Abstract
The response of a system to dynamic excitation depends on the interaction between the forcing function and the system. In practice, change in material properties due to aging, fatigue, or the experience of a hazard are major challenges to the designer. This chapter discusses the effect of material deterioration on the dynamic properties of reinforced concrete structures with consideration to strain compatibility. Aging and loss of steel bond to concrete have significant effects on dynamic response. Aging causes a drop in compressive strength, hence in axial and flexural capacity, altering column interaction diagrams, or beam-column joint strength. The effect of aging in standing structures can be measured through coring and lab tests, but loss of bond is harder to evaluate because its mechanism is interior to structural members. Causes of bond deterioration include poor concrete mix, placement, or protection from chemical agents. However, well-designed mixes and placed materials may lose bond when subjected to an earthquake. Steel bond testing was performed and documented in literature, but there is still a gap in field data. A mathematical model is developed to illustrate the relationship between bond loss and concrete frame stiffness. Field assessment and remedial measures are discussed for structures that are suspected of, or diagnosed with, loss of bond. If the structure is salvageable, such effects call for specialized repairs as a preventive measure against subsequent events. But if loss of bond during an earthquake goes into an irreversible deformation range, the possibility of collapse increases or the structure becomes a candidate for disposal.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Zuber, B., Marchand, J.: Modeling the deterioration of hydrated cement systems exposed to frost action; part 1: description of the mathematical model. Cem. Concr. Res. 30(12), 1929–1939 (2000)
Powers, T.C.: A working hypothesis for further studies on frost resistance of concrete. Research Laboratory of the Portland Cement Association. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 16(4), 245–272 (1945)
Naik, T.R.: Sustainability of concrete construction. ASCE Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr. 13(2), 98–103 (2008)
Jacobs, J.B. (ed.): European Concrete Platform: Sustainable Benefits of Concrete Structures. Brussels, Belgium (2008)
Park, S.B., Seo, D.S., Lee, J.: Studies on the sound absorption characteristics of porous concrete based on the content of recycled aggregate and target void ratio. Cem. Concr. Res. 35(9), 1846–1854 (2005)
Nordby, G.M.: Fatigue of concrete: a review of research. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 30(2), 191–219 (1958)
Powers, T.C., Copeland, L.E., Hayes, J.C., Mann, H.M.: Permeability of Portland cement paste. J. Am. Concr. Inst. 51(3), 285–298 (1954)
Powers, T.C.: The physical structure and engineering properties of concrete. Bulletin No. 90. Res. Dev. Lab. Portland Cem. Assoc. 1958, 1–28 (1958)
Powers, T.C., Helmuth, R.A.: Theory of volume changes in Hardened Portland cement paste during freezing. Highw. Res. Board Proc. 32, 285–297 (1953)
Green, H.: Impact strength of concrete. Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. London 28(3), 383–396 (1964)
Ople. F.S., Hulsbos, C.L.: Probable fatigue life of plain concrete with stress gradient. Research report. ACI J. 63(2), 59–81 (1966)
Collins, M.P.: In Search of Elegance: The Evolution of the Art of Structural Engineering in the Western World. ACI, Concrete International 23(7), 55–72 (2001)
Sorensen, A.: The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. Routledge, New York (2005)
El-Numeiri, M., Gupta, P.: Sustainable Structure of Tall and Special Buildings. CTBUH 2\(^{nd}\) Annual Special Edition. In: Tall Sustainability, ed. Antony Wind, Wiley, 17(5), (2009)
Smith, B.S., Coull, A.: Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design. Wiley, New York (1991)
AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction Design Specifications. AISC Manual 13th edn. New York (2010)
Segui, W.T.: Steel Design, 5th edn. Cengage Learning, Stamford (2012)
Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S.: Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects. Architect. Sci. Rev. 50(3), 205–223 (2007)
Oldfield, P., Trabucco, D., Wood, A.: Five energy generations of tall buildings: a historical analysis of energy consumption in high-rise buildings. Journal of Architecture 14(5), 591–613 (2009)
Oldfield, P., Wood, A.: Tall building in the Global Recession: 2008, 2020, and beyond. Counc. Tall Build. Urban Habitat (CTBUH) J. 1, 20–26 (2009)
Ann, K.Y., Moon, H.Y., Kim, Y.B., Ryou, J.: Durability of recycled aggregate concrete using pozzolanic materials. Waste Manage. 28(6), 993–999 (2008)
Damineli, B.M., Kemeid, F.M., Aguiar, P.S., John, V.M.: Measuring the eco-efficiency of cement use. Cem. Concr. Composit. 32(8), 555–562 (2010)
Mehta, P.K.: Global concrete industry sustainability. Concr. Int. 31(2), 45–48 (2009)
Al-Mutairi, N., Haque, M.N.: Strength and durability of concrete made with crushed concrete as coarse aggregates. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recycling and Reuse of Waste Materials, pp. 499–506. Scotland, UK (2003)
Katz, A.: Properties of concrete made with recycled aggregate from partially hydrated old concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 33(5), 703–711 (2003)
Gomez-Soberon, J.M.V.: Porosity of recycled concrete with substitution of recycled concrete aggregate. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(8), 1301–1311 (2002)
AASHTO MP 16: Standard specification for reclaimed concrete aggregate for use as coarse aggregate in hydraulic cement concrete. In: American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, US (2010)
Gonzalez-Fonteboa, B., Martinez-Abella, F.: Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume: materials and mechanical properties. Build. Environ. 43, 429–437 (2008)
Kayali, O., Haque, M., Khatib, J.: Sustainability and emerging concrete materials and their relevance to the Middle East. Open Constr. Build. Technol. J. 2(1), 103–110 (2008)
Cole, R.J.: Energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the construction of alternative structural systems. Build. Environ. 34(3), 335–348 (1999)
Olorunsogo, F.T., Padayachee, N.: Performance of recycled aggregate concrete monitored by durability indexes. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(2), 179–185 (2002)
Alexander, M.G., Ballim, Y., Maketchnie, J.R.: Guide to the use of durability indexes for achieving durability in concrete structures. Collaborative Research by Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand. Res. Monogr. 35(2), (1999)
Hasaba, S., Kawamura, M., Torik, K., Takemoto, K.: Drying shrinkage and durability of concrete made of recycled concrete aggregate. Collaborative Research by Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand. Trans. Jpn. Concr. Inst. 3, 55–60 (1981)
Bertolini, L.: Steel corrosion and service life of reinforced concrete structures. J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 4(2), 123–137 (2008)
Troxell, G.E., Raphael, J.M., Davis, R.E.: Long-time creep and shrinkage tests of plain and reinforced concrete. Proc. ASTM 58, 1–20 (1958)
Shank, J.R.: Plastic flow of concrete at high overload. ACI J. 20(6), 68–76 (1949)
Hansen, T.C.: Elasticity and drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete. ACI J. 82(5), 648–652 (1985)
Washa, G., Fluck, D.: Effect of sustained loading on compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete. ACI J. 46(5), 693–700 (1950)
Levtchitch, V., Kvasha, V., Boussalis, H., Chassiakos, A., Kosmatopoulos, E.: Seismic performance capacities of old concrete. In: Proceedings, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B. C., Canada, 1–6 Aug 2004, Paper No. 2182 (2004)
Levtchitch, V.: Shear fatigue and seismic response of reinforced concrete flexural members. Cyprus J. Sci. Technol. Nicosia 1(3), 22–32 (1997)
Cornelissen, H.A.W., Reinhardt, H.W.: Uniaxial tensile fatigue failure of concrete under constant-amplitude and programme loading. Mag. Concr. Res. 36(129), 216–226 (1984)
Kim, J.K., Han, S.H., Song, Y.C.: Effect of temperature and aging on the mechanical properties of concrete: part I. Experimental results. Cem. Concr. Res. 32(7), 1087–1094 (2002)
Washa, G.W., Wendt, K.F.: Fifty Year properties of concrete. ACI J. Proc. 71–4, 20–28 (1975)
Withey, M.O.: Fifty year compression test of concrete. ACI J. Proce. 58(6), 695–712 (1961)
American Concrete Institute, ACI 224R–90: Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 3, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI (1992)
Base, G.D.: Control of Flexural Cracking in Reinforced Concrete. Civil Engineering Transactions, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, CE 18(1), 20–23 (1976)
Guide to Concrete Repair: Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Denver, CO (1996)
American Concrete Institute: Concrete Repair Manual, 4th edn, vol. 1, 2 (2013)
Popovics, S.: New formulas for the prediction of the effects of porosity on concrete strength. Am. Concr. Inst. J. Proc. 82(2), 136–146 (1985)
Chen, X., Wu, S., Zhou, J.: Influence of porosity on compressive and tensile strength of cement mortar. Construct. Build. Mater. 40, 869–874 (2013)
Bartlett, F.M., MacGregor, J.G.: Assessment of concrete strength in existing structures. Structural Report No. 198, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (1994)
American Concrete Institute: Specifications for Structural Concrete—ACI 301–05. Publication SP-15, Field Reference Manual, Farmington Hills (2005)
Saether, I.: Bond deterioration of corroded steel bars in concrete. J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 7(6), 415–429 (2011)
American Concrete Institute, ACI Committee 318–11: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. ACI 318–11. MI (2011)
Gulikers, J.: Pitfalls and practical implications in durability design of reinforced concrete structures. In: Proceedings of the 4th International RILEM PhD Workshop on Advances in Modeling Concrete Service Life, Madrid, Spain (2010)
Materials Properties Model of Aging Concrete. Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Denver CO (2005)
Shi, Z.: Crack Analysis in Structural Concrete: Theory and Applications. Elsevier, New York (2009)
Hunaiti, Y.: Aging effect on bond strength in composite sections. ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng. 6(4), 469–473 (1994)
Goto, Y.: Cracks formed in concrete around deformed tension bars. ACI J. 68(2), 244–251 (1971)
Lutz, L.A.: Analysis of stresses in concrete near a reinforcing bar due to bond and transverse cracking. ACI J. Proc. 67(10), 778–787 (1970)
Scott, R.H., Gill, P.A.T.: Short-term distributions of strain and bond stress along tension reinforcement. Struct. Eng. 65B(2), 39–48 (1987)
Filippou, F.C., Popov, E.P., Bertero, V.V.: Modeling of reinforced concrete joints under cyclic excitations. ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 109(11), 2666–2684 (1983)
Hansen, R.J., Liepins, A.A.: Behavior of bond in dynamic loading. ACI J. 59, 563–583 (1962)
Spacone, E., Filippou, F.C., Taucer, F.F.: Fiber beam-column model for non-linear analysis of R/C frames, part 1: formulation. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 25(7), 711–725 (1996)
Mathey, R.G., Watstein, D.: Investigation of bond in beam and pullout specimens with high-yield strength deformed bars. ACI J. T. No. 57–50, 1071–1089 (1961)
Ferguson, P.M., Robert, I., Thompson, J.N.: Development length of high strength reinforcing bars in bond. ACI J. T. No. 59–17, 887–922 (1962)
Ferguson, P.M., Breen, J.E., Thompson, J.N.: Pull out tests on high strength reinforcing bars. ACI J. T. No 62–55, 933–950 (1966)
Abrishami, H., Mitchell, D.: Simulation of uniform bond stress. ACI Mater. J. 89(2), 161–168 (1992)
Malvar, L.J.: Bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement. ACI Mater. J. 89(6), 593–601 (1992)
Bazant, Z.P., Bhat, P.D.: Prediciton of hysteresis of reinforced concrete members. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 103(ST1), 153–167 (1977)
Rabbat, B.G., Russel, H.G.: Friction coefficient of steel on concrete or grout. ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 111(3), 505–515 (1985)
Baltay, R., Gjelsvik, A.: Coefficient of friction for steel on concrete at high normal stress. ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng. 2(1), 46–49 (1990)
Chalhoub, M.S.: Seismic design and dynamic response of reinforced concrete buildings with the effects of deterioration. Working paper, CEM Rep. No. 02–2014 (2014)
Lee, M.G., Chiu, C.T., Wang, Y.C.: The study of bond strength and bond durability of reactive powder concrete. J. ASTM Int. 2(7), 12960 (2005)
Banon, H., Biggs, J.M., Irvine, H.M.: Seismic damage to reinforced concrete frames. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 107(ST9), 1713–1729 (1981)
Emori, K., Schnobrich, W.C.: Inelastic behavior of concrete frame-wall structures. ASCE J. Struct. Div. 107(ST1), 145–164 (1981)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Chalhoub, M.S. (2015). Effect of Reinforced Concrete Deterioration and Damage on the Seismic Performance of Structures. In: Belhaq, M. (eds) Structural Nonlinear Dynamics and Diagnosis. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 168. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19851-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19851-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19850-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19851-4
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)