Skip to main content

Percutaneous Ethanol Injection for the Management of Thyroid Lesions

  • Chapter
Minimally Invasive Therapies for Endocrine Neck Diseases

Abstract

The last 20 years have observed the proposal of several minimally invasive techniques for non-surgical treatment of thyroid nodules. This chapter describes, on the basis of our experience and of a brief literature review, the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and current clinical indications of the first of these procedures: percutaneous ethanol injection (PEIT).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Crescenzi A, Papini E, Pacella CM et al (1996) Morphological changes in a hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma after percutaneous ethanol injection: histological, enzymatic and sub-microscopical alterations. J Endocrinol Invest 19:371–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Basolo F et al (2000) Surgical and pathological changes after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 10:1087–1092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bean WJ (1981) Renal cysts: treatment with alcohol. Radiology 138:329–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bean WJ, Rodan BA (1985) Hepatic cysts: treatment with alcohol. Am J Radiol 144:237–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Solbiati L, Giangrande A, DePra L et al (1985) Percutaneous ethanol injection of parathyroid tumors under US guidance: treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Radiology 155:607–610

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Mario G et al (1985) Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 197:101–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rossi R, Savastano S, Tommasselli AP et al (1995) Percutaneous computer tomography-guided ethanol injection in aldosterone-producing adrenal adrenocortical adenoma. Eur J Endocrinol 132:302–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rozman B, Benze-Zigman Z, Tomic-Brzac H et al (1989) Sclerosation of thyroid cysts by ethanol. Period Biol 91:1116–1118

    Google Scholar 

  9. Livraghi T, Paracchi A, Ferrari C et al (1990) Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodule with percutaneous ethanol injection: preliminary results. Radiology 175:827–829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yasuda K, Ozaki O, Sugino K et al (1992) Treatment of cystic lesions of the thyroid by ethanol instillation. World J Surg 16(5):958–961

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Martino E, Murtas MI, Liviselli A et al (1992) Percutaneous intranodular ethanol injection for treatment of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. Surgery 112:1161–1165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Papini E, Panunzi C, Pacella CM et al (1993) Percutaneous ultrasound-guided ethanol injection: a new treatment of toxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodules? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:411–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, Duick DS, Valcavi R, Hegedüs L, Vitti P, AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules (2010) American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: executive summary of recommendations. Endoc Pract 16(3):468–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cibas ES, Syed ZA (2009) The bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Am J ClinPathol 132:658–665

    Google Scholar 

  15. Faquin WC, Cibas ES, Renshaw AA (2005) “Atypical” cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens of benign thyroid cysts. Cancer 105(2):71–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nardi F, Basolo F, Crescenzi A, Fadda G, Frasoldati A, Orlandi F, Palombini L, Papini E, Zini M, Pontecorvi A, Vitti P (2014) Italian consensus for the classification and reporting of thyroid cytology. J Endocrinol Invest 37(6):593–599

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Braga M, Cavalcanti TC, Collaço LM, Graf H (2001) Efficacy of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of complex thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(9):4089–4091

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abbas G, Heller KS, Khoynezhad A, Dubner S, Sznyter SL (2001) The incidence of carcinoma in cytologically benign thyroid cysts. Surgery 130(6):1035–1038

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Udelsman R (2001) Summary of the 22th annual meeting of the American Association of Endocrine Surgeons, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mirfakhraee S, Mathews D, Peng L, Woodruff S, Zigman JM (2013) A solitary hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule harboring thyroid carcinoma: review of the literature. Thyroid Res 6(1):7. doi:10.1186/1756-6614-6-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Cho YS, Lee HK, Ahn IM et al (2000) Sonographically guided ethanol sclerotherapy for benign thyroid cysts: results in 22 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174(1):213–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim DW, Rho MH, Kim HJ et al (2005) Percutaneous ethanol injection for benign cystic thyroid nodules: is aspiration of ethanol-mixed fluid advantageous? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26(8):2122–2127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Del Prete S, Caraglia D, Vitale G, Giuberti G, Marra M, D’Alessandro AM, Lupoli G, Addeo R, Facchini G, Rossiello R, Abbruzzese A, Capasso E (2002) Percutaneous ethanol injection efficacy in the treatment of large symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules: ten-year follow-up of large series. Thyroid 12:815–821

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zingrillo M, Torlantano M, Ghiggi MR, D’Aloiso L, Nirchino V, Bisceglia M, Liuzzi A (1996) Percutaneous ethanol injection of large thyroid cystic nodules. Thyroid 6:403–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zieleźnik W, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Peszel Barlik M, Cebula W, Sieroń A (2005) Modified percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of viscous cystic thyroid nodules. Thyroid 15(7):683–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sung JY, Baek JH, Kim YS, Jeong HJ, Kwak MS, Lee D, Moon W (2008) One-step ethanol ablation viscous cystic thyroid nodules. AJR 191:1730–1733

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Bennedbaek FN, Nielsen LK, Hegedus L (1998) Effect of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy versus suppressive doses of l-thyroxine on benign solitary sold cold nodules: a randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:830–835

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bennendbaek FN, Hegedus L (1999) Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in benign solitary cold thyroid nodules: a randomized trial comparing one injection with three injections. Thyroid 9:225–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Caraccio N, Goletti O, Lippolis PV, Casolaro A, Cavina E, Miccoli P, Monzani F (1997) Is percutaneous ethanol injection a useful alternative for the treatment of the cold benign thyroid nodule? Five years’ experience. Thyroid 7:699–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee SJ, Ahn I (2005) Effectiveness of PEI therapy in benign nodular and cystic disease: long-term follow up experience. Endocr J 52(4):455–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Valcavi R, Frasoldati A (2013) Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI) in the treatment of thyroid cysts, nodules and other neck lesions. In: Baskin Sr JH, Duick DS, Levine RA. Thyroid ultrasound and ultrasound-guided FNA, 3rd edn. Springer, pp 315–346

    Google Scholar 

  32. Del Prete S, Russo D, Caraglia M et al (2001) Percutaneous ethanol injection of autonomous thyroid nodules with a volume larger than 40 ml: three years of follow-up. Clin Radiol 56(11):895–901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yano Y, Sugino K, Akaishi J et al (2011) Treatment of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules at a single institution: radioiodine therapy, surgery, and ethanol injection therapy. Ann Nucl Med 25(10):749–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bruneton JS (1987) Ultrasonography of the neck. Springer, Berlin, p 7

    Book  Google Scholar 

  35. Guglielmi R, Pacella CM, Bianchini A et al (2004) Percutaneous ethanol injection treatment in benign thyroid lesions: role and efficacy. Thyroid 14:125–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Valcavi R, Frasoldati A (2004) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in thyroid cystic nodules. Endocr Pract 10:269–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sung JY, Kim YS, Choi H et al (2011) Optimum first-line treatment technique for benign cystic thyroid nodules: ethanol ablation or radiofrequency ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 196(2):W210–W214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tarantino L, Francica G, Sordelli I et al (2008) Percutaneous ethanol injection of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: long-term follow-up in 125 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 190:800–808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Di Lelio A, Rivolta M, Casati M, Capra M (1995) Treatment of autonomous thyroid nodules: value of percutaneous ethanol injection. AJR 164:207–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedus L (2003) Treatment of recurrent thyroid cysts with ethanol: a randomized double blind controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5773–5777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bennedbaek FN, Karstrup S, Hegedüs L (1997) Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy in the treatment of thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol 136(3):240–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Raggiunti B, Fiore G, Mongia A, Balducci G, Ballone E, Capone F (2009) A 7-years follow-up of patients with thyroid cysts and pseudocysts treated with PEI: volume change and costs analysis. J Ultrasound 12:107–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Pishdad GR, Pishdad P, Pishdad R (2011) Horner’s syndrome as a complication of percutaneous ethanol treatment of thyroid nodule. Thyroid 21:327–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Regalbuto C, Le Moli R, Muscia V et al (2012) Severe Graves’ after percutaneous ethanol injection in a nontoxic thyroid nodule. Thyroid 22(2):210–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gelczer RK, Charboneau JW, Hussain S, Brown DL (1998) Complications of percutaneous ethanol ablation. J Ultrasound Med 17:531–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mauz PS, Maassen MM, Braun B, Brosch S (2004) How safe is percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of thyroid nodule? Report of a case of severe toxic necrosis of the larynx and adjacent skin. Acta Otolaryngol 124(10):1226–1230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. De Los Santos ET, Keyhani-Rofagha S, Cunningham JJ et al (1990) Cystic thyroid nodules: the dilemma of malignant lesions”. Arch Intern Med 150:422–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA (1994) Management of the single thyroid nodule. Clin Endocrinol 41:719–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Jensen F, Rasmussen SN (1976) The treatment of thyroid cysts by ultrasonographically-guided fine needle aspiration. Acta Chir Scand 142:209–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Monzani F, Lippi F, Goletti O et al (1994) Percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy for thyroid cysts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:800–802

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kim JH, Lee HK, Lee JH et al (2003) Efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of thyroid cysts versus solid thyroid nodules. AJR 180:1623–1726

    Google Scholar 

  52. McCowen KD, Reed JW, Fariss BL (1980) The role of thyroid therapy in patients with thyroid cysts. Am J Med 68:853–855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sdano MT, Falciglia M, Welge JA, Steward DL (2005) Efficacy of thyroid hormone suppression for benign thyroid nodules: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133:391–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zingrillo M, Torlontano M, Chiarella R et al (1999) Percutaneous ethanol injection may be a definitive treatment for symptomatic thyroid cystic nodules not treatable by surgery: five-year follow-up study. Thyroid 9:763–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Verde G, Papini E, Pacella CM et al (1994) Ultrasound guided percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of cystic thyroid nodules. Clin Endocrinol 41:719–724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Antonelli A, Campatelli A, Di Vito A et al (1994) Comparison between ethanol sclerotherapy and emptying with injection of saline in treatment of thyroid cysts. Clin Investig 72(12):971–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kanotra SP, Lateef M, Kirmani O (2008) Non-surgical management of benign thyroid cysts: use of ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation. Postgrad Med J 84(998):639–643

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pacini F (2003) Role of percutaneous ethanol injection in management of nodular lesions of the thyroid gland. J Nucl Med 44:211–212

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR et al (2009) Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 19(11):1167–1214

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalra N, Ahuja CK, Dutta P, Rajwanshi A, Mittal BR, Bhansali A, Khandelwal N (2014) Comparison of sonographically guided percutaneous sodium tetradecyl sulfateInjection with ethanol injection in the treatment of benign nonfunctioning thyroid nodules. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 25(8):1218–1224. pii: S1051-0443(14)00489-8

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kim YJ, Baek JH, Ha EJ, Lim HK, Lee JH, Sung JY, Kim JK, Kim TY, Kim WB, Shong YK (2012) Cystic versus predominantly cystic thyroid nodules: efficacy of ethanol ablation and analysis of related factors. Eur Radiol 22(7):1573–1578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Papini E, Pacella CM, Misischi I, Guglielmi R, Bizzarri G, Døssing H, Hegedus L (2014) The advent of ultrasound-guided ablation techniques in nodular thyroid disease: towards a patient-tailored approach. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 28(4):601–618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hamburger JI (1987) The autonomously functioning thyroid nodules: Goetsch’s disease. Endocr Rev 8:439–442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gorman CA, Robertson JS (1978) Radiation dose in the selection of 131I or surgical treatment for toxic thyroid adenoma. Ann Intern Med 89:85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Lippi F, Ferrari C, Manetti L et al (1996) Treatment of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules by percutaneous etanol injection. Results of an Italian multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3261–3264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Monzani F, Caraccio N, Goletti O (1997) Five year follow-up of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules: a study of 117 patients. Clin Endocrinol 46:9–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zingrillo M, Torlontano M, Ghiggi MR et al (2000) Radioiodine and percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of large toxic thyroid nodule: a long-term study. Thyroid 10:985–989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Zingrillo M, Modoni S, Conte M, Frusciante V, Trischitta V (2003) Percutaneous ethanol injection plus radioiodine versus radioiodine alone in the treatment of large toxic thyroid nodules. J Nucl Med 44:207–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Yousef A, Clark J, Clark J, Doi SAR (2010) Thyroxine suppression therapy for benign, non-functioning solitary thyroid nodules: a quality-effects meta-analysis. Clin Med Res 8(3/4):150–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Caraccio N, Goletti O, Lippolos PV et al (1999) Is percutaneous ethanol injection a useful alternative for the treatment of the cold benign thyroid nodule? Five years’ experience. Thyroid 7:699–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Zingrillo M, Collura D, Ghiggi MR, Nirchio V, Trischitta V (1998) Treatment of large cold benign thyroid nodules not eligible for surgery with Percutaneous Ethanol Injection. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 83(11):3905–3907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Robenshtok E, Fish S, Bach A, Domínguez JM, Shaha A, Tuttle RM (2012) Suspicious cervical lymph nodes detected after thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer usually remain stable over years in properly selected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:2706–2713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Monchik JM, Donatini G, Iannuccilli J et al (2006) Radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection treatment for recurrent local and distant well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg 244:296–304

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Yim JH, Kim WB, Kim EY, Kim WG, Kim TY, Ryu JS, Moon DH, Sung TY, Yoon JH, Kim SC, Hong SJ, Shong YK (2011) Adjuvant radioactive therapy after reoperation for locoregionally recurrent papillary thyroid cancer in patients who initially underwent total thyroidectomy and high-dose remnant ablation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3695–3700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hay ID, Charboneau JW (2011) The coming of age of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol ablation of selected neck nodal metastases in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:2717–2720

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lewis BD, Hay ID, Charboneau JW et al (2002) Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of cervical lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. AJR 178:699–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Heilo A, Sigstad E, Fagerlid KH, Håskjold OI, Grøholt KK, Berner A, Bjøro T, Jørgensen LH (2011) Efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection treatment in patients with a limited number of metastatic cervical lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:2750–2755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lim CY, Yum JS, Lee J et al (2007) Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for locally recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 17:347–350

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim BM, Kim MJ, Kim EK et al (2008) Controlling recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma in the neck by ultrasonography-guided percutaneous ethanol injection. Eur Radiol 18:835–842

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sohn YM, Hong SW, Kim EK et al (2009) Complete eradication of metastatic lymph node after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy: pathologic correlation. Thyroid 19:317–319

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Vannucchi G, Covelli D, Perrino M, De Leo S, Fugazzola L (2014) Ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection in papillary thyroid cancer metastaticlymph-nodes. Endocrine 47(2):648–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Papini E, Bizzarri G, Bianchini A, Valle D, Misischi I, Guglielmi R, Salvatori M, Solbiati L, Crescenzi A, Pacella CM, Gharib H (2013) Percutaneous ultrasound-guided laser ablation is effective for treating selected nodal metastases in papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(1):E92–E97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Baek JH, Kim YS, Sung JY, Choi H, Lee JH (2011) Locoregional control of metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer by ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 197:W331–W336

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Guenette JP, Monchik JM, Dupuy DE (2013) Image-guided ablation of postsurgical locoregional recurrence of biopsy-proven well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24(5):672–679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Fukumoto K, Kojima T, Tomonari H et al (1994) Ethanol injection sclerotherapy for Baker’s cysts, thyroglossal duct cysts, and brianchial cleft cysts. Ann Plast Surg 33:615–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Baskin HJ (2006) Percutaneous ethanol injection of thyroglossal duct cysts. Endoc Pract 12:355–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Kim SM, Baek JH, Kim YS et al (2011) Efficacy and safety of ethanol ablation for thyroglossal duct cysts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:306–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Clark OH, Okerlund MD, Cavalieri RR et al (1979) Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid parathyroid and thyroglossal duct cysts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:983–988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ippolito G, Fausto Palazzo F, Sebag F et al (2006) A single institution 25-year review of true parathyroid cysts. Lagenbecks Arch Surg 391:13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Frasoldati A, Valcavi R (2004) Challenges in neck ultrasonography: lymphadenopathy and parathyroid glands. Endocr Pract 10(3):261–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Okamura K, Ikenoue H, Sato K et al (1992) Sclerotherapy for benign parathyroid cysts. Am J Surg 163:344–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sanchez A, Carretto H (1993) Treatment of a nonfunctioning parathyroid cysts with tetracycline injection. Head Neck 15:263–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Akel M, Salti I, Azar ST (1999) Successful treatment of parathyroid cyst using ethanol sclerotherapy. Am J Med Sci 317:50–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Baskin HJ (2004) New applications of thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. Min Endocrinol 29:195–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fugakawa M, Kitaoga M, Tominaka Y et al (2003) Guidelines for percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of the parathyroid glands in chronic dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18(Suppl 3):31–33

    Google Scholar 

  96. Chen HH, Lin CJ, Wu CJ et al (2011) Chemical ablation of recurrent and persistent secondary hyperparathyroidism after subtotal parathyroidectomy. Ann Surg 253(4):786–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure of Interest

None of the authors have financial or commercial interests

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rinaldo Guglielmi MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Guglielmi, R. et al. (2016). Percutaneous Ethanol Injection for the Management of Thyroid Lesions. In: Lombardi, C., Bellantone, R. (eds) Minimally Invasive Therapies for Endocrine Neck Diseases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20065-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20065-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-20064-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-20065-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics