Summary
Apexogenesis is a vital pulp therapy procedure to encourage continued root development and maturation with normal root thickness. Apexification is an endodontic procedure that aims to either induce a hard tissue barrier in a tooth with an open apex or the continued apical development of an incomplete root in teeth with apical periodontitis. Revascularization and regeneration procedures are newer methods that allows for new living tissue to form in the cleaned canal space allowing for continued root development in terms of both length and thickness.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Logan WHG, Kronfeld R. Development of the human jaws and surrounding structures from birth to the age of fifteen years. J Am Dent Assoc. 1933;20(3):379–427.
Trope M. Treatment of immature teeth with non-vital pulps and apical periodontitis. Endod Top. 2006;14:51–9.
Rafter M. Apexification: a review. Dent Traumatol. 2005;21(1):1–8.
Tenca JI, Tsamtsouris A. Continued root development: apexogenesis and apexification. J Pedodon. 1978;2:144–57.
American Association of Endodontics. Glossary of endodontic terms. 8th ed. Chicago: American Association of Endodontist; 2012.
Cvek M. Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. I. Follow-up of periapical repair and apical closure of immature roots. Odontol Revy. 1972;23(1):27.
Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Treatment of teeth with open apices using mineral trioxide aggregate. Pract Periodont Aesthet Dent. 2000;12:315–20.
Witherspoon DE, Ham K. One visit apexification: technique for inducing root end-barrier formation in apical closures. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent. 2001;13:455–60.
Steinig TH, Regan JD, Gutmann JL. The use and predictable placement of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate in one-visit apexification cases. Aust Endo J. 2003;29:34–42.
Aminoshariae A, Hartwell GR, Moon PC. Placement of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate using two different methods. J Endod. 2003;29:679–82.
Felippe WT, Felippe MC, Rocha MJ. The effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. Int Endod J. 2006;39:2–9.
Simon S, Rilliard F, Berdal A, Machtou P. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate in one-visit apexification treatment: a prospective study. Int Endod J. 2007;40(3):186–97.
Cvek M. Prognosis of luxated non-vital maxillary incisors treated with calcium hydroxide and filled with gutta-percha. A retrospective clinical study. Dent Traumatol. 1992;8:45–55.
Sheehy EC, Roberts GJ. Use of calcium hydroxide for apical barrier formation and healing in non-vital immature permanent teeth: a review. Br Dent J. 1997;183:241–6.
Katebzadeh N, Dalton RC, Trope M. Strengthening immature teeth during and after apexification. J Endod. 1998;24:256–9.
Andreasen JO, Farik B, Munksgaard EC. Long-term calcium hydroxide as root canal dressing may increase risk of root fracture. Dent Traumatol. 2002;18:134–7.
Garcia‐Godoy F, Murray PE. Recommendations for using regenerative endodontic procedures in permanent immature traumatized teeth. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(1):33–41.
Andreasen JO, Bakland LK. Pulp regeneration after non-infected and infected necrosis, what type of tissue do we want? A review. Dent Traumatol. 2012;28(1):13–8.
Wigler R, Kaufman AY, Lin S, Steinbock N, Hazan-Molina H, Torneck CD. Revascularization: a treatment for permanent teeth with necrotic pulp and incomplete root development. J Endod. 2013;39(3):319–26.
Hargreaves KM, Diogenes A, Teixeira FB. Treatment options: biological basis of regenerative endodontic procedures. J Endod. 2013;39(3):S30–43.
Chueh LH, Huang GTJ. Immature teeth with periradicular periodontitis or abscess undergoing apexogenesis: a paradigm shift. J Endod. 2006;32(12):1205–13.
Huang GTJ. Apexification: the beginning of its end. Int Endod J. 2009;42:855–66.
Sato I, Ando-Kurihara N, Kota K, Iwaku M, Hoshino E. Sterilization of infected root-canal dentine by topical application of a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline in situ. Int Endod J. 1996;29:118–24.
Hoshino E, Kurihara-Ando N, Sato I, et al. In-vitro antibacterial susceptibility of bacteria taken from infected root dentine to a mixture of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline. Int Endod J. 1996;29:125–30.
Yanpiset K, Trope M. Pulp revascularization of replanted immature dog teeth after different treatment methods. Dent Traumatol. 2000;16:211–7.
Iwaya S, Ikawa M, Kubota M. Revascularization of an immature permanent tooth with apical periodontitis and sinus tract. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17:185–7.
Ritter AL, Ritter AV, Murrah V, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Pulp revascularization in replanted immature dog teeth after treatment with minocycline and doxycycline assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, radiography, and histology. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20:75–84.
Banchs F, Trope M. Revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis: new treatment protocol? J Endod. 2004;30:196–200.
Winley W, Teixeira F, Levin L, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Disinfection of immature teeth with a triple antibiotic paste. J Endod. 2005;31:439–43.
Paryani K, Kim SG. Regenerative endodontic treatment of permanent teeth after completion of root development: a report of 2 cases. J Endod. 2013;39(7):929–34.
Torabinejad M, Faras H, Corr R, Wright KR, Shabahang S. Histologic examinations of teeth treated with 2 scaffolds: a pilot animal investigation. J Endod. 2014.
Nosrat A, Homayoufar N, Oloomi K. Drawbacks and unfavourable outcomes of regenerative endodontic treatments of necrotic immature teeth: a literature review and report of a case. J Endod. 2012;38(10):1428–34.
Kim J, Kim Y, Shin S, Park J, Jung I. Tooth discolouration of immature permanent incisor associated with triple antibiotic therapy: a case report. J Endod. 2010;36:1086–91.
Petrino J, Boda K, Shambarger S, Bowles W, McClanahan S. Challenges in regenerative endodontics: a case series. J Endod. 2010;36:536–61.
Chen MH, Chen KL, Chen CA, Tayebaty F, Rosenberg PA, Lin LM. Responses of immature permanent teeth with infected necrotic pulp tissue and apical periodontitis/abscess to revascularization procedures. Int Endo J. 2012;45(3):294–305.
Hargreaves KM, Geisler T, Henry M, Wang Y. Regeneration potential of the young permanent tooth: what does the future hold? J Endod. 2008;34(7):S51–6.
Diogenes A, Henry MA, Teixeira FB, Hargreaves KM. An update on clinical regenerative endodontics. Endod Top. 2013;28(1):2–23.
Nair PNR. What is on the horizon? J Conserv Dent. 2014;17:1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patel, B. (2016). Apexogenesis, Apexification, Revascularization and Endodontic Regeneration. In: Patel, B. (eds) Endodontic Treatment, Retreatment, and Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19476-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19476-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19475-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19476-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)