Skip to main content

A Consequence of Cesarean Delivery: First-Trimester Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

  • Chapter
First-Trimester Ultrasound

Abstract

Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a serious, iatrogenic and late consequence of a previous cesarean delivery (CD), which may result in clinical complications throughout all three trimesters of the pregnancy when unrecognized or untreated. Its rate of occurrence parallels the number of CDs. If untreated it may progress and result in a live offspring; however, it is the main cause of morbidly adherent placentae in the late second and in the third trimesters of the pregnancy.

This chapter addresses the diagnostic, differential diagnostic algorithms and sonographic definitions of CSP. It also provides a detailed overview of the treatment protocols found in the literature emphasizing their success as well as their failure rates, which are reflected by their possible but avoidable complications. The text also includes the suggested counseling approach to patients with early diagnosis of CSP that may be useful in patient management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Spong CY, Berghella V, Wenstrom KD, Mercer BM, Saade GR. Preventing the first cesarean delivery: summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Workshop. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(5):1181–93.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hamilton BE, Hoyert DL, Martin JA, Strobino DM, Guyer B. Annual summary of vital statistics: 2010-2011. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):548–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arnold J. World Cesarean Rates: OECD Countries 2012. Available from: http://www.cesareanrates.com/blog/2012/12/8/world-cesarean-rates-oecd-countries.html

  4. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A. Unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(1):14–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Monteagudo A, Carreno C, Timor-Tritsch IE. Saline infusion sonohysterography in nonpregnant women with previous cesarean delivery: the “niche” in the scar. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(10):1105–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bij de Vaate AJ, van der Voet LF, Naji O, Witmer M, Veersema S, Brolmann HA, et al. Prevalence, potential risk factors for development and symptoms related to the presence of uterine niches following Cesarean section: systematic review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(4):372–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jauniaux E, Jurkovic D. Placenta accreta: pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta. 2012;33(4):244–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jurkovic D, Hillaby K, Woelfer B, Lawrence A, Salim R, Elson CJ. Cesarean scar pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(3):310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jurkovic D, Hillaby K, Woelfer B, Lawrence A, Salim R, Elson CJ. First-trimester diagnosis and management of pregnancies implanted into the lower uterine segment Cesarean section scar. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(3):220–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rotas MA, Haberman S, Levgur M. Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(6):1373–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Seow KM, Hwang JL, Tsai YL, Huang LW, Lin YH, Hsieh BC. Subsequent pregnancy outcome after conservative treatment of a previous cesarean scar pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(12):1167–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gupta S, Pineda G, Rubin S, Timor-Tritsch IE. Four consecutive recurrent cesarean scar pregnancies in a single patient. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(10):1878–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Norwitz ER. Defective implantation and placentation: laying the blueprint for pregnancy complications. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006;13(4):591–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rosen T. Placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy: overlooked costs of the rising cesarean section rate. Clin Perinatol. 2008;35(3):519–29. 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kliman HJ, Feinberg RF, Haimowitz JE. Human trophoblast-endometrial interactions in an in vitro suspension culture system. Placenta. 1990;11(4):349–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stirnemann JJ, Chalouhi GE, Forner S, Saidji Y, Salomon LJ, Bernard JP, et al. First-trimester uterine scar assessment by transvaginal ultrasound. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):551.e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Stirnemann JJ, Mousty E, Chalouhi G, Salomon LJ, Bernard JP, Ville Y. Screening for placenta accreta at 11-14 weeks of gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):547.e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Godin PA, Bassil S, Donnez J. An ectopic pregnancy developing in a previous caesarian section scar. Fertil Steril. 1997;67(2):398–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Vial Y, Petignat P, Hohlfeld P. Pregnancy in a cesarean scar. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16(6):592–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Seow KM, Hwang JL, Tsai YL. Ultrasound diagnosis of a pregnancy in a Cesarean section scar. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;18(5):547–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Santos R, Tsymbal T, Pineda G, Arslan AA. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cesarean scar pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(1):44.e1–e13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Timmerman D, Wauters J, Van Calenbergh S, Van Schoubroeck D, Maleux G, Van Den Bosch T, et al. Color Doppler imaging is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of uterine vascular malformations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;21(6):570–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Polat P, Suma S, Kantarcy M, Alper F, Levent A. Color Doppler US in the evaluation of uterine vascular abnormalities. Radiographics. 2002;22(1):47–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Timor-Tritsch IE, Khatib N, Monteagudo A, Ramos J, Berg R, Kovacs S. Cesarean scar pregnancy (csp): experience of sixty cases. J Ultrasound Med. 2015;34(4):601–10.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Comstock CH, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Bronsteen RA. The early sonographic appearance of placenta accreta. J Ultrasound Med. 2003;22(1):19–23. quiz 4-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rac M, Moschos E, Wells E, McIntire DD, Dashe JS, Twickler DM. Ultrasound (US) findings of placenta accreta in the first trimester. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;44 Suppl 1:62–180.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Ballas J, Pretorius D, Hull AD, Resnik R, Ramos GA. Identifying sonographic markers for placenta accreta in the first trimester. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(11):1835–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sinha P, Mishra M. Caesarean scar pregnancy: a precursor of placenta percreta/accreta. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;32(7):621–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Cali G, Palacios-Jaraquemada JM, Maymon R, Arslan AA, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy and early placenta accreta share common histology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(4):383–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Cali G, Vintzileos A, Viscarello R, Al-Khan A, et al. Cesarean scar pregnancy is a precursor of morbidly adherent placenta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;44(3):346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Timor-Tritsch IE, Cali G, Monteagudo A, Khatib N, Berg R, Forlani F, et al. Foley balloon catheter to prevent or manage bleeding during treatment for cervical and cesarean scar pregnancy. Ultrasound in Obstet Gynecol 2015;46(1):118–23.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Jiang T, Liu G, Huang L, Ma H, Zhang S. Methotrexate therapy followed by suction curettage followed by Foley tamponade for caesarean scar pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011;156(2):209–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yu XL, Zhang N, Zuo WL. Cesarean scar pregnancy: an analysis of 100 cases. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2011;91(45):3186–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cali G, Giambanco L, Puccio G, Forlani F. Morbidly adherent placenta: evaluation of ultrasound diagnostic criteria and differentiation of placenta accreta from percreta. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;41(4):406–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Li JB, Kong LZ, Fan L, Fu J, Chen SQ, Yao SZ. Transvaginal surgical management of cesarean scar pregnancy: analysis of 49 cases from one tertiary care center. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;182C:102–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Cao S, Zhu L, Jin L, Gao J, Chen C. Uterine artery embolization in cesarean scar pregnancy: safe and effective intervention. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(12):2322–6.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gao L, Huang Z, Gao J, Mai H, Zhang Y, Wang X. Uterine artery embolization followed by dilation and curettage within 24 hours compared with systemic methotrexate for cesarean scar pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;127(2):147–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wu X, Xue X, Wu X, Lin R, Yuan Y, Wang Q, et al. Combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy vs. uterine curettage in the uterine artery embolization-based management of cesarean scar pregnancy: a cohort study. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(9):2793–803.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chang Y, Kay N, Chen YH, Chen HS, Tsai EM. Resectoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancy in previous cesarean delivery scar defect with vasopressin injection. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(2):e80–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chao A, Wang TH, Wang CJ, Lee CL, Chao AS. Hysteroscopic management of cesarean scar pregnancy after unsuccessful methotrexate treatment. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2005;12(4):374–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Chen ZY, Zhang XM, Xu H, Zhang J, Huang XF. Management of cesarean scar pregnancy by hysteroscopy combined with uterine artery embolism. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2011;46(8):591–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Deans R, Abbott J. Hysteroscopic management of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(6):1735–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gubbini G, Centini G, Nascetti D, Marra E, Moncini I, Bruni L, et al. Surgical hysteroscopic treatment of cesarean-induced isthmocele in restoring fertility: prospective study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18(2):234–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Ozkan S, Caliskan E, Ozeren S, Corakci A, Cakiroglu Y, Coskun E. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic diagnosis and hysteroscopic management of a viable cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2007;33(6):873–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Robinson JK, Dayal MB, Gindoff P, Frankfurter D. A novel surgical treatment for cesarean scar pregnancy: laparoscopically assisted operative hysteroscopy. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1497.e13–6.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Wang G, Liu X, Bi F, Yin L, Sa R, Wang D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of laparoscopic resection for the management of exogenous cesarean scar pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(5):1501–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. He Y, Wu X, Zhu Q, Wu X, Feng L, Wu X, et al. Combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy vs. uterine curettage in the uterine artery embolization-based management of cesarean scar pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Womens Health. 2014;14:116.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hudecek R, Ivanova Z, Smerdova M, Pankova S, Krajcovicova R. Effect of GnRH analogues pre-treatment on myomectomy outcomes in reproductive age women. Ceska Gynekol. 2012;77(2):109–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jiang S, Zhao S. Laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy within a cesarean scar. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2013;40(3):440–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang YL, Weng SS, Huang WC, Su TH. Laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancies in unusual locations. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;53(4):466–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Siedhoff MT, Schiff LD, Moulder JK, Toubia T, Ivester T. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic removal of cesarean scar ectopic and hysterotomy revision. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:681.e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Bodur S, Gun I, Guido R. What is the role of primary methotrexate treatment in scar ectopic pregnancy? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(4):379–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Timor-Tritsch I, Monteagudo A. Correction: unforeseen consequences of the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries: early placenta accreta and cesarean scar pregnancy. A review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(4):371–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yin XH, Yang SZ, Wang ZQ, Jia HY, Shi M. Injection of MTX for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy: comparison between different methods. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(7):1867–72.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Uysal F, Uysal A. Spontaneous heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy: conservative management by transvaginal sonographic guidance and successful pregnancy outcome. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(3):547–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Berhie SH, Molina RL, Davis MR, Anchan RM, Wang KC. Beware the scar: laparoscopic hysterectomy for 7-week cesarean delivery scar implantation pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:247.e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Kutuk MS, Uysal G, Dolanbay M, Ozgun MT. Successful medical treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies with systemic multidose methotrexate: single-center experience. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(6):1700–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Li C, Feng D, Jia C, Liu B, Zhan X. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization versus systemic methotrexate for the management of cesarean scar pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011;113(3):178–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Zhang Y, Chen YS, Wang JJ, Lu ZY, Hua KQ. Analysis of 96 cases with cesarean scar pregnancy. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2010;45(9):664–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. An X, Ming X, Li K, Wang J. The analysis of efficacy and failure factors of uterine artery methotrexate infusion and embolization in treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:213603.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lan W, Hu D, Li Z, Wang L, Yang W, Hu S. Bilateral uterine artery chemoembolization combined with dilation and curettage for treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy: a method for preserving the uterus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013;39(6):1153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fylstra DL. Cervical pregnancy: 13 cases treated with suction curettage and balloon tamponade. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(6):581.e1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Mollo A, Alviggi C, Conforti A, Insabato L, De Placido G. Intact removal of spontaneous twin ectopic Caesarean scar pregnancy by office hysteroscopy: case report and literature review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2014;29(5):530–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Shao MJ, Hu MX, Xu XJ, Zhang L, Hu M. Management of caesarean scar pregnancies using an intrauterine or abdominal approach based on the myometrial thickness between the gestational mass and the bladder wall. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2013;76(3):151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Li Y, Xiang Y, Wan X, Feng F, Ren T. Clinical study on 39 cases with caesarean scar pregnancy with sonographic mass. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2014;49(1):10–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Abdelkader MA, Fouad R, Gebril AH, El Far MA, Elyassergi DF. Caesarean scar pregnancy: hysterotomy is rapid and safe management option. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;290(2):381–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kai K, Shimamoto K, Matsumoto H, Narahara H. Conservative surgical treatment for caesarean scar pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;34(1):91–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nankali A, Ataee M, Shahlazadeh H, Daeichin S. Surgical management of the cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy: a case report. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:525187.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sorbi F, Sisti G, Pieralli A, Di Tommaso M, Livi L, Buccoliero AM, et al. Cervicoisthmic choriocarcinoma mimicking cesarean section scar ectopic pregnancy. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(10):914–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Wozniak S, Pyra K, Kludka-Sternik M, Czuczwar P, Szkodziak P, Paszkowski T, et al. Uterine artery embolization using gelatin sponge particles performed due to massive vaginal bleeding caused by ectopic pregnancy within a cesarean scar: a case study. Ginekol Pol. 2013;84(11):966–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang B, Jiang ZB, Huang MS, Guan SH, Zhu KS, Qian JS, et al. Uterine artery embolization combined with methotrexate in the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy: results of a case series and review of the literature. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(12):1582–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Shi J, Qin J, Wang W, Zhang H. Clinical study on 57 cases with caesarean scar pregnancy. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2014;49(1):18–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang DB, Chen YH, Zhang ZF, Chen P, Liu KR, Li Y, et al. Evaluation of the transvaginal resection of low-segment cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(2):602–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang Z, Shan L, Xiong H. Transvaginal removal of ectopic pregnancy tissue and repair of uterine defect for cesarean scar pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2013;40(4):546–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Le A, Shan L, Xiao T, Zhuo R, Xiong H, Wang Z. Transvaginal surgical treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;287(4):791–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Nguyen-Xuan HT, Lousquy R, Barranger E. Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cesarean scar pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2014;42(7-8):483–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pang YP, Tan WC, Yong TT, Koh PK, Tan HK, Ho TH. Caesarean section scar pregnancy: a case series at a single tertiary centre. Singapore Med J. 2012;53(10):638–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Seow KM, Wang PH, Huang LW, Hwang JL. Transvaginal sono-guided aspiration of gestational sac concurrent with a local methotrexate injection for the treatment of unruptured cesarean scar pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(2):361–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Yamaguchi M, Honda R, Uchino K, Tashiro H, Ohba T, Katabuchi H. Transvaginal methotrexate injection for the treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy: efficacy and subsequent fecundity. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2014;21(5):877–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Doubilet PM, Benson CB, Frates MC, Ginsburg E. Sonographically guided minimally invasive treatment of unusual ectopic pregnancies. J Ultrasound Med. 2004;23(3):359–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Jurkovic D, Ben-Nagi J, Ofilli-Yebovi D, Sawyer E, Helmy S, Yazbek J. Efficacy of Shirodkar cervical suture in securing hemostasis following surgical evacuation of Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;30(1):95–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Atilgan R, Celik A, Boztosun A, Ilter E, Yalta T, Ozercan R. Evaluation of cervical cytological abnormalities in Turkish population. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2012;55(1):52–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Tsui KH, Lin LT, Yu KJ, Chen SF, Chang WH, Yu S, et al. Double-balloon cervical ripening catheter works well as an intrauterine balloon tamponade in post-abortion massive hemorrhage. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;51(3):426–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Shao HJ, Ma JT, Yang XE, Xu LP, Yang CL. Diagnosis and treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010;90(37):2616–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ugurlucan FG, Bastu E, Dogan M, Kalelioglu I, Alanya S, Has R. Management of cesarean heterotopic pregnancy with transvaginal ultrasound-guided potassium chloride injection and gestational sac aspiration, and review of the literature. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2012;19(5):671–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Demirel LC, Bodur H, Selam B, Lembet A, Ergin T. Laparoscopic management of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy with preservation of intrauterine gestation and delivery at term: case report. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(4):1293.e5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Wang CJ, Tsai F, Chen C, Chao A. Hysteroscopic management of heterotopic cesarean scar pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2010;94(4):1529.e15–8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ilan E. Timor-Tritsch MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Timor-Tritsch, I.E., Monteagudo, A., Bennett, TA. (2016). A Consequence of Cesarean Delivery: First-Trimester Cesarean Scar Pregnancy. In: Abramowicz, J. (eds) First-Trimester Ultrasound. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20202-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20203-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics