Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiac Diseases

  • Chapter
Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices

  • 129k Accesses

Abstract

Clinical trial design inclusion criteria typically require that patients be on optimal medical therapy prior to their enrollment or randomization, i.e., they are currently being managed by medical regimens proven to be safe and effective and considered standard in clinical practice for the particular disease state being studied. Only if this is the case can any trial’s clinical or statistical significance be determined between study groups. This chapter outlines the current optimal medical management/therapy for patients eliciting: (1) hypertension, (2) acute coronary syndromes and myocardial infarction, (3) heart failure, and/or (4) arrhythmias.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ward BW, Schiller JS, Goodman RA (2014) Multiple chronic conditions among US adults: a 2012 update. Prev Chronic Dis 11:130389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Murphy SL, Xu JQ, Kochanek KD (2013) Deaths: final data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep 61:1–117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Fryar CD, Chen T, Li X (2012) Prevalence of uncontrolled risk factors for cardiovascular disease: United States, 1999–2010. NCHS data brief, no 103. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD

    Google Scholar 

  4. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM et al (2010) Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2010 update. Circulation 121:948–954

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA et al (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Radford MJ, Heidenreich PA, Bailey SR et al (2007) ACC/AHA 2007 methodology for development of clinical data standards. Circulation 115:936–943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN (2010) US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988–2008. JAMA 303:2043–2050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults–United States, 2003–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61:703–712

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al (2003) The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. JAMA 289:2560–2572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hertz RP, Unger AN, Cornell JA, Saunders E (2005) Racial disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, and management. Arch Intern Med 165:2098–2104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL et al (2014) 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA 311:507–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB et al (2014) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 16:14–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K et al (2013) 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 31:1281–1357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) Hypertension: clinical management of primary hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines: methods, evidence and recommendations. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL et al (2013) Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 127:e6–e245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW et al (2000) ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 102:1193–1209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Report of the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 127:e362–e425

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH et al (2006) Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 354:1477–1488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. King SB 3rd, Smith SC, Hirshfield JW et al (2008) 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 117:261–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd et al (2002) Early and sustained oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:2411–2420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH et al (2005) ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. Circulation 112:e154–e235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 128:e240–e327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Pagley PR, Beller GA, Watson DD et al (1997) Improved outcome after coronary bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and residual myocardial viability. Circulation 96:793–800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fowles RE, Mason JW (1982) Endomyocardial biopsy. Ann Intern Med 97:885–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. The SOLVD Investigators (1991) Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  26. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 316:1429–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. MERIT–HF Study Group (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 253:2001–2007

    Google Scholar 

  28. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB et al (2001) Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group: effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1651–1658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusef S et al (2003) Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-alternative trial. Lancet 362:772–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. The RALES Investigators (1996) Effectiveness of spironolactone added to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]. Am J Cardiol 78:902–907

    Google Scholar 

  31. Franciosa JA, Taylor AL, Cohn JN et al (2002) African-American Heart Failure Trial (A-HeFT): Rationale, design, and methodology. J Card Fail 8:128–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Luu M, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW et al (1989) Diverse mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure. Circulation 80:1675–1680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA et al (2001) Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 285:2370–2375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feinberg CD, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A et al (1995) Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 155:469–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA (2001) Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989–1998. Circulation 104:2158–2163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF (1989) Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmias on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 117:151–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Holbrook A, Schulman S, Witt DM et al (2012) Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2_suppl):e152S–e184S

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W et al (2011) Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke – results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA 285:2864–2870

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen ML, Lip GY (2012) The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0–1: a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 107:1172–1179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A et al (2012) Oral anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic prevention of thrombosis, 9th edn: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2_suppl):e44S–e88S

    Google Scholar 

  41. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:e1–76

    Google Scholar 

  42. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Hafley GE et al (1999) The Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 341:1882–1890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB et al (2005) Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 352:225–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. The Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators (1997) A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 337:1576–1583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Santini M, Pandozi C, Ricci R (2000) Combining antiarrhythmic drugs and implantable devices therapy: benefits and outcomes. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 4:65–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Anderson VC, Burcheil K (1999) A prospective study of long-term intrathecal morphine in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Neurosurgery 44:289–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Albright LA, Gilmartin R, Swift D et al (2003) Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity of cerebral origin. J Neurosurg 98:291–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sarno G, Lagerqvist B, Frobert O (2012) Lower risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis with unrestricted use of ‘new-generation’ drug-eluting stents: a report from the nationwide Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). Eur Heart J 33:606–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Waxman S, Moreno R, Rowe KA, Verrier RL (1999) Persistent primary coronary dilation induced by transatrial delivery of nitroglycerin into the pericardial space: a novel approach for local cardiac drug delivery. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:2073–2077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ujhelyi MR, Hadsall KZ, Eular DE, Mehra R (2002) Intrapericardial therapeutics: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic comparison between pericardial and intravenous procainamide delivery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13:605–611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. van Brakel TJ, Hermans JJ, Janssen BJ et al (2004) Intrapericardial delivery enhances cardiac effects of sotalol and atenolol. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 44:50–56

    Google Scholar 

  52. Slepian MJ (1996) Polymeric endoluminal gel paving: therapeutic hydrogel barriers and sustained delivery depots for local arterial wall biomanipulation. Semin Interv Cardiol 1:103–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Brieger D, Topal E (1997) Local delivery systems and prevention of stenosis. Cardiovasc Res 35:405–413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin, 701 Heartland Trail, Madison, WI, 53717, USA

    Anna Legreid Dopp PharmD

  2. University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA

    Katie Willenborg PharmD, BCPS

Authors
  1. Anna Legreid Dopp PharmD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katie Willenborg PharmD, BCPS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anna Legreid Dopp PharmD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. B172 Mayo, MMC 195, University of Minnesota Department of Surgery, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Paul A. Iaizzo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dopp, A.L., Willenborg, K. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for Cardiac Diseases. In: Iaizzo, P. (eds) Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19464-6_26

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation