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Photoionization Time Delays

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Ultrafast Dynamics Driven by Intense Light Pulses

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics ((SSAOPP,volume 86))

Abstract

The material presented in this chapter is based on important advances realized in “attophysics” which make feasible to follow the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules with attosecond-level time resolution. In this context, time-delays have been recently determined in the process of photoionization by extreme-ultra-violet (XUV) pulses and the question of the significance of these measured delays arises. As we shall outline here, numerical experiments show that they are intimately related to the structure of the ionized species’ continuous spectrum. Another point addressed here is that, in experiments, the measurements have the common characteristic to be performed in the presence of an auxiliary infra-red (IR) field, used to “clock” the timing of the process. This implies to adapt the theory treatment to handle such “two-color” photoionization processes. We review a systematic analysis of these features that are characteristic of this class of electronic transitions, when viewed in the time domain.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Other formal definitions can be invoked, see [22] for a comprehensive review.

  2. 2.

    The stationary-phase approximation is discussed in e.g. [23].

  3. 3.

    See e.g. [30] for a comprehensive derivation and exploitation of transitions delays in the particular context of resonant X-ray Raman scattering.

  4. 4.

    Note that the two reinterpretations of RABBIT in terms of transition or scattering delays are not contradictory, but rather complementary.

  5. 5.

    The equations are displayed in atomic units: \(\hbar =m=e=1/(4\pi \epsilon _0)=1\).

  6. 6.

    It has been shown theoretically that the delay of the photoelectron spectrogram in an attosecond streak-camera experiment, as compared to the time variation of the IR vector potential, is equal to the shift of the corresponding RABITT sidebands, c.f. [14, 36, 38].

  7. 7.

    For details about the RPAE theory see [28].

  8. 8.

    Surprisingly, the inclusion of correlation with the L-shell (\(*\)) brings the calculation further away from the experimental measurements.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge that elements of this chapter are reproduced from [13, 63].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    J. Marcus Dahlström

  2. Max-Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Noethnitzerstr. 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany

    J. Marcus Dahlström

  3. Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, United Kingdom

    Morgane Vacher

  4. UPMC, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Alfred Maquet & Jérémie Caillat

  5. CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France

    Alfred Maquet & Jérémie Caillat

  6. Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Gußhausstrße 27/387, 1040, Vienna, Austria

    Stefan Haessler

  7. LOA, ENSTA ParisTech, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 828 bd des Maréchaux, 91761, Palaiseau Cedex, France

    Stefan Haessler

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  1. J. Marcus Dahlström
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Correspondence to Stefan Haessler .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Photonics Institute, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

    Markus Kitzler

  2. Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Jena, Jena, Germany

    Stefanie Gräfe

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Dahlström, J.M., Vacher, M., Maquet, A., Caillat, J., Haessler, S. (2016). Photoionization Time Delays. In: Kitzler, M., Gräfe, S. (eds) Ultrafast Dynamics Driven by Intense Light Pulses. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 86. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20173-3_8

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