectures, the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons, vol. 17. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1960. p. 218–45.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Blount WP. A mature look at epiphyseal stapling. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1971;77:158–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Haas SL. Retardation of bone growth by a wire loop. J Bone Joint Surg. 1945;27:25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  364. Haas SL. Mechanical retardation of bone growth. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1948;30A(2):506–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Arkin AM, Katz JF. The effects of pressure on epiphyseal growth; the mechanism of plasticity of growing bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38-A(5):1056–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Frantz CH. Epiphyseal stapling: a comprehensive review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1971;77:149–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Heikel HV. Has epiphyseodesis in one end of a long bone a growth-stimulating effect on the other end?. An experimental study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1961;31:18–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Siffert RS. The effect of staples and longitudinal wires on epiphyseal growth; an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38-A(5):1077–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. Goff CW. Histologic arrangements from biopsies of epiphyseal plates of children before and after stapling. Correlated with roentgenographic studies. Am J Orthop. 1967;9(5):87–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Bylander B, Hansson LI, Selvik G. Pattern of growth retardation after Blount stapling: a roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3(1):63–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Sengupta A, Gupta P. Epiphyseal stapling for leg equalization in developing countries. Int Orthop. 1993;17(1):37–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Gorman TM, Vanderwerff R, Pond M, MacWilliams B, Santora SD. Mechanical axis following staple epiphysiodesis for limb-length inequality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(10):2430–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Brockway A, Craig WA, Cockreli BR. End-result study of sixty-two stapling operations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1954;36-A(5):1063–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Stevens PM. Guided growth for angular correction: a preliminary series using a tension band plate. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(3):253–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Bowen JR, Johnson WJ. Percutaneous epiphysiodesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190:170–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Canale ST, Russell TA, Holcomb RL. Percutaneous epiphysiodesis: experimental study and preliminary clinical results. J Pediatr Orthop. 1986;6(2):150–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. Ogilvie JW. Epiphysiodesis: evaluation of a new technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1986;6(2):147–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Ogilvie JW, King K. Epiphysiodesis: two-year clinical results using a new technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):809–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Canale ST, Christian CA. Techniques for epiphysiodesis about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;255:81–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Horton GA, Olney BW. Epiphysiodesis of the lower extremity: results of the percutaneous technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):180–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Timperlake RW, Bowen JR, Guille JT, Choi IH. Prospective evaluation of fifty-three consecutive percutaneous epiphysiodeses of the distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(3):350–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  382. Gabriel KR, Crawford AH, Roy DR, True MS, Sauntry S. Percutaneous epiphyseodesis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14(3):358–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Metaizeau JP, Wong-Chung J, Bertrand H, Pasquier P. Percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws (PETS). J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18(3):363–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Nouh F, Kuo L. Percutaneous Epiphyseodesis Using Transphyseal Screws (PETS): prospective case study and review. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24:721–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  385. Khoury JG, Tavares JO, McConnell S, Zeiders G, Sanders JO. Results of screw epiphysiodesis for the treatment of limb length discrepancy and angular deformity. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(6):623–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Dimeglio A, Charles YP, Daures JP, de Rosa V, Kabore B. Accuracy of the Sauvegrain method in determining skeletal age during puberty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(8):1689–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Sauvegrain J, Nahum H, Bronstein H. Etude de le Maturation Osseuse du Coude. Ann Radiol. 1996;5:542–50.

    Google Scholar 

  388. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Cameron N, et al. Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW2 method). 2nd ed. London, UK: Academic Press; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  389. Tanner JM, Healy M, Goldstein H, et al. Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW3 method). 3rd ed. London: WB Saunders: Harcourt Publishers Ltd; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  390. Tanner J, Oshman D, Bahhage F, Healy M. Tanner-Whitehouse bone age reference values for North American children. J Pediatr. 1997;131(1 Pt 1):34–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Prakash S, Cameron N. Skeletal maturity of well-off children in Chandigarh, North India. Ann Hum Biol. 1981;8(2):175–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Ashizawa K, Asami T, Anzo M, et al. Standard RUS skeletal maturation of Tokyo children. Ann Hum Biol. 1996;23(6):457–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Yeon KM. Standard bone-age of infants and children in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 1997;12(1):9–16.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Ashizawa K, Kumakura C, Zhou X, Jin F, Cao J. RUS skeletal maturity of children in Beijing. Ann Hum Biol. 2005;32(3):316–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  395. Zhang SY, Liu LJ, Wu ZL, et al. Standards of TW3 skeletal maturity for Chinese children. Ann Hum Biol. 2008;35(3):349–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Vignolo M, Naselli A, Magliano P, Di Battista E, Aicardi M, Aicardi G. Use of the new US90 standards for TW-RUS skeletal maturity scores in youths from the Italian population. Horm Res. 1999;51(4):168–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  397. Sanders JO, Khoury JG, Kishan S, et al. Predicting scoliosis progression from skeletal maturity: a simplified classification during adolescence. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(3):540–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Sanders JO, Browne RH, McConnell SJ, Margraf SA, Cooney TE, Finegold DN. Maturity assessment and curve progression in girls with idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(1):64–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Blair VP 3rd, Walker SJ, Sheridan JJ, Schoenecker PL. Epiphysiodesis: a problem of timing. J Pediatr Orthop. 1982;2(3):281–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Porat S, Peyser A, Robin GC. Equalization of lower limbs by epiphysiodesis: results of treatment. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(4):442–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Lampe HI, Swierstra BA, Diepstraten AF. Timing of physiodesis in limb length inequality. The straight line graph applied in 30 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(6):672–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  402. Cundy P, Paterson D, Morris L, Foster B. Skeletal age estimation in leg length discrepancy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(5):513–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  403. Little DG, Nigo L, Aiona MD. Deficiencies of current methods for the timing of epiphysiodesis. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):173–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  404. Dewaele J, Fabry G. The timing of epiphysiodesis. A comparative study between the use of the method of Anderson and Green and the Moseley chart. Acta Orthop Belg. 1992;58(1):43–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. Zuege RC, Kempken TG, Blount WP. Epiphyseal stapling for angular deformity at the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(3):320–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. Bowen JR, Leahey JL, Zhang ZH, MacEwen GD. Partial epiphysiodesis at the knee to correct angular deformity. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;198:184–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Wiemann JMt, Tryon C, Szalay EA. Physeal stapling versus 8-plate hemiepiphysiodesis for guided correction of angular deformity about the knee. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(5):481–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Shin SJ, Cho TJ, Park MS, et al. Angular deformity correction by asymmetrical physeal suppression in growing children: stapling versus percutaneous transphyseal screw. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(6):588–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Burghardt RD, Specht SC, Herzenberg JE. Mechanical failures of eight-plateguided growth system for temporary hemiepiphysiodesis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(6):594–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Schroerlucke S, Bertrand S, Clapp J, Bundy J, Gregg FO. Failure of orthofix eight-plate for the treatment of blount disease. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(1):57–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Cho TJ, Choi IH, Chung CY, Yoo WJ, Park MS, Lee DY. Hemiepiphyseal stapling for angular deformity correction around the knee joint in children with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(1):52–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Stevens PM, Klatt JB. Guided growth for pathological physes: radiographic improvement during realignment. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(6):632–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Palocaren T, Thabet AM, Rogers K, et al. Anterior distal femoral stapling for correcting knee flexion contracture in children with arthrogryposis–preliminary results. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010;30(2):169–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Klatt J, Stevens PM. Guided growth for fixed knee flexion deformity. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(6):626–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Saran N, Rathjen KE. Guided growth for the correction of pediatric lower limb angular deformity. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(9):528–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Eastwood DM, Sanghrajka AP. Guided growth: recent advances in a deep-rooted concept. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(1):12–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. Wagner H. Surgical lengthening or shortening of femur and tibia. Technique and indications. In: Hungerford DS, editor. Leg Length discrepancy/The injured knee. New York: Springer; 1977. p. 71–94.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  418. Bianco AJ Jr. Femoral shortening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:49–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Magnussen RA, Lustig S, Demey G, Neyret P, Servien E. The effect of medial opening and lateral closing high tibial osteotomy on leg length. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1900–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  420. White JW. Femoral shortening for equalization of leg length. J Bone Joint Surg. 1935;17:597–604.

    Google Scholar 

  421. Brooke JA. Shortening of bones of the leg to correct inequaity of length. Surg Gynec Obstet. 1927;44:703–6.

    Google Scholar 

  422. Camera U. 32 casi di accorciamento dell’arto inferiore sano a scopo ortopedicoi, inidicazioni, tecnica, risultati. Chir Org Movim. 1933;17:569.

    Google Scholar 

  423. Moore BH. A critical appraisal of the leg lengthening operation. Am J Surg. 1941;52:415–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  424. Kempf I, Grosse A, Abalo C. Locked intramedullary nailing. Its application to femoral and tibial axial, rotational, lengthening, and shortening osteotomies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;212:165–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Liedberg E, Persson BM. Technical aspects of midshaft femoral shortening with Kuntscher nailing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:62–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  426. Merle d’Aubigne R, Dubousset J. Surgical correction of large length discrepancies in the lower extremities of children and adults. An analysis of twenty consecutive cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53(3):411–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Kenwright J, Albinana J. Problems encountered in leg shortening. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73(4):671–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. Winquist RA. Closed intramedullary osteotomies of the femur. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;212:155–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Sasso RC, Urquhart BA, Cain TE. Closed femoral shortening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(1):51–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. Mileski RA, Garvin KL, Huurman WW. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after closed intramedullary shortening in an adolescent. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(1):24–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  431. Herzog B, Affolter P, Joni L. Late results following marrow nailing of femur fractures in childhood. Z Kinderchir. 1976;19:74–80.

    Google Scholar 

  432. O’Malley DE, Mazur JM, Cummings RJ. Femoral head avascular necrosis associated with intramedullary nailing in an adolescent. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(1):21–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Broughton NS, Olney BW, Menelaus MB. Tibial shortening for leg length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(2):242–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  434. Harris RI. The effect of lumbar sympathectomy on the growth of legs shortened from anterior poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1930;12:859–66.

    Google Scholar 

  435. Harris RI, McDonald JL. The effect of the lumbar sympathectomy upon growth of legs paralyzed by anterior poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1936;1:34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  436. Barr JS, Stinchfield AJ, Reidy JA. Sympathetic ganglionectomy and limb length in poliomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1950;32(A:4):793–802; contd.

    Google Scholar 

  437. Janes JM, Musgrove JE. Effect of arteriovenous fistula on growth of bone; an experimental study. Surg Clin North Am. 1950;30(4):1191–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. Janes JM, Jennings WK Jr. Effect of induced arteriovenous fistula on leg length: 10 year observations. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1961;36:1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  439. Mears TW, Vesely DG, Kennedy H 3rd. Effect of surgically induced arteriovenous fistula on leg length inequality. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1963;30:152–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. Petty W, Winter RB, Felder D. Arteriovenous fistula for treatment of discrepancy in leg length. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(3):581–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. Janes JM, Sweeting RC. Experiences with discrepancy in length of lower extremities. Mayo Clin Proc. 1971;46(7):489–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  442. Sola CK, Silberman FS, Cabrini RL. Stimulation of the longitudinal growth of long bones by periosteal stripping. An experimental study on dogs and monkeys. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1963;45:1679–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  443. Wu YK, Miltner LJ. A procedure for stimulation of longitudinal growth of bone. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg. 1937;4:909–21.

    Google Scholar 

  444. Chan KP, Hodgson AR. Physiologic leg lengthening. A preliminary report. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970;68:55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  445. Jenkins DH, Cheng DH, Hodgson AR. Stimulation of bone growth by periosteal stripping. A clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;57(4):482–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  446. Doyle JB Jr, Doyle JH, Turnbull FM, Abbey J, House L. Electrical stimulation in eighth nerve deafness. A Preliminary Report. Bull Los Angel Neuro Soc. 1963;28:148–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  447. Granberry WM, James JM. The lack of effect of microwave diathermy on the rate of growth of bone of the growing dog. J Bone Joint Surg. 1963;45A:773–7.

    Google Scholar 

  448. Compere EL, Adams CO. Studies of longitudinal growth of long bones 1. The influence of trauma and the diaphysis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1937;4:922–36.

    Google Scholar 

  449. Chapchal G, Zeldenrust J. Experimental research for promoting longitudinal growth of the lower extremities by irritation of the growth region of femur and tibia. Acta Orthop Scand. 1948;17(3–4):371–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. Pease CN. Local stimulation of growth of long bones; a preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1952;34-A(1):1–24; passim.

    Google Scholar 

  451. Carpenter EB, Dalton JB Jr. A critical evaluation of a method of epiphyseal stimulation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38-A(5):1089–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  452. Tupman GS. Treatment of inequality of the lower limbs. the results of operations for stimulation of growth. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1960;42-B:489–501.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  453. Codivilla A. On the means of lengthening in the lower limbs, the muscles and tissues which are shortened through deformity. Am J Orthop Surg. 1905;2:353–69.

    Google Scholar 

  454. Freiberg AH. Codivilla’s method of lengthening the lower extremity. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1912;14:1202–24.

    Google Scholar 

  455. Ombredanne L. Allongement d’un femur sur un membre trop court. Bull Mem Soc Chir Paris. 1913;39:1177.

    Google Scholar 

  456. Putti V. The operative lengthening of the femur. J Am Med Assoc. 1921:934–935.

    Google Scholar 

  457. Putti V. Operative lengthening of the femur. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1934;58:318–21.

    Google Scholar 

  458. Magnuson PB. Lengthening shortened bones of the leg by operations. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1913;17:63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  459. Abbott L. The operative lengthening of the tibia and fibula. J Bone Joint Surg. 1927;9:128–52.

    Google Scholar 

  460. Abbott L, Crego C. Operative lengthening of the femur. South Med J. 1928;10:823–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  461. Abbott L. The operative lengthening of the tibia and fibula. West J Surg Obst Gynec. 1931;39:513–9.

    Google Scholar 

  462. Abbott L. Lengthening of the lower extremities. Cal West Med. 1932;36:6–13.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  463. Haboush EJ, Finkelstein H. Leg lengthening with new stabilizing apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg. 1932;14:807–21.

    Google Scholar 

  464. Brockway A. Clinical resume of 46 leg lengthening operations. J Bone Joint Surg. 1935;4:969–77.

    Google Scholar 

  465. Compere EL. Indications for and against the leg-lengthening operation: Use of the tibial bone graft as a factor in preventing delayed union, non-union, or late fracture. J Bone Joint Surg. 1936;3:692–705.

    Google Scholar 

  466. Allan FG. Bone lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1948;30B(3):490–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  467. Anderson V. Lengthening of the lower limb. Its place in the problem of limb discrepancy. In: Graham W, editor. Modern trends in orthopaedics, vol 5. London: Butterworths; 1967. p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  468. Coleman SS, Noonan TD. Anderson’s method of tibial-lengthening by percutaneous osteotomy and gradual distraction. Experience with thirty-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49(2):263–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  469. Coleman SS, Stevens PM. Tibial lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:92–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  470. Manning C. Leg lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:105–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Chacha PB, Chong KC. Experience with tibial lengthening in Singapore. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;125:100–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  472. Malhis TM, Bowen JR. Tibial and femoral lengthening: a report of 54 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1982;2(5):487–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  473. Bosworth DM. Skeletal distraction of the tibia. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1938;66:921–4.

    Google Scholar 

  474. Le Coeur P. Egalisation des membres inferieurs pars allongement avec fixation immediate. Rev Chir Orthop. 1963;49:217–27.

    Google Scholar 

  475. Cauchoix J, Rey JC, Heripret G, Cotrel Y, Morel G. L’allongemont du femur dans le traitement des inegalites de longueur des membres inferieurs. Rev Chir Orthop. 1963;49:193–203.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  476. Cauchoix J, Morel G, Rey JC, Cotrel Y, Ghosez JP. L’allongemont extemporane du femur. Rev Chir Orthop. 1972;58:753–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  477. Cauchoix J, Morel G. One stage femoral lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:66–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  478. Wagner H. Operative lengthening of the femur. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:125–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  479. Kawamura B, Hosono S, Takahashi T, et al. Limb lengtening by means of subcutaneous osteotomy. Experimental and clinical studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968;50(5):851–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  480. Kawamura B, Hosono S, Takahashi T. The principles and technique of limb lengthening. Int Orthop. 1981;5(2):69–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  481. Judet J, Judet R, Rigaul P, Plumerault J. Traitement des inegalites des membres inferieurs. Allongement du tibia. Mem Acad Chir. 1969;95:532–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  482. Pouliquen JC, Beneux J, Verneret C, Hardy J, Mener G. Allongement de femur chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. Etude comparative d’une serie de 82 cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1984;75:239–51.

    Google Scholar 

  483. Caton J, Panisset JC, Rubini J, et al. Progressive limb lengthening with an elongating intramedullary nail. J Bone Joint Surg. 1993;75B(Supp II):156.

    Google Scholar 

  484. Paley D. Current techniques of limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(1):73–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  485. Wiedemann M. Callus distraction: a new method? A historical review of limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;327:291–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  486. Carlioz H, Langlais J, Barthelemy A, Lebard JP, Filipe G. Allongements progressifs selon la technique de H. Wagner. Resultat et etude critique des 30 premiers cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1980;66:473–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  487. Blachier D, Trevoux L, Carlioz H. Allongements progressifs du femur selon la technique de Wagner. Rev Chir Orthop. 1986;72:495–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  488. Caton J, Dumont P, Berard J, Michel CR. Etude des resultats a moyen terne d’une serie de 33 allongement des membres inferieurs selon la technique de H Wagner. Rev Chir Orthop. 1985;Supp II 71:44–8.

    Google Scholar 

  489. Rigault P, Roucquey P, Padovani JP, Raux P, Finidori G. L’allongement progressive du femur cehz l’enfant. A propos de 36 cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1980;67:461–72.

    Google Scholar 

  490. Rigault P, Dolz G, Padovani JP, Touzet P, Mallet JF. L’allongement progressif du tibia chez l’enfant: a propos de 48 cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1981;67:13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  491. Bjerkreim I, Hellum C. Femur lengthening using the wagner technique. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54(2):263–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  492. Aldegheri R, Renzi-Brivio L, Agostini S. The callotasis method of limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1989;241:137–45.

    Google Scholar 

  493. Paterson JM, Waller CS, Catterall A. Lower limb lengthening by a modified Wagner technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9(2):129–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  494. Stephens DC. Femoral and tibial lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3(4):424–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  495. Osterman K, Merikanto J. Diaphyseal bone lengthening in children using Wagner device: long-term results. J Pediatr Orthop. 1991;11(4):449–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  496. Ahmadi B, Akbarnia B, Ghobadi F, Ganjavian M, Nasseri D. Experience with 141 tibial lengthenings in poliomyelitis and comparison of 3 different methods. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1978;145:150–3.

    Google Scholar 

  497. De Bastiani G, Aldegheri R, Renzi-Brivio LR, Trivella G. Limb lengthening by callus distraction (callotasis). J Pediatr Ortho. 1987;7:129–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  498. Hood RW, Riseborough EJ. Lengthening of the lower extremity by the Wagner method. A review of the Boston Children’s Hospital Experience. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63(7):1122–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  499. Luke DL, Schoenecker PL, Blair VP 3rd, Capelli AM. Fractures after Wagner limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12(1):20–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  500. Mosca V, Moseley CF. A straight line graph for leg-length discrepancies. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;59A:174–9.

    Google Scholar 

  501. Chandler D, King JD, Bernstein SM, Marrero G, Koh J, Hambrecht H. Results of 21 Wagner limb lengthenings in 20 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;230:214–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  502. Karger C, Guille JT, Bowen JR. Lengthening of congenital lower limb deficiencies. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;291:236–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  503. Salai M, Chechick A, Ganel A, Blankstein A, Horoszowski H. Subluxation of the hip joint during femoral lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5(6):642–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  504. Ilizarov GA. The principles of the Ilizarov method. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. 1988;48(1):1–11 Spring.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  505. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues. Part I. The influence of stability of fixation and soft-tissue preservation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;238:249–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  506. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;239:263–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  507. Ilizarov GA. Clinical application of the tension-stress effect for limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;250:8–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  508. Ilizarov GA. Transosseous Osteosynthesis. Theoretical and clinical aspects of the regeneration and groth of tissue. Berlin: Springer; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  509. Monticelli G, Spinelli R. Leg lengthening by closed metaphyseal corticotomy. Ital J Orthop Traum. 1983;9:139–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  510. Canadell J, Aquerelta D, Forriol F. Prospective study of bone lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;2B:47.

    Google Scholar 

  511. Canadell J. Bone lengthening: experimental results. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;2B:810.

    Google Scholar 

  512. Canadell J. Etude prospective et resultats experimentaux des allongements des membres. In: Herisson C, Simon L, editors. A Dimgelio JC. Les inegalites de longueur des membres. Paris: Masson; 1994. p. 88–92.

    Google Scholar 

  513. Paley D. Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;250:81–104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  514. Aronson J. Limb-lengthening, skeletal reconstruction, and bone transport with the Ilizarov method. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(8):1243–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  515. Birch JG, Samchukov ML. Use of the Ilizarov method to correct lower limb deformities in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12(3):144–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  516. Stanitski DF, Bullard M, Armstrong P, Stanitski CL. Results of femoral lengthening using the Ilizarov technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(2):224–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  517. Stanitski DF, Shahcheraghi H, Nicker DA, Armstrong PF. Results of tibial lengthening with the Ilizarov technique. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):168–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  518. Franke J, Hein G, Simon M, Hauch S. Comparison of distraction epiphyseolysis and partial metaphyseal corticotomy in leg lengthening. Int Orthop. 1990;14(4):405–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  519. Tetsworth KD, Paley D. Accuracy of correction of complex lower-extremity deformities by the Ilizarov method. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;301:102–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  520. Aldegheri R, Renzi-Brivio L, Agostini S. The callotasis method of limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;241:137–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  521. Glorion C, Pouliquen JC, Langlais J, Ceolin JL, Kassis B. Allongement de femur par callotasis. Etude d’une serie de 79 cas chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. Rev Chir Orthop. 1995;81:147–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  522. Noonan KJ, Leyes M, Forriol F, Canadell J. Distraction osteogenesis of the lower extremity with use of monolateral external fixation. A study of two hundred and sixty-one femora and tibiae. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(6):793–806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  523. Danziger MB, Kumar A, DeWeese J. Fractures after femoral lengthening using the Ilizarov method. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(2):220–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  524. Glorion C, Pouliquen JC, Langlais J, Ceolin JL, Kassis B. Femoral lengthening using the callotasis method: study of the complications in a series of 70 cases in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):161–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  525. Suzuiki S, Kasahara Y, Seto Y, Futami T, Furukawa K, Nishino Y. Dislocation and subluxtion during femoral lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1994;14:343–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  526. Aldegheri R, Trivella G, Renzi-Brivio L, Tessari G, Agostini S, Lavini F. Lengthening of the lower limbs in achondroplastic patients. A comparative study of four techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(1):69–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  527. Price CT. Limb lengthening for achondroplasia: early experience. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9(5):512–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  528. Stanitski DF. Limb lengthening in the skeletal dysplasias and short stature conditions: State of the art in 1997. Growth Genet Horm. 1997;15:224–31.

    Google Scholar 

  529. Pouliquen JC, Gorodischer S, Verneret C, Richard L. Allongement de femur chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. Etude comparative d’une serie de 82 cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1989;75:239–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  530. Faber FW, Keessen W, van Roermund PM. Complications of leg lengthening. 46 procedures in 28 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 1991;62(4):327–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  531. Guarniero R, Montenegro NB, Guarnieri MV, Rossi J. Comparative study of Ilizarov, Wagner, and Anderson methods for limb lengthening (100 lengthenings in 98 patients). J Pediatr Ortho. 1993;2B:28–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  532. Maffulli N, Fixsen JA. Muscular strength after callotasis limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(2):212–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  533. Barker KL, Lamb SE, Simpson HR. Recovery of muscle strength and power after limb-lengthening surgery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(3):384–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  534. Lee DY, Choi IH, Chung CY, Chung PH, Chi JG, Suh YL. Effect of tibial lengthening on the gastrocnemius muscle. A histopathologic and morphometric study in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993;64(6):688–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  535. Carroll NC, Grant CG, Hudson R, Gilbert J, Mubarak SJ, Warren R. Experimental observations on the effects of leg lengthening by the Wagner method. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1980;160:250–7.

    Google Scholar 

  536. Stanitski DF, Rossman K, Torosian M. The effect of femoral lengthening on knee articular cartilage: the role of apparatus extension across the joint. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):151–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  537. Nakamura E, Mizuta H, Sei A, Takagi K. Knee articular cartilage injury in leg lengthening. Histological studies in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993;64(4):437–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  538. Young NL, Davis RJ, Bell DF, Redmond DM. Electromyographic and nerve conduction changes after tibial lengthening by the Ilizarov method. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(4):473–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  539. Galardi G, Comi G, Lozza L, et al. Peripheral nerve damage during limb lengthening. Neurophysiology in five cases of bilateral tibial lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(1):121–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  540. Makarov MR, Delgado MR, Birch JG, Samchukov ML. Intraoperative SSEP monitoring during external fixation procedures in the lower extremities. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(2):155–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  541. Makarov MR, Samchukov ML, Birch JG, Cherkashin AM, Sparagana SP, Delgado MR. Somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of peripheral nerves during external fixation for limb lengthening and correction of deformity in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(10):1421–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  542. Nogueira MP, Paley D, Bhave A, Herbert A, Nocente C, Herzenberg JE. Nerve lesions associated with limb-lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A(8):1502–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  543. Rozbruch SR, Fryman C, Bigman D, Adler R. Use of ultrasound in detection and treatment of nerve compromise in a case of humeral lengthening. HSSJ. 2011;7(1):80–4.

    Google Scholar 

  544. White SH, Kenwright J. The timing of distraction of an osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(3):356–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  545. Abbott L, Saunders JDM. The operative lengthening of the tibia and fibula: A preliminary report on the further development of the principles and technic. Am Surg. 1939;110:961–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  546. Kojimoto H, Yasui N, Goto T, Matsuda S, Shimomura Y. Bone lengthening in rabbits by callus distraction. The role of periosteum and endosteum. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(4):543–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  547. Aronson J, Good B, Stewart C, Harrison B, Harp J. Preliminary studies of mineralization during distraction osteogenesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;250:43–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  548. Delloyle C, Delefortrie G, Coutelier L, Vincent A. Bone regenerate formation in cortical bone during distraction lengthening. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1990;250:34–42.

    Google Scholar 

  549. Aronson J, Harrison BH, Stewart CL, Harp JH Jr. The histology of distraction osteogenesis using different external fixators. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;241:106–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  550. Lascombes P, Membre H, Prevot J, Barrat E. Histomorphometric du regenerat osseux dans les allongements des membres selon la technique d’Ilizarov. Rev Chir Orthop. 1991;77:141–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  551. Saleh MB, Stubbs DA, Street RJ, Lang DM, Harris SC. Histologic analysis of human lengthened bones. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;2B:16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  552. Hamanishi C, Yasuwaki Y, Kikuchi H, Tanaka S, Tamura K. Classification of the callus in limb lengthening. Radiographic study of 35 limbs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(4):430–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  553. Gil-Albarova J, de Pablos J, Franzeb M, Canadell J. Delayed distraction in bone lengthening. Improved healing in lambs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(6):604–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  554. Lokietek W, Legaye J, Lokieteck JC. Contributions factors for osteogenesis in chidren’s limb lengthening. J Pediatr Ortho. 1991;11:452–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  555. Shapiro F, Rand F, Upton J, Barone L. Histologic patterns of bone formation in rabbit distraction osteogenesis. Orthop Trans. 1992;16:561–2.

    Google Scholar 

  556. Bertrand P. Technique d’allongement du femur dans les grands raccourcussements. Rev Chir Orthop. 1951;37:530–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  557. Bost FC, Larsen LJ. Experiences with lengthening of the femur over n intramedullary rod. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38-A(3):567–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  558. Wasserstein I. Twenty-five years’ experience with lengthening of shortened lower extremities using cylindrical allografts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;250:150–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  559. Paley D, Herzenberg JE, Paremain G, Bhave A. Femoral lengthening over an intramedullary nail. A matched-case comparison with Ilizarov femoral lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79(10):1464–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  560. Song HR, Oh CW, Mattoo R, et al. Femoral lengthening over an intramedullary nail using the external fixator: risk of infection and knee problems in 22 patients with a follow-up of 2 years or more. Acta Orthop. 2005;76(2):245–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  561. Popkov D, Journeau P, Popkov A, Haumont T, Lascombes P. Ollier’s disease limb lenghtening: should intramedullary nailing be combined with circular external fixation? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96(4):348–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  562. Guo Q, Zhang T, Zheng Y, Feng S, Ma X, Zhao F. Tibial lengthening over an intramedullary nail in patients with short stature or leg-length discrepancy: a comparative study. Int Orthop. 2012;36(1):179–84.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  563. Kim SJ, Cielo Balce G, Huh YJ, Song SY, Song HR. Deep intramedullary infection in tibial lengthening over an intramedullary nail. Acta Orthop Belg. 2011;77(4):506–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  564. Kim SJ, Mandar A, Song SH, Song HR. Pitfalls of lengthening over an intramedullary nail in tibia: a consecutive case series. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012;132(2):185–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  565. Rozbruch SR, Kleinman D, Fragomen AT, Ilizarov S. Limb lengthening and then insertion of an intramedullary nail: a case-matched comparison. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(12):2923–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  566. Harbacheuski R, Fragomen AT, Rozbruch SR. Does lengthening and then plating (LAP) shorten duration of external fixation? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(6):1771–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  567. Gotz J, Schellmann WB. Kontinuierliche verlangerung des femur bei intramedullarer stabilisierung. Arch Orthop Unfall-chir. 1975;82:305–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  568. Guichet JM, Grammont P, Casar RS, Alexander H, Frankel VH. Proprietes mecaniques du clou d’allongement progressif. In: Herisson C, Simon L, editors. A Dimeglio JC. Les inegalities de langueur des membres. Pris: Masson; 1994. p. 136–8.

    Google Scholar 

  569. Baumgart R, Betz A, Schweiberer L. A fully implantable motorized intramedullary nail for limb lengthening and bone transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;343:135–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  570. Guichet JM, Deromedis B, Donnan LT, Peretti G, Lascombes P, Bado F. Gradual femoral lengthening with the Albizzia intramedullary nail. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A(5):838–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  571. Cole JD, Justin D, Kasparis T, DeVlught D, Knobloch C. The intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor (ISKD): first clinical results of a new intramedullary nail for lengthening of the femur and tibia. Injury. 2001;32(Suppl 4):SD129–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  572. Krieg AH, Speth BM, Foster BK. Leg lengthening with a motorized nail in adolescents : an alternative to external fixators? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466(1):189–97.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  573. Lenze U, Hasler CC, Krieg AH. Ausgleich posttraumatischer Beinverkurzungen mit einem motorisierten intramedullaren Nagel. Unfallchirurg. 2010;114:604–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  574. Leidinger B, Winkelmann W, Roedl R. Beinberlangerung mit einem voll implantierbaren mechanischen Verlangerungsmarknagel. Z Orthop. 2006;144:419–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  575. Hankemeier S, Pape HC, Gosling T, Hufner T, Richter M, Krettek C. Improved comfort in lower limb lengthening with the intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor. Principles and preliminary clinical experiences. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124(2):129–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  576. Burghardt RD, Herzenberg JE, Specht SC, Paley D. Mechanical failure of the Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor in limb lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(5):639–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  577. Schiedel FM, Pip S, Wacker S, et al. Intramedullary limb lengthening with the Intramedullary Skeletal Kinetic Distractor in the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93(6):788–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  578. Betz A, Hax PM, Hierner R, Kortmann HR. Langenkorrekturen der unteren Extremitat mit voll implantierbaren Distraktionsmarknageln: Systemvergleich anhand von Fallbeispielen. Trauma Berufskrankh. 2008;10:45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  579. Antoci V, Ono CM, Antoci V Jr, Raney EM. Bone lengthening in children: how to predict the complications rate and complexity? J Pediatr Orthop. 2006;26(5):634–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  580. Dahl MT, Gulli B, Berg T. Complications of limb lengthening. A learning curve. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994;301:10–8.

    Google Scholar 

  581. Maffulli N, Lombari C, Matarazzo L, Nele U, Pagnotta G, Fixsen JA. A review of 240 patients undergoing distraction osteogenesis for congenital post-traumatic or postinfective lower limb length discrepancy. J Am Coll Surg. 1996;182(5):394–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  582. Shapiro F. Longitudinal growth of the femur and tibia after diaphyseal lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69(5):684–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  583. Suva D, Naccarato LH, Heripret G, Cauchoix J, Morel G. Une inconnue apres allongement chirurgical du femur chez l’enfant. L’allongement spontane postoperatoire. Rev Chir Orthop. 1984;70:631–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  584. Pouliquen JC, Etienne W. La reprise de croissance apres allongement progressif du membr inferieure chez l’enfant. Chir Pediat. 1978;19:179–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  585. Pouliquen JC, Beneux J, Mener G, Pennecot GF. Etude de la croissance du membre inferieur apres allongement segmentaire chez l’enfant. Ann Orthop Ouest. 1979;11:95–8.

    Google Scholar 

  586. Sharma M, MacKenzie WG, Bowen JR. Severe tibial growth retardation in total fibular hemimelia after limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16(4):438–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  587. Hope J. Absence of chromosome damage in the bone marrow of rats fed detergent actives for 90 days. Mutat Res. 1977;56(1):47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  588. Gross RH. An evaluation of tibial lengthening procedures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971;53(4):693–700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  589. Pennecot GF, Herman S, Pouliquen JC. Retenissement de l’allongement progressif sur le cartilege de croissance. Interet de la mesure du couple. Rev Chir Orthop. 1983;69:623–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  590. Hadlow AT, Nicol RO. A formula for diaphyseal limb lengthening. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990;72(1):146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  591. Lee DY, Chung CY, Choi IH. Longitudinal growth of the rabbit tibia after callotasis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(6):898–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  592. Saleh M, Goonatillake HD. Management of congenital leg length inequality: value of early axis correction. J Pediatr Orthop B. 1995;4(2):150–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  593. Ring PA. Experimental bone lengthening by epiphysial distraction. Br J Surg. 1958;46(196):169–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  594. Fishbane BM, Riley LH Jr. Continuous transphyseal traction: experimental observations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:120–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  595. Sledge CB, Noble J. Experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978;136:111–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  596. Jani L. Tierexperimentelle studie uber tibiaverlangerung durchdistraktionsepiphyseoloyse. Z Orthop. 1973;111:627–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  597. Jani L. Die distrakionsepiphyseolyse tierexperimentelle studies zum problem der beinverlangerung teil 1. Z Orthop. 1975;113:189–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  598. Elmer EB, Ehrlich MG, Zaleske DJ, Polsky C, Mankin HJ. Chondrodiatasis in rabbits: a study of the effect of transphyseal bone lengthening on cell division, synthetic function, and microcirculation in the growth plate. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12(2):181–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  599. De Bastiani G, Aldegheri R, Brivio LR, Trivella G. Chondrodiatasis-controlled symmetrical distraction of the epiphyseal plate: Limb lengthening in children. J Bone Joint Surg. 1986;68B:550–6.

    Google Scholar 

  600. Zavyalov PV, Plaksin JT. Distraction epiphyseoysis in prolongation of the lower limb in children. Khirugiia. 1968;44:121–37.

    Google Scholar 

  601. Ilizarov GA, Soibel’man LM. Clinical and experimental data on bloodless lengthening of lower extremities. Eksp Khir Anesteziol. 1969;14(4):27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  602. Monticelli G, Spinelli R. Distraction epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening. I. Experimental study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;154:254–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  603. Monticelli G, Spinelli R, Bonucci E. Distraction epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening. II. Morphologic investigations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;154:262–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  604. Monticelli G, Spinelli R. Distraction epiphysiolysis as a method of limb lengthening. III. Clinical applications. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981;154:274–85.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  605. Eydelshteyn BM, Udalova NF, Bochkarev GF. Dynamics of reparative regeneration after lengthening by the method of distraction epiphyseolysis. Acta Chir Plast. 1973;15(3):149–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  606. Aldegheri R, Trivella G, Lavini F. Epiphyseal distraction. Chondrodiatasis. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1989(241):117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  607. Aldegheri R, Trivella G, Lavini F. Epiphyseal distraction. Hemichondrodiatasis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989(241):128–136.

    Google Scholar 

  608. Hamanishi C, Tanaka S, Tamura K. Early physeal closure after femoral chondrodiatasis. Loss of length gain in 5 cases. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(2):146–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  609. Bjerkreim I. Limb lengthening by physeal distraction. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(2):140–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  610. Letts RM, Meadows L. Epiphysiolysisas a method of limb lengthening. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1977;133:230–7.

    Google Scholar 

  611. Fjeld TO, Steen H. Growth retardation after experimental limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(4):463–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  612. Alberty A. Effects of physeal distraction on the vascular supply of the growth area: a microangiographical study in rabbits. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(3):373–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  613. de Pablos J, Canadell J. Experimental physeal disraction in immature sheep. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1990;250:73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  614. de Pablos J, Villas C, Canadell J. Bone lengthening by physial distraction. Int Orthop. 1986;10:163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  615. Spriggins AJ, Bader DL, Cunningham JL, Kenwright J. Distraction physiolysis in the rabbit. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60(2):154–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  616. Peltonen J, Kahri A, Karaharju E, Alitalo I. Regeneration after physeal distraction of the radius in sheep. Acta Orthop Scand. 1988;59(6):675–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  617. Peltonen JI, Kahri AI, Lindberg LA, Heikkila PS, Karaharju EO, Aalto KA. Bone formation after distraction osteotomy of the radius in sheep. Acta Orthop Scand. 1992;63(6):599–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  618. Peltonen J. Bone formation and remodeling after symmetric and asymmetric physeal distraction. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9(2):191–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  619. Peltonen JI, Karaharju EO, Alitalo I. Experimental epiphysial distraction producing and correcting angular deformities. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984;66(4):598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  620. Alberty A, Peltonen J. Proliferation of the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate after physeal distraction. An experimental study in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;297:7–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  621. Azcarate J, DePablos J, Canadell J. Treatment of premature partial physeal closure by means of physeal distraction: An experimental study. J Pediatr Orthop. 1958–59;1:39-44.

    Google Scholar 

  622. Connolly JF, Huurman WW, Lippiello L, Pankaj R. Epiphyseal traction to correct acquired growth deformities. An animal and clinical investigation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986;202:258–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  623. Kershaw CJ, Kenwright J. Epiphyseal distraction for bony bridges: a biomechanical and morphologic study. J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(1):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  624. Bollini G, Tallet JM, Jacquemier M, Bouyala JM. New procedure to remove a centrally located bone bar. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(5):662–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  625. Canadell J, DePablos J. Breaking bony bridges by physeal distraction. A new approach. Internat Orthop. 1985;9:223–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  626. Millis MB, Hall JE. Transiliac lengthening of the lower extremity. A modified innominate osteotomy for the treatment of postural imbalance. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61(8):1182–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  627. Mallet J. Les epiphysiodeses partielles traumatiques de l’extremite inferieur du tibia chez l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop. 1975;61:5–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  628. Langenskiold A. Surgical treatment of partial closure of the growth plate. J Pediatr Orthop. 1981;1(1):3–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  629. Abbott L, Gill G. Valgus deformity of the knee resulting from injury to the lower femoral epiphysis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1942;24:97–113.

    Google Scholar 

  630. Bright RW, Burstein AH, Elmore SM. Epiphyseal-plate cartilage. A biomechanical and histological analysis of failure modes. J Bone Joint Surg. 1974;56A:688–703.

    Google Scholar 

  631. Lombardo SJ, Harvey JP Jr. Fractures of the distal femoral epiphyses. Factors influencing prognosis: a review of thirty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59(6):742–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  632. Ogden JA. Skeletal growth mechanism injury patterns. J Pediatr Orthop. 1982;2(4):371–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  633. Salter RB, Harris WP. Injuries involving the epiphyseal plate. J Bone Joint Surg. 1963;45A:587–622.

    Google Scholar 

  634. Shapiro F. Epiphyseal growth plate fracture-separations. A pathophysiologic approach. Orthopedics. 1982;5:720–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  635. Stephens DC, Louis E, Louis DS. Traumatic separation of the distal femoral epiphyseal cartilage plate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(7):1383–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  636. Weber BG, Brunner C, Freuler F. Treatment of fractures in children and adolescents. New York: Springer; 1980.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  637. Bright RW. Partial growth arrest: identification, classification, and results of treatment. Orthop Trans. 1982;6:65–6.

    Google Scholar 

  638. Langenskiold A. The possibilities of eliminating premature partial closure of an epiphyseal plate caused by trauma or disease. Acta Orthop Scand. 1967;38:267–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  639. Langenskiold A. An operation for partial closure of an epiphysial plate in children, and its experimental basis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1975;57(3):325–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  640. Osterman K. Operative elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure: An experimental study. Acta Ortho Scand. 1972;Suppl 147:1–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  641. Langenskiold A, Videman T, Nevalainen T. The fate of fat transplants in operations for partial closure of the growth plate. Clinical examples and an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1986;68(2):234–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  642. Khoshhal KI, Kiefer GN. Physeal bridge resection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005;13(1):47–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  643. Vickers DW. Premature incomplete fusion of the growth plate: causes and treatment by resection (physolysis) in fifteen cases. Aust NZ J Surg. 1980;50(4):393–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  644. Williamson RV, Staheli LT. Partial physeal growth arrest: treatment by bridge resection and fat interposition. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):769–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  645. Aufaure P, Filipe G, Carlioz H. La desepiphysiodese chez l’enfant. Rev Chir Orthop. 1986;72:557–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  646. Hasler CC, Foster BK. Secondary tethers after physeal bar resection: a common source of failure? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;405:242–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  647. Carlson WO, Wenger DR. A mapping method to prepare for surgical excision of a partial physeal arrest. J Pediatr Orthop. 1984;4(2):232–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  648. Jaramillo D, Shapiro F. Musculoskeletal trauma in children. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1998;6(3):521–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  649. Blanco Sequeiros R, Vahasarja V, Ojala R. Magnetic resonance-guided growth plate bone bridge resection at 0.23 Tesla: report of a novel technique. Acta Radiol. 2008;49(6):668–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  650. Cady RB, Spadaro JA, Fitzgerald JA, Pinkes J, Albanese SA. The effects of fat interposition for central-physeal defects. A histologic study in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;282:304–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  651. Bright RW. Operative correction of partial epiphyseal plate closure by osseous-bridge resection and silicone-rubber implant. An experimental study in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(4):655–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  652. Lennox DW, Goldner RD, Sussman MD. Cartilage as an interposition material to prevent transphyseal bone bridge formation: an experimental model. J Pediatr Orthop. 1983;3(2):207–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  653. Eulert J. Elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure by transplantation of epiphyseal cartilage. An experimental study (author’s transl). Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1979;65(2):65–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  654. Wirth T, Byers S, Byard RW, Hopwood JJ, Foster BK. The implantation of cartilaginous and periosteal tissue into growth plate defects. Int Orthop. 1994;18(4):220–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  655. Olin A, Creasman C, Shapiro F. Free physeal transplantation in the rabbit. An experimental approach to focal lesions. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(1):7–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  656. Lalanandham T, Ehrlich MG, Zaleske DJ, Deeney VF, Mankin HJ. Viability and metabolism of cartilage transplanted to physeal regions. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(4):450–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  657. Martiana K, Low CK, Tan SK, Pang MW. Comparison of various interpositional materials in the prevention of transphyseal bone bridge formation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;325:218–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  658. Lee EH, Gao GX, Bose K. Management of partial growth arrest: physis, fat, or silastic? J Pediatr Orthop. 1993;13(3):368–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  659. Nettelblad H, Randolph MA, Weiland AJ. Free microvascular epiphyseal-plate transplantation. An experimental study in dogs. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(9):1421–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  660. Teot L, Gilbert A, Katz D, Pous JG, Carlioz H, Bonnel F. Vascularisation epiphysaire pendant croissance. Rev Chir Orthop. 1982;68:357–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  661. Teot L. Les transfert osseux libres vascularises avec cartilage de croissance. Rev Chir Orthop. 1982;68(II):40–2.

    Google Scholar 

  662. Teot L, Bosse JP, Gilbert A, Tremblay GR. Pedicle graft epiphysis transplantation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983;180:206–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  663. Allieu Y. Indications generales, perspectives d’avenir et conclusion. Rev Chir Orthop. 1982;68(II):43–4.

    Google Scholar 

  664. Barr SJ, Zaleske DJ. Physeal reconstruction with blocks of cartilage of varying developmental time. J Pediatr Orthop. 1992;12(6):766–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  665. Cundy PJ, Jofe M, Zaleske DJ, Ehrlich MG, Mankin HJ. Physeal reconstruction using tissue donated from early postnatal limbs in a murine model. J Orthop Res. 1991;9(3):360–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  666. Savarese JJ 3rd, Brinken BW, Zaleske DJ. Epiphyseal replacement in a murine model. J Pediatr Orthop. 1995;15(5):682–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  667. Wolohan MJ, Zaleske DJ. Hemiepiphyseal reconstruction using tissue donated from fetal limbs in a murine model. J Orthop Res. 1991;9(2):180–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  668. Chung R, Foster BK, Xian CJ. Preclinical studies on mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for growth plate cartilage injury repair. Stem Cells Int. 2011;2011:570125.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  669. Planka L, Gal P, Kecova H, et al. Allogeneic and autogenous transplantations of MSCs in treatment of the physeal bone bridge in rabbits. BMC Biotechnol. 2008;8:70.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  670. Randall RM, Shao YY, Wang L, Ballock RT. Activation of Wnt Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signaling promotes growth plate column formation in vitro. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(12):1906–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  671. Hansen AL, Foster BK, Gibson GJ, Binns GF, Wiebkin OW, Hopwood JJ. Growth-plate chondrocyte cultures for reimplantation into growth-plate defects in sheep. Characterization of cultures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990;256:286–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  672. Tobita M, Ochi M, Uchio Y, et al. Treatment of growth plate injury with autogenous chondrocytes: a study in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73(3):352–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  673. Boyer MI, Bray PW, Bowen CV. Epiphyseal plate transplantation: an historical review. Br J Plast Surg. 1994;47(8):563–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  674. Haas SL. The experimental transplantation of the epiphysis. J Am Med Assoc. 1915;65:1965–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  675. Haas SL. The transplantation of the articular end of bone including the epiphyseal cartilage line. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1916;23:301–32.

    Google Scholar 

  676. Helferich. Verusche ueber die transplantation des intermediaerknorpelswachsender roehrenknochen. Deut Z Chir. 1899;51:564–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  677. Enderlen. Zur reimpantation des resecirten intermediaerknorpels beim kaninchen. Deut Z Chir. 1899;51:574–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  678. Von Tappeiner Fr H. Studien zur frage der transplantationsfahigkeit des epiphysenknorpels und des gelenkknorpels. Z Ges Exp Med. 1913;1:491.

    Google Scholar 

  679. Von Tappeiner Fr H. Neue experimente zur frage der homoplastichen transplantationsfahigkert des epiphysen-und des gelenkknorpels. Arch Klin Chir. 1916;107:479–508.

    Google Scholar 

  680. Obata K. Ueber transplantation von gelenken bei junger tieren, mit besonderer berucksichtigung des verhaltens des intermiarknorpels. Beitr Path Anat u Allgem Path. 1914;49:1.

    Google Scholar 

  681. Heller E. Experimentelle untersuchungen uber die transplantion des intermediarknorpelsin form der halbseitigen gelenktransplantation. Arch Klin Chir. 1914;104:843–92.

    Google Scholar 

  682. Heller E. Verusche uber die Transplantation der Knorpelfuge. Arch Klin Chir. 1918;109:162.

    Google Scholar 

  683. Minoura M. Studien ueber gelenktransplantation (inkl. Intermediaerknorpel) in weichteile. Frank Z Path. 1914;15:397.

    Google Scholar 

  684. Axhausen G. Ueber den histologischen vorgang bei der transplantation von gelenkenden, in besondere ueber die transplantationsfaehigkeit von gelenkknorpel und epiphysenknorpel. Arch Klin Chir. 1912;99:1.

    Google Scholar 

  685. Haas SL. Further observation on the transplantion of the epiphyseal cartilage plate. Surg Gyn Obstet. 1931;52:958–63.

    Google Scholar 

  686. Ring PA. Transplantation of epiphysial cartilage; an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1955;37-B(4):642–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  687. Harris WR, Martin R, Tile M. Transplantation of epiphyseal plates. An experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1965;47:897–914.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  688. Silfverskiold N. Uber Langenwachstum der Knochen und transplantation von epiphysenscheiben. Acta Chir Scand. 1934;75:77–104.

    Google Scholar 

  689. Farine I. Etude experimentale de la transplantation du cartilage conjugal. Rev Chir Orthop. 1966;52:669–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  690. Bowen CV, Ethridge CP, O’Brien BM, Frykman GK, Gumley GJ. Experimental microvascular growth plate transfers. Part I-Investigation of vascularity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(2):305–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  691. Bowen CV, O’Brien BM, Gumley GJ. Experimental microvascular growth plate transfers. Part 2–Investigation of feasibility. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70(2):311–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  692. Donski PK, O’Brien BM. Free microvascular epiphyseal transplantation: an experimental study in dogs. Br J Plast Surg. 1980;33(2):169–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  693. Zaleske DJ, Ehrlich MG, Piliero C, May JW Jr, Mankin HJ. Growth-plate behavior in whole joint replantation in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64(2):249–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frederic Shapiro .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shapiro, F. (2016). Lower Extremity Length Discrepancies. In: Pediatric Orthopedic Deformities, Volume 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20529-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20529-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20528-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20529-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics