Skip to main content

Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer

  • Chapter
Esophageal Cancer

Abstract

The epidemiology of esophageal cancer has radically changed in the last 50 years in the Western world. Changes in the predominant type of squamous cell carcinoma to adenocarcinoma, disparities between different ethnicities, and the exponential increase in incidence rates of adenocarcinoma have established esophageal cancer as a major public health problem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, editors, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, vol. IX, IARC Scientific Publications No. 160. IARC: Lyon; 2007. http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx. Accessed 1 Dec 2014.

  2. Simard EP, Ward EM, Siegel R, et al. Cancers with increasing incidence trends in the United States: 1999 through 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(2):118–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Edgren G, Adami HO, Weiderpass E, et al. A global assessment of the oesophageal adenocarcinoma epidemic. Gut. 2013;62(10):1406–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cook MB. Optimization and expansion of predictive models for Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: could a life-course exposure history be beneficial? Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(6):923–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, et al. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut. 2014. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124. [Epub ahead of print].

  6. Hur C, Miller M, Kong CY, et al. Trends in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality. Cancer. 2013;119(6):1149–58.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Drahos J, Wu M, Anderson WF, et al. Regional variations in esophageal cancer rates by census region in the United States, 1999–2008. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e67913.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kong CY, Kroep S, Curtius K, et al. Exploring the recent trend in esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality using comparative simulation modeling. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(6):997–1006.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Castro C, Bosetti C, Malvezzi M, et al. Patterns and trends in esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in Europe (1980–2011) and predictions to 2015. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(1):283–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Giri S, Pathak R, Aryal MR, et al. Incidence trend of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Cancer Causes Control. 2015;26(1):159–61.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64(1):9–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Jemal A, Simard EP, Xu J, et al. Selected cancers with increasing mortality rates by educational attainment in 26 states in the United States, 1993–2007. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(3):559–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. De Angelis R, Sant M, Coleman MP, et al. Cancer survival in Europe 1999–2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE-5—a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):23–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dawsey SP, Tonui S, Parker RK, et al. Esophageal cancer in young people: a case series of 109 cases and review of the literature. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e14080.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Turati F, Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, et al. A meta-analysis of body mass index and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(3):609–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kubo A, Corley DA. Body mass index and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus or gastric cardia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(5):872–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Whiteman DC, Sadeghi S, Pandeya N, et al. Combined effects of obesity, acid reflux and smoking on the risk of adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus. Gut. 2008;57(2):173–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shaheen N, Ransohoff DF. Gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;287(15):1972–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):788–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sikkema M, de Jonge PJ, Steyerberg EW, et al. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and mortality in patients with Barrett’s esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(3):235–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yousef F, Cardwell C, Cantwell MM, et al. The incidence of esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(3):237–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Singh S, Manickam P, Amin AV. Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus with low-grade dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(6):897–909.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Jansson C, Johansson AL, Nyrén O, et al. Socioeconomic factors and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a nationwide Swedish case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(7):1754–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gammon MD, Schoenberg JB, Ahsan H, et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and socioeconomic status and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(17):1277–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ljung R, Drefahl S, Andersson G, et al. Socio-demographic and geographical factors in esophageal and gastric cancer mortality in Sweden. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62067.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhuo X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and oesophageal cancer risk: association studies via evidence-based meta-analyses. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008;20(10):757–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Islami F, Kamangar F. Helicobacter pylori and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res. 2008;1(5):329–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Narang B, Cox MR, Eslick GD. Meat consumption and risk of developing esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Cancer Epidemiol Prev. 2013;1:36–54.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Li B, Jiang G, Zhang G, et al. Intake of vegetables and fruit and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(7):1511–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tio M, Andrici J, Cox MR, et al. Folate intake and the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(2):250–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Singh S, Garg SK, Singh PP, et al. Acid-suppressive medications and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2014;63(8):1229–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Andrici J, Tio M, Eslick GD. Meta-analysis: oral bisphosphonates and the risk of oesophageal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(8):708–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas: results from a cohort study and a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(3):551–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang F, Lv ZS, Fu YK. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and esophageal inflammation – Barrett’s esophagus – adenocarcinoma sequence: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24(5):318–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Singh S, Singh AG, Singh PP, et al. Statins are associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly in patients with Barrett’s esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(6):620–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and risk of subtypes of oesophageal and gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2010;59(1):39–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tramacere I, La Vecchia C, Negri E. Tobacco smoking and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2011;22(3):344–9.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Leitzmann MF, et al. A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(12):1424–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Prabhu A, Obi KO, Rubenstein JH. The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(6):822–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Morita M, Kumashiro R, Kubo N, et al. Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: epidemiology, clinical findings, and prevention. Int J Clin Oncol. 2010;15(2):126–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Islami F, Fedirko V, Tramacere I, et al. Alcohol drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with focus on light-drinkers and never-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(10):2473–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Prabhu A, Obi KO, Rubenstein JH. Systematic review with meta-analysis: race-specific effects of alcohol and tobacco on the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(10):1145–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(2):301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Brown LM, Hoover R, Silverman D, et al. Excess incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among US Black men: role of social class and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(2):114–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dar NA, Shah IA, Bhat GA, et al. Socioeconomic status and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk in Kashmir, India. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(9):1231–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Tse G, Eslick GD. Egg consumption and risk of GI neoplasms: dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(7):1581–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Islami F, Ren JS, Taylor PR, et al. Pickled vegetables and the risk of oesophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2009;101(9):1641–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Zamora-Ros R, Luján-Barroso L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Tea and coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(6):1470–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tverdal A, Hjellvik V, Selmer R. Coffee intake and oral-oesophageal cancer: follow-up of 389,624 Norwegian men and women 40–45 years. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(1):157–61.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, et al. Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(10):1873–81.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Boehm K, Borrelli F, Ernst E, et al. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3:3. Art. No.: CD005004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub2.

  52. Andrici J, Eslick GD. Maté consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2013;26(8):807–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dar NA, Islami F, Bhat GA, et al. Poor oral hygiene and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(5):1367–72.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Abnet CC, Qiao YL, Mark SD, et al. Prospective study of tooth loss and incident esophageal and gastric cancers in China. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12(9):847–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Abnet CC, Kamangar F, Islami F, et al. Tooth loss and lack of regular oral hygiene are associated with higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(11):3062–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Guha N, Boffetta P, Wünsch Filho V, et al. Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case–control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(10):1159–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hiraki A, Matsuo K, Suzuki T, Kawase T, et al. Teeth loss and risk of cancer at 14 common sites in Japanese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(5):1222–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Abnet CC, Kamangar F, Dawsey SM, et al. Tooth loss is associated with increased risk of gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma in a cohort of Finnish smokers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(6):681–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ljung R, Martin L, Lagergren J. Oral disease and risk of oesophageal and gastric cancer in a nationwide nested case-control study in Sweden. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(14):2128–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(12):1413–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Eitzen K, Eslick GD, Cox MR. Helicobacter pylori cagA positivity-an important determinant for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:81–2.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy D. Eslick DrPH, PhD, FACE, FFPH .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Andrici, J., Eslick, G.D. (2015). Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer. In: Saba, N., El-Rayes, B. (eds) Esophageal Cancer. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20068-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20068-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20067-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20068-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics