Skip to main content

Faces of Power, Ethical Decision Making and Moral Intensity. Reflections on the Need for Critical Social Marketing

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Applying Quality of Life Research ((BEPR))

Abstract

Adopting an ‘agnostic’ approach to power leaves social marketing open to strong criticism and without a mandate to fully evaluate its effects. This chapter considers the implications of this and proposes a way forward. Following an orientating overview of social marketing’s evolution, it is proposed that being able to incorporate the framing effects of power through a critical social marketing lens would support social marketing in countering its critics and offer quality self-review. A discussion of what kinds of power can be wielded through organisations acknowledges that an ethical decision-making process is fundamental. Moreover, it would be important for any ethical codes to encourage challenging thinking that takes full account of interventions, including inadvertent effects, and must be guided by the moral intensity of the social issue. High quality evaluative research would offer a means to critically engage with the impact of social marketing on quality of life and provide an ongoing source of educational development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andreasen, A. (1994). Social marketing: Its definition and domain. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 13(1), 108–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, A. (1995). Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, A. (2002). Marketing social marketing in the social change market place. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(1), 3–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, A. (2006). Social marketing in the twenty-first century. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anker, T. B., & Kappel, K. (2011). Ethical challenges in commercial social marketing. In G. Hastings, K. Angus, & C. Bryant (Eds.), The sage handbook of social marketing (pp. 284–297). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arndt, J. (1985). On making marketing science more scientific: Role of orientations, paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving. Journal of Marketing, 49(Summer), 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babeau, O. (2007). Granting disorder a place in ethics: Organization’s deviant practices and ethics. In C. Carter, S. Clegg, M. Kornberger, S. Laske, & M. Messner (Eds.), Business ethics as practice (pp. 32–48). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bachrach, P., & Baratz, M. S. (1962). Two faces of power. The American Political Science Review, 56(4), 947–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, T. (1981). “Objective” interests and the sociology of power. Sociology, 15, 161–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenkert, G. G. (2002). Ethical challenges of social marketing. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21(1), 14–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenkert, G. G. (2008). Marketing ethics. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, L., & Binney, W. (2010). Fear, guilt, and shame appeals in social marketing. Journal of Business Research, 63, 140–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, D. (2001). Critical marketing theory: The blueprint? European Journal of Marketing, 35(5/6), 722–743.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centeno, M. A., & Cohen, J. N. (2012). The arc of neoliberalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 38, 317–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, S., & Haugaard, M. (2009). The Sage handbook of power. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. (2006). Management ethics, accountability and responsibility. In S. R. Clegg & C. Rhodes (Eds.), Management ethics. Contemporary contexts (pp. 113–134). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, A., & Desmond, J. (2002). Societal marketing and morality. European Journal of Marketing, 36(5/6), 548–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dann, S. (2007). Reaffirming the neutrality of the social marketing toolkit: Social marketing as a hammer and social marketers as hired guns. Social Marketing Quarterly, 13(1), 54–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dann, S. (2010). Redefining social marketing with contemporary commercial marketing definitions. Journal of Business Research, 63, 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desmond, J., & Crane, A. (2004). Morality and the consequences of marketing action. Journal of Business Research, 57, 1222–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dholakia, N. (2012). Being critical in marketing studies: The imperative of macro perspective. Journal of Macromarketing, 32(2), 220–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dibb, S. (2014). Up, up and away: Social marketing breaks free. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(11/12), 1159–1185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domegan, C., Collins, K., Stead, M., McHugh, P., & Hughes, T. (2013). Value co-creation in social marketing: Functional or fanciful? Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), 239–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, R. (2011). Social marketing’s mythunderstandings. Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 8–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, R., & Henley, N. (2010). Social marketing. Principles and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, N., Fitchett, J., Higgins, M., Jack, G., Lim, M., Saren, M., & Tadajewski, M. (2011). Marketing. A critical textbook. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, P., & Spicer, A. (2014). Power in management and organization. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 237–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, F. A., & Kotler, P. (1980). The marketing of social causes: The first 10 years. Journal of Marketing, 44(Fall), 24–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, J., & Blair-Stevens, C. (2006). Improving lives together: Harnessing the best behavioural intervention and social marketing approaches. London: Westminster City Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry, M.-L. (2104). Rethinking social marketing: Towards a sociality of consumption. Journal of Social Marketing, 4(3), 210–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-02-2014-0011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. (2011). Critical social marketing: Definition, application and domain. Journal of Social Marketing, 1(2), 82–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. (2013). Unlocking the potential of upstream social marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 47(9), 1525–1547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurrieri, L., Brace-Govan, J., & Previte, J. (2014). Neoliberalism, and managed health: Fallacies, facades and inadvertent effects. Journal of Macromarketing. doi:10.1177/0276146714542953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurrieri, L., Previte, J., & Brace-Govan, J. (2013). Women’s bodies of sites of control: Inadvertent stigma and exclusion in social marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 33(2), 128–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G. (2003). Relational paradigms in social marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 23(1), 6–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G. (2007). Social marketing: Why should devil have all the best tunes? London: Butterworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G. (2013). The marketing matrix. How the corporations gets its power – And how we can reclaim it. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G., & Angus, K. (2011). When is social marketing not social marketing? Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 45–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G., & Domegan, C. (2014). Social marketing: From tunes to symphonies. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, G., & Saren, M. (2003). The critical contribution of social marketing. Marketing Theory, 3(3), 305–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, C. R. (1998). De-facing power. Polity, 31(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, J. (2011). Critical marketing: Applications. In G. Hastings, K. Angus, & C. Bryant (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social marketing (pp. 241–252). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, J., & Jones, S. (2011). Regulation, public health and social marketing: A behaviour change trinity. Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 32–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, A. (2010). Megamarketing: The creation of markets as a social process. Journal of Marketing, 74(March), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Social Marketing Association. (2014). Definition of social marketing. http://www.i-socialmarketing.org/about-us-ftr#.VD3plWPvFx0. Accessed 14 Oct 2014.

  • Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, K. J., Edwards, R. W., Comello, M. L. G., Plested, B. A., Thurman, P. J., & Slater, M. D. (2003). The community readiness model: A complementary approach to social marketing. Marketing Theory, 3(4), 411–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourne, W., McDonagh, P., & Prothero, A. (1997). Sustainable consumption and the quality of life: A macromarketing challenge to the dominant social paradigm. Journal of Macromarketing, 17(4), 4–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., Brown, L., Adam, S., Burton, S., & Armstrong, G. (2009). Marketing (7th ed.). Australia: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Social marketing: Improving the quality of life. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social marketing: An approach to planned social change. Journal of Marketing, 35, 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laczniak, G. R., & Murphy, P. E. (2006). Normative perspectives for ethical and socially responsible marketing. Journal of Macromarketing, 26(2), 154–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laing, A. (2003). Marketing in the public sector: Towards a typology of public services. Marketing Theory, 3(4), 427–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, R. C. (2011). An integrative model for social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 54–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luca, N. R., & Suggs, L. S. (2010). Strategies for the social marketing mix: A systematic review. Social Marketing Quarterly, 16(4), 122–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power: A radical view. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (2005). Power: A radical view (2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maibach, E. W., Abroms, L. C., & Marosits, M. (2007). Communication and marketing as tools to cultivate the public’s health: A proposed ‘People and Places’ framework. BMC Public Health, 7, 88. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-88 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/88

  • Marion, G. (2006). Marketing ideology and criticism: Legitimacy and legitimization. Marketing Theory, 6(4), 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marques, S., & Domegan, C. (2011). Relationship marketing and social marketing. In G. Hastings, K. Angus, & C. Bryant (Eds.), The sage handbook of social marketing (pp. 44–60). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McAuley, A. (2014). Reflections on a decade in social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 4(1), 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott, L., Stead, M., & Hastings, G. (2005). What is and what is not social marketing: The challenge of reviewing the evidence. Journal of Marketing Management, 21, 545–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, P., & Domegan, C. (2013). From reductionism to holism: How social marketing captures the bigger picture through collaborative system indicators. In K. Kubacki & S. Rundle-Thiele (Eds.), Contemporary issues in social marketing. Cambridge Scholars: Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie-Mohr, D. (2000). New ways to promote proenvironmental behaviour: An introduction to community-based social marketing. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 543–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie-Mohr, D., & Schultz, P. W. (2014). Choosing effective behaviour change tools. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20(1), 35–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messner, M. (2007). Being accountable and being responsible. In C. Carter, S. Clegg, M. Kornberger, S. Laske, & M. Messner (Eds.), Business ethics as practice (pp. 49–67). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6, 42. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42 http://www.implementationscience.com/content/6/1/42

  • Moor, L. (2011). Neoliberal experiments: Social marketing and the governance of populations. In D. Zwick & J. Cayla (Eds.), Inside marketing, practices, ideologies, devices (pp. 299–319). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Morriss, P. (2002). Power: A philosophical analysis (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muetzelfeldt, M. (2006). Management ethics and public management. In S. R. Clegg & C. Rhodes (Eds.), Management ethics. Contemporary contexts (pp. 99–112). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. E., Lacziniak, G. R., & Prothero, A. (2012). Ethics in marketing. International cases and perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Social Marketing Centre (NSMC). (undated). Social Marketing National Benchmark Criteria. www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/sgp/A328466.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct 2014.

  • Nye, J. S., Jr. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peattie, K., & Peattie, S. (2003). Ready to fly solo? Reducing social marketing’s dependence on commercial marketing theory. Marketing Theory, 3(3), 365–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peattie, K., & Peattie, S. (2009). Social marketing: A pathway to consumption reduction? Journal of Business Research, 62, 260–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peattie, K., & Peattie, S. (2011). The social marketing mix – A critical review. In G. Hastings, K. Angus, & C. Bryant (Eds.), The sage handbook of social marketing (pp. 152–166). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pechmann, C., & Slater, M. D. (2005). Social marketing messages that may motivate irresponsible consumption behaviour. In W. Ratneshwar & D. G. Mick (Eds.), Inside consumption (pp. 185–207). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raftopoulou, E., & Hogg, M. K. (2010). The political role of government-sponsored social marketing campaigns. European Journal of Marketing, 44(7/8), 1206–1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangan, V. K., Karim, S., & Sandberg, S. K. (1996). Do better at doing good. Harvard Business Review, 74, 42–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N., & Miller, P. (1992). Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government. The British Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 173–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1999). Carrots, sticks, and promises: A conceptual framework for the management of public health and social issue behaviors. Journal of Marketing, 63(October), 24–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell-Bennet, R., Previte, J., Gallegos, D., Hartel, C. E. J., Smith, G., & Hamilton, R. (2013a). A services approach to social marketing programs. In K. Kubacki & S. Rundle-Thiele (Eds.), Contemporary issues in social marketing. Newcastle-Upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell-Bennett, R., Wood, M., & Previte, J. (2013b). Fresh ideas: Services thinking for social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), 223–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saren, M. (2011). Critical marketing: Theoretical underpinnings. In G. Hastings, K. Angus, & C. Bryant (Eds.), The Sage handbook of social marketing (pp. 95–106). London: Sage Publications.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sargeant, A. (2005). Marketing management for nonprofit organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. (2001). Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seemann, S., Laske, S., & Kornberger, M. (2007). The constitution of ethics: Discourse, practice and conflict in health-care center. In C. Carter, S. Clegg, M. Kornberger, S. Laske, & M. Messner (Eds.), Business ethics as practice (pp. 190–208). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shove, E. (2010). Beyond the ABC: Climate change policy and theories of social change. Environment and Planning A, 42, 1273–1285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotswood, F., & Tapp, A. (2013). Beyond persuasion: A cultural perspective of behaviour. Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), 275–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spotswood, F., French, J., Tapp, A., & Stead, M. (2012). Some reasonable but uncomfortable questions about social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 2(3), 163–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Statler, M., & Oppegaard, K. (2007). Practical wisdom: Integrating ethics and effectiveness in organizations. In C. Carter, S. Clegg, M. Kornberger, S. Laske, & M. Messner (Eds.), Business ethics as practice (pp. 169–189). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmigin, I., Bengry-Howell, A., Griffin, C., Hackley, C., & Mistral, W. (2011). Social marketing, individual responsibility and the “culture of intoxication”. European Journal of Marketing, 45(5), 759–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tadajewski, M. (2010). Towards a history of critical marketing studies. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9–10), 773–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tadajewski, M. (2014). What is critical marketing studies? Reading macro, social and critical marketing studies. In R. Varey & M. Pirson (Eds.), Humanistic marketing. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadajewski, M., Chelekis, J., DeBerry-Spence, B., Figueiredo, B., Kravets, O., Nuttavuthisit, K., Penaloza, L., & Moisander, J. (2014). The discourses of marketing and development: Towards ‘critical transformative marketing research’. Journal of Marketing Management. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2014.952660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tapp, A., & Spotswood, F. (2013). From the 4Ps to COM-SM: Reconfiguring the social marketing mix. Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), 206–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R., & Sustein, C. (2008). Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usher, R. (2006). Management ethics and organizational networks. In S. R. Clegg & C. Rhodes (Eds.), Management ethics. Contemporary contexts (pp. 135–154). Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wymer, W. (2010). Rethinking the boundaries of social marketing: Activism or advertising? Journal of Business Research, 63, 99–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wymer, W. (2011). Developing more effective social marketing strategies. Journal of Social Marketing, 1(1), 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Brace-Govan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brace-Govan, J. (2015). Faces of Power, Ethical Decision Making and Moral Intensity. Reflections on the Need for Critical Social Marketing. In: Wymer, W. (eds) Innovations in Social Marketing and Public Health Communication. Applying Quality of Life Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19869-9_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics