Abstract
The history of material equations and hence the development of present material theory as a method to describe the behavior of materials is closely related to the development of continuum theory and associated with the beginning of industrialization towards the end of the 19th century. While on the one hand new concepts such as continuum, stresses and strains, deformable body etc. were introduced by Cauchy, Euler, Leibniz and others and mathematical methods were provided to their description, the pressure of industrialization with the need to ever newer, and likewise reliably secure, developments has led to the fact that more appropriate models for the description of elastic-plastic behavior were introduced. Upon this background, this Chapter wants to introduce into the history of plasticity of the sixties and seventies of last century, and likewise highlight the eminent contributions of A.E. Green and P.M. Naghdi, E.H. Lee and J. Mandel to a modern description of finite plasticity theory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
It should be generally accepted that a strain larger than \(10\,\%\) would violate the requirements of a linear theory.
- 2.
- 3.
Although in their paper the plastic strain has been introduced as a primitive variable, and the elastic-like strain is merely defined by the difference of the total strain and this plastic variable, it is common practice to refer to this sum as an additive decomposition of the strain tensor into its elastic and plastic parts.
- 4.
This insures that X and x are in a one-to-one correspondence, which is reasonable for solid bodies. We note, however, that this assumption also has limitations, e.g. in fracture mechanics, crystallographic slip, lattice distortions, etc., which appear on the microscale level during e.g. plastic deformation.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
This combination with \(m=1\) was introduced by Böck and Holzapfel (2004) as a two-point deformation tensor. The extension to a more general two-parameter form with independent parameters n and m is due to Darijani and Naghdabadi (2010). We here will confine ourselves to the most simple case when \(n=m\).
- 8.
The history of the multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation into elastic and plastic parts seems to be somewhat vague or at least unclear. Different authors mention different origins, and the different disciplines continuum mechanics and materials science involved in this discussion seem to have different sources. In their own paper Lee and Liu (1967) mention: “The concept of an unstressed configuration ...has appeared before in the literature, but does not seem to have been put to satisfactory use.” All in all, it should be almost clear that Eckart (1948) was the first to use local natural configurations in order to separate the elastic from the plastic part of a total deformation. Backman (1964) introduces three continuous configurations, and represents the elastic and plastic components of the total strains in terms of displacement derivatives, which in general cannot be done. It seems that Kröner (1958, 1960) and Bilby et al. (1957) then were the first to use this expression, with respect to sequences of elastic and plastic distortions.
- 9.
The symbol \({(\bullet )}^{\text{ T }}\) herein is used to represent the transpose of the second order tensor.
- 10.
As usual \({\varvec{I}}\) is a second order unit tensor.
- 11.
- 12.
In a review of the development and the usage of internal variables in inelasticity Horstemeyer and Bammann (2010) stated that—with respect to the period between 1870 and 1945: “Over the next 75 years progress (of plasticity) was slow and spotty,...” It seems to the present author that one should be aware that just this period was marked by two big wars that have reduced large amount of Europe and Asia to wrack and ruin.
- 13.
Here for simplicity the notation \((\bullet )' = (\bullet ) - \frac{1}{3}\text {tr}{(\bullet )}{\varvec{I}}\) will be used to mark a deviator of a second order tensor.
- 14.
This amendment was due to Nádai (1931). Nádai having arrived in the USA in 1927 as well as Hencky himself during his time in the former Soviet Union successfully promoted the distribution of this theory.
- 15.
In a generalized manner this is a surface bounding the domain of elastic deformations. In the classical v. Mises stress space formulation a yield function \(\text{ f } = \text{ f }({\varvec{\sigma }}')\) as function of the stress deviator is bound to a so-called yield limit.
- 16.
This function is in general determined by means of the so-called condition of consistency \(\dot{\text{ f }}({\varvec{\sigma }}') = 0\), which during plastic loading forces the stress to stay on the yield surface.
- 17.
To this end scalar-valued and second order tensor-valued internal variables have been introduced to model these phenomena by means of the evolution of these variables.
- 18.
If our notations are used. As objective rate Tokuoka has taken a Jaumann rate—without mentioning this source. Instead he referred to the fundamental work of Truesdell (1955). For the sake of completeness, we add that Truesdell (1952a, b, c, 1955) has introduced the notion of “hypoelasticity” for this specific material, and that in the original forms the tangential stiffness tensor \({\mathbb L}\) has been used in a more general form as function of the stress.
- 19.
Only recently it was demonstrated that this problem was closely related to a second one, namely to prove the integrability of hypoelastic relation (3.51). It turned out that to prove this a new objective time derivative had to be defined which, moreover applied to a yet undetermined Eulerian strain measure, could give the (Eulerian) stretching. It was shown that this (Eulerian) strain had to be the Hencky strain, and the new (objective) time derivative, in turn, was the logarithmic rate. Only with this logarithmic rate applied to \({\varvec{\sigma }}\) Eq. (3.51) could be integrated to give a really elastic relation. We therefore refer to Bruhns (2014b) and the numerous references mentioned therein.
- 20.
Its formulation from a purely mechanical point of view has been developed later by Naghdi and coworkers and others. For details, we refer to Naghdi (1990).
- 21.
Similar internal variables have been first used in line with the amendments of the Prandtl-Reuss relations. We refer e.g. to Bruhns (2014b).
- 22.
Alternatively, the sets \(({\varvec{E}}-{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{\alpha }},\kappa )\) as well as \(({\varvec{S}},{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{\alpha }},\kappa )\) may be useful for certain specific purposes. For instance, the last set is used in a stress space formulation.
- 23.
- 24.
In a general context, Hill and Rice (1973) have demonstrated that such a relation holds true with \(\hat{\psi }\) being a fully general elastic potential relying on the “prior history of inelastic deformation”, and with \(({\varvec{S}},{\varvec{E}})\) any given work-conjugate pair.
- 25.
- 26.
This was initiated by Lee and Liu (1967) and Lee (1969) and use was made by Fox (1968), Willis (1996), Freund (1970), Rice (1971), albeit it may be traced back to earlier works by Eckart (1948), Eglit (1960), Backman (1964), Sedov (1966); see Clayton and McDowell (2003) and the references therein. We also refer to footnote 8.
- 27.
Sometimes the rotational parts incorporated in \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) and even in \({\varvec{F}}\) are loosely said to be “superimposed rigid-body rotations”. This expression may produce an impression as if these rotations might be not so essential. However, essential difference exists between each such rotation and any truly rigid body rotation. The latter is constant at all points in a body and should have no effect on both basic equations of motion and constitutive formulations of material behavior, whereas the former varies from point to point and exhibits essential effects on both. In fact, the rotational parts of \({\varvec{F}}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) are inseparable parts of deformations and deformation rates, and incorporated in constitutive formulations for both elastic and plastic behavior.
- 28.
We note that in this specific case we also have: \({\varvec{C}}_e = {\varvec{V}}_e^2 = {\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}}^{\text{ T }} ={\varvec{B}}_e\), i.e. the left and right Cauchy-Green tensors are equal. Moreover, for an isotropic material, \({\varvec{V}}_e, {\varvec{B}}_e\) and \(\partial \psi /\partial {\varvec{B}}_e\) have the same principal axes so that the products are commutative.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
For details we refer e.g. to Bruhns (2014b).
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
In fact, the assumption (3.68), the separation (3.66) as well as the elastic relation (3.69) become
$$ {\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^{*T}={\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*,\quad {\varvec{F}}^*={\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!p}^*,\quad {\varvec{\tau }}^*={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*), $$under the change of frame. Here, Eq. (3.69) is written in the form \({\varvec{\tau }}={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e})\) considering Eq. (3.68). Since \({\varvec{\phi }}\) is isotropic, the last above and the objectivity of \({\varvec{\tau }}\) yield \({\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*)={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{Q}}^{*T}})\). From this follows that \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{Q}}^{*T}}\) for an invertible \({\varvec{\phi }}\) with a symmetric argument due to Eq. (3.68). Then, \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) may be derived from \({\varvec{F}}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}\) and Eq. (3.66), and the second above.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
There might be some doubt about the physical pertinence of such a non-symmetric flow rule in 9-dimensional space. It would imply that nine, instead of six, rate equations governing plastic flow should be needed even in the case of infinitesimal deformation, except for some particular cases. We also refer to Mandel (1974a) and the discussion therein.
References
Backman M (1964) Form for the relation between stress and finite elastic and plastic strains under impulsive loading. J Appl Phys 35:2524–2533
Bertram A (2005) Elasticity and plasticity of large deformations. Springer, Berlin
Böck N, Holzapfel G (2004) A new two-point deformation tensor and its relation to the classical kinematical framework and the stress concept. Int J Solids Struct 41:7459–7469
Bilby B, Gardner L, Stroh A (1957) Continuous distributions of dislocations and the theory of plasticity. Extrait des Actes du IX\(^e\) Congrès Intern. de Mécanique Applicqueé, Bruxelles, pp 35–44
Bruhns O (2014a) Some remarks on the history of plasticity—Heinrich Hencky, a pioneer of the early years. In: Stein E (ed) The history of theoretical, material and computational mechanics—mathematics meets mechanics and engineering, vol 1. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 133–152
Bruhns O (2014b) The Prandtl-Reuss equations revisited. Z Angew Math Mech 94:187–202
Casey J, Naghdi P (1980) A remark on the use of the decomposition \(\mathbf{F}=\mathbf{F}^e\mathbf{F}^p\) in plasticity. Trans ASME J Appl Mech 47:672–675
Casey J, Naghdi P (1981) Discussion of Lubarda and Lee (1981). Trans ASME J Appl Mech 48:983–984
Casey J, Naghdi P (1983) On the use of invariance requirements for intermediate configurations associated with the polar decomposition of a deformation gradient. Q Appl Math 41:339–342
Clayton J, McDowell D (2003) A multiscale multiplicative decomposition for elastoplasticity of polycrystals. Int J Plast 19:1401–1444
Darijani H, Naghdabadi R (2010) Constitutive modeling of solids at finite deformation using a second-order stress-strain relation. Int J Eng Sci 48:223–236
Dashner P (1986) Invariance considerations in large strain elasto-plasticity. Trans ASME J Appl Mech 53:55–60
Doyle T, Ericksen J (1956) Nonlinear elasticity. Adv Appl Mech 4:53–115
Drucker D (1949) The significance of the criterion for additional plastic deformation of metals. J Colloid Sci 4:299–311
Drucker D (1950) Some implications of work hardening and ideal plasticity. Q Appl Math 7:411–418
Eckart C (1948) The thermodynamics of irreversible processes. IV: The theory of elasticity and anelasticity. Phys Rev 73:373–382
Edelman F, Drucker D (1951) Some extensions of elementary plasticity theory. J Franklin Inst 251:581–605
Eglit M (1960) Tensorial characteristics of finite deformations. Prikl Mat Mekh 24:1432–1438
Fox N (1968) On the continuum theories of dislocations and plasticity. Q J Mech Appl Math 21:67–75
Freund L (1970) Constitutive equations for elastic-plastic materials at finite strain. Int J Solids Struct 6:1193–1209
Green A, Naghdi P (1965a) A general theory of an elastic-plastic continuum. Arch Ration Mech Anal 18:251–281
Green A, Naghdi P (1965b) Corrigenda. Arch Ration Mech Anal 19:408
Green A, Naghdi P (1971) Some remarks on elastic-plastic deformation at finite strain. Int J Eng Sci 9:1219–1229
Haar A, von Kármán T (1909) Zur Theorie der Spannungszustände in plastischen und sandartigen Medien. Nachr Ges Wiss Göttingen, Math-Phys Kl, pp 204–218
Haupt P (1985) On the concept of an intermediate configuration and its application to a representation of viscoelastic-plastic material behavior. Int J Plast 1:303–316
Haupt P (2002) Continuum mechanics and theory of materials, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Hencky H (1924) Zur Theorie plastischer Deformationen und der hierdurch im Material hervorgerufenen Nachspannungen. Z Angew Math Mech 4:323–334
Hencky H (1928) Über die Form des Elastizitätsgesetzes bei ideal elastischen Stoffen. Z Tech Phys 9(215–220):457
Hill R (1948) A variational principle of maximum plastic work in classical plasticity. Q J Mech Appl Math 1:18–28
Hill R (1950) The mathematical theory of plasticity. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Hill R (1968) On constitutive inequalities for simple materials. J Mech Phys Solids 16(229–242):315–322
Hill R (1970) Constitutive inequalities for isotropic elastic solids under finite strain. Proc R Soc London Ser A 314:457–472
Hill R (1978) Aspects of invariance in solid mechanics. Adv Appl Mech 18:1–75
Hill R, Rice J (1973) Elastic potentials and the structure of inelastic constitutive laws. SIAM J Appl Math 25:448–461
Horstemeyer M, Bammann D (2010) Historical review of internal state variable theory for inelasticity. Int J Plast 26:1310–1334
Kratochvíl J (1971) Finite-strain theory of crystalline elastic-inelastic materials. J Appl Phys 42:1104–1108
Kröner E (1958) Kontinuumstheorie der Versetzungen und Eigenspannungen. Springer, Berlin
Kröner E (1960) Allgemeine Kontinuumstheorie der Versetzungen und Eigenspannungen. Arch Ration Mech Anal 4:273–334
Lee E (1969) Elastic-plastic deformation at finite strains. Trans ASME J Appl Mech 36:1–6
Lee E (1981) Some comments on elastic-plastic analysis. Int J Solids Struct 17:859–872
Lee E (1982) Finite deformation theory with nonlinear kinematics. In: Lee E, Mallett R (eds) Plasticity of metals at finite strain: theory. Computation and experiment. Stanford University and RPI, Stanford
Lee E (1996) Some anomalies in the structure of elastic-plastic theory at finite strain. In: Carroll M, Hayes M (eds) Nonlinear effects in fluids and solids. Plenum Press, New York
Lee E, Germain P (1974) Elastic-plastic theory at finite strain. In: Sawczuk A (ed) Problems of plasticity. Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden
Lee E, Liu D (1967) Finite-strain elastic-plastic theory with application to plane-wave analysis. J Appl Phys 38:19–27
Lee E, McMeeking R (1980) Concerning elastic and plastic components of deformation. Int J Solids Struct 16:715–721
Lubarda V, Lee E (1981) A correct definition of elastic and plastic deformation and its computational significance. Trans ASME J Appl Mech 48:35–40
Lubliner J (1984) A maximal-dissipation principle in generalized plasticity. Acta Mechanica 52:225–237
Lubliner J (1986) Normality rules in large-deformation plasticity. Mech Mater 5:29–34
Ludwik P (1909) Elemente der technologischen Mechanik. Springer, Berlin
Macvean D (1968) Die Elementararbeit in einem Kontinuum und die Zuordnung von Spannungs- und Verzerrungstensoren. Z Angew Math Phys (ZAMP) 19:157–185
Mandel J (1972) Plasticité Classique et Viscoplasticité, CISM Courses and Lectures, vol 97. Springer, Wien
Mandel J (1973a) Equations constitutives et directeurs dans les milieux plastiques et viscoplastiques. Int J Solids Struct 9:725–740
Mandel J (1973b) Relations de comportement des milieux élastiques-viscoplastiques. Notion de répère directeur. In: Sawczuk A (ed) Foundations of plasticity. Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden, pp 387–399
Mandel J (1974a) Director vectors and constitutive equations for plastic and viscoplastic media. In: Sawczuk A (ed) Problems of plasticity. Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden, pp 135–143
Mandel J (1974b) Thermodynamics and plasticity. In: Domingos J, Nina M, Whitelaw J (eds) Foundations of continuum thermodynamics. The MacMillan Press, London, pp 283–304
Mandel J (1981) Sur la définition de la vitesse de déformation élastique et sa relation avec la vitesse de contrainte. Int J Solids Struct 17:873–878
Nádai A (1931) Plasticity, a mechanics of the plastic state of matter. McGraw-Hill, New York
Naghdi P (1990) A critical review of the state of finite plasticity. Z Angew Math Phys (ZAMP) 41:315–394
Naghdi P, Casey J (1992) A prescription for the identification of finite plastic strain. Int J Eng Sci 30:1257–1278
Naghdi P, Trapp J (1975a) On the nature of normality of plastic strain rate and convexity of yield surfaces in plasticity. Trans ASME J Appl Mech 42:61–66
Naghdi P, Trapp J (1975b) Restrictions on constitutive equations of finitely deformed elastic-plastic materials. Q J Mech Appl Math 28:25–46
Naghdi P, Trapp J (1975c) The significance of formulating plasticity theory with reference to loading surfaces in strain space. Int J Eng Sci 13:785–797
Nemat-Nasser S (1979) Decomposition of strain measures and their rates in finite deformation elastoplasticity. Int J Solids Struct 15:155–166
Nemat-Nasser S (1982) On finite deformation elasto-plasticity. Int J Solids Struct 18:857–872
Ogden R (1984) Nonlinear elastic deformations. Ellis Harwood, Chichester
Prager W (1944) Exploring stress-strain relations of isotropic plastic solids. J Appl Phys 15:65–71
Prandtl L (1924) Spannungsverteilung in plastischen Körpern. In: Proceedings of 1st international congress on applied mechanics, Delft, pp 43–46
Reuss A (1930) Berücksichtigung der elastischen Formänderung in der Plastizitätstheorie. Z Angew Math Mech 10:266–274
Reuss A (1932) Fließpotential oder Gleitebenen? Z Angew Math Mech 12:15–24
Rice J (1971) Inelastic constitutive relations for solids: an internal-variable theory and its application to metal plasticity. J Mech Phys Solids 19:433–455
Sedov L (1966) Foundations of the non-linear mechanics of continua. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Seth B (1964) Generalized strain measures with applications to physical problems. In: Reiner M, Abir D (eds) Second-order effects in elasticity. Plasticity and fluid dynamics. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Sidoroff F (1973) The geometrical concept of intermediate configuration and elastic-plastic finite strain. Arch Mech 25:299–308
Tokuoka T (1977) Rate type plastic material with kinematic work-hardening. Acta Mechanica 27:145–154
Tokuoka T (1978) Prandtl-Reuss plastic material with scalar and tensor internal variables. Arch Mech 30:801–826
Truesdell C (1952a) The mechanical foundations of elasticity and fluid dynamics. J Ration Mech Anal 1:125–300
Truesdell C (1952b) The mechanical foundations of elasticity and fluid dynamics. J Ration Mech Anal 2:595–616
Truesdell C (1952c) The mechanical foundations of elasticity and fluid dynamics. J Ration Mech Anal 3:801
Truesdell C (1955) Hypo-elasticity. J Ration Mech Anal 4:83–133
Truesdell C (1964) Second-order effects in the mechanics of materials. In: Reiner M, Abir D (eds) Second-order effects in elasticity. Plasticity and fluid dynamics. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Truesdell C, Noll W (1965) The non-linear field theories of mechanics. In: Flügge S (ed) Handbuch der Physik. Springer, Berlin
Willis J (1996) Some constitutive equations applicable to problems of large dynamic plastic deformation. J Mech Phys Solids 17:359–369
Xiao H, Bruhns O, Meyers A (2006) Elastoplasticity beyond small deformations. Acta Mechanica 182:31–111
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bruhns, O.T. (2015). The Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient in Plasticity—Origin and Limitations. In: Altenbach, H., Matsuda, T., Okumura, D. (eds) From Creep Damage Mechanics to Homogenization Methods. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19440-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19440-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19439-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19440-0
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)