Abstract
The historical Habsburg Tyrol was extensively mapped from the 18th to the 20th centuries, since it represented the “south of Mitteleuropa”. These historical maps have their main foci on the southern boundaries and rivers network: measuring the Empires as a form of practical geopolitics through state “sponsorship”. In this mainly methodological paper a cartographic time-series was considered as a data-set, one which starts after the First Military Survey (not including the Tyrol): from Kriegskarte by von Zach (1798–1805, 1:28.800), to the Third Military Survey (1869–87, 1:25.000). Faced with cartographies composed of hundreds of map-sheets, with a good positional accuracy and mainly not georeferenced, it is necessary to place them in a common reference system (ETRF89 UTM), in order to compare with present-day reference maps for geospatial analysis and dissemination purposes: each map-sheet needs to be localizable avoiding a massive initial georeferencing/mosaicking process onto the whole data-set. Thus, our current work centres on developing a methodology for regional purposes, using a map-sheets overview (index map-sheet), often neglected in a GIS-framework. Using archival documents alongside maps and contemporary literature, the native reference systems were investigated. The 4-step map-to-map workflow is: (a) assign to index-maps the native (or comparable) reference system; (b) shift from Ferro to Greenwich (longitude rotation); (c) perform the geographic datum transformation to WGS84; (d) reproject in ETRF89 UTM. The first results are georeferenced index-maps that readily provide the 4-corner coordinates of each map-sheet for subsequent georeferencing, assigning the corner coordinates (from index-map) to corresponding corner-points (onto a single sheet) without identifying landmark/control points on old and reference maps.
This paper is the result of a collaborative effort by Marco Mastronunzio and Elena Dai Prà, who are responsible for paragraphs 1, 3, 4, 5, and paragraphs 2 and 6 respectively.
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Notes
- 1.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Dino Buffoni (Head of the Geodetic Office of the Autonomous Province of Trento’s Cadastre Service) for his kind help with all issues regarding cadastral survey and mapping.
- 2.
Accessed on the manuscript translated into Italian for former Tyrol territories, Istruzione per attivare la misurazione dei territorj […], conserved at the Cadastre Museum of the Autonomous Region Trentino/South Tyrol. More significant, in terms of the relationship between the cadastral and topographical survey, is the manuscript Instruction über die Reduzierung der Katastermappen und die hiernach zu verfertigenden militärischen Aufnahmssektionen, conserved at the Kriegsarchiv (Vienna). The latter dates from 1821, earlier than the Instruction which is from 1824.
- 3.
The German term Mitteleuropa (literally “Middle Europe”) refers to historical “Central Europe”, intended here with the Austrian Empire connotation from a cultural and intellectual point-of-view which partially corresponds to the former Austrian Empire.
- 4.
The authors would like to thank engineer Heinz König (former Head of the Department of International Affairs and State Boundaries, BEV-Bundesamtes für Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Vienna) for his kind help with all issues regarding BEV map-production.
- 5.
Digitized using a flatbed cold-light scanner in multi-resolution format (bit depth RGB 24 bits, TIFF master files 600 dpi, JPEG 300 dpi and 72 dpi for web).
- 6.
The so-called “Marinoni table”, Messtisch in German.
- 7.
Übersichtblatt or Skelett in German.
- 8.
Ferro was the most common classical prime meridian of Habsburg mapmaking from the late 18th century onwards and, in the Republic period, until the 20th century. Moreover this is clear from evidence in several index-maps (“östl. L. v. Ferro”).
- 9.
German title: Dritte Landesaufnahme (or Franzisco-Josephinische Landesaufnahme or Neue Aufnahme). Index-map and map-sheets used in the present case-study are conserved in the Archive of BEV (Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen, Vienna). For an overview of this map, see Abart et al. (2011).
- 10.
Complete German title: Übersichtsblatt zur Militär-Landesaufnahme und zur Spetialkarte der österr.-ungar. Monarchie.
- 11.
- 12.
Long. 33° 57′ 27,08″ E of Ferro.
- 13.
dx = x axis translation (m); dy = y axis translation (m); dz = z axis translation (me); rx = x axis rotation (arc-sec); ry = y axis rotation (arc-sec); rz = z axis rotation (arc-sec); ds = scale difference (ppm).
- 14.
German title: Erste Landesaufnahme (or Josephinische Landesaufnahme).
- 15.
Title: Topographisch-geometrische Kriegskarte von dem Herzogthum Venedig […] 1801–1805 aufgenommen […]. Nowadays stored at the Kriegsarchiv (Vienna). The most valuable and comprehensive study on this map is the book by Rossi (2005).
- 16.
German title: Zweite Landesaufnahme (or Franziszeische Landesaufnahme). Note that the archival title of the Kriegskarte is the same as the Second Military Survey: Franziszeische Landesaufnahme Venetien.
- 17.
The Zach-Oriani hybrid ellipsoid (1810) was later used for cadastral survey (Buffoni et al. 2003). Both ellipsoids have the same 1/f = 310, but a different semi-major axis: a = 6376480 m (Zach-1809); a = 6376130 m (Zach-Oriani-1810). Originally, the Zach-1809 has a = 3362035 Wiener Klafter, but with the Wiener Klafter length prior to 1871 (see above, note 11).
- 18.
As argued (Timár 2009), the Second Survey regarding the Tyrol was performed using a different Datum, centred in Innsbruck (the same used later for cadastre); such analysis considers, for the Tyrol, the Reininger map of 1816–21 (stored at Kriegsarchiv, Vienna). However, the first survey of the Tyrol was the Lutz map finished in 1806 (also as Originalaufnahme, stored at the Tiroler Landesarchiv, Innsbruck) and it represents the first survey ever “within” the Second Survey, whereas the Reininger map represents its Reambulierung (updating). This means that the Lutz map could not have had a geodetic basis as it predates the Vienna Datum and the Zach ellipsoid. The Lutz map and Kriegskarte share this “in-between” feature, otherwise defined, for the Tyrol, as “Survey Number One and a Half” (Timár 2009).
- 19.
There are some inconsistencies between the St. Stephan Turm coordinates of the Vienna Datum-1806. Mugnier (2004) and Timár et al. (2006) report Lat. 48° 12′ 31, 5277″N, Long. 16° 22′ 27, 3275″E of Greenwich (originally 34° 02′ 13, 3275″E of Ferro, following the Albrecht-deviation of 17° 39′ 46″ used throughout the Empire); instead Mugnier (1999) and Timár (2004) report Lat. 48° 12′ 34″N, Long. 16° 22′ 29″E of Greenwich (34° 02′ 15″E of Ferro).
- 20.
Contrary to von Nischer-Falkenhof (1937) and contrary to the map title, from 1801.
- 21.
Moreover, von Zach was the first to introduce (and invent) the false origins method to obtain only positive length values: false easting was the fingierte Meridianer and false northing was the Perpendikel (von Zach 1803a).
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Mastronunzio, M., Dai Prà, E. (2016). Who Needs Mitteleuropa Old Maps? Present-day Applications of Habsburg Cartographic Heritage. In: Gartner, G., Jobst, M., Huang, H. (eds) Progress in Cartography. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19602-2_19
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