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The Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient in Plasticity—Origin and Limitations

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From Creep Damage Mechanics to Homogenization Methods

Part of the book series: Advanced Structured Materials ((STRUCTMAT,volume 64))

Abstract

The history of material equations and hence the development of present material theory as a method to describe the behavior of materials is closely related to the development of continuum theory and associated with the beginning of industrialization towards the end of the 19th century. While on the one hand new concepts such as continuum, stresses and strains, deformable body etc. were introduced by Cauchy, Euler, Leibniz and others and mathematical methods were provided to their description, the pressure of industrialization with the need to ever newer, and likewise reliably secure, developments has led to the fact that more appropriate models for the description of elastic-plastic behavior were introduced. Upon this background, this Chapter wants to introduce into the history of plasticity of the sixties and seventies of last century, and likewise highlight the eminent contributions of A.E. Green and P.M. Naghdi, E.H. Lee and J. Mandel to a modern description of finite plasticity theory.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It should be generally accepted that a strain larger than \(10\,\%\) would violate the requirements of a linear theory.

  2. 2.

    For details we refer to Bruhns (2014a, b). See also the additional works of Prager (1944) and Edelman and Drucker (1951).

  3. 3.

    Although in their paper the plastic strain has been introduced as a primitive variable, and the elastic-like strain is merely defined by the difference of the total strain and this plastic variable, it is common practice to refer to this sum as an additive decomposition of the strain tensor into its elastic and plastic parts.

  4. 4.

    This insures that X and x are in a one-to-one correspondence, which is reasonable for solid bodies. We note, however, that this assumption also has limitations, e.g. in fracture mechanics, crystallographic slip, lattice distortions, etc., which appear on the microscale level during e.g. plastic deformation.

  5. 5.

    Besides this measure is also called Biot strain or Cauchy strain (Ogden 1984; Bertram 2005).

  6. 6.

    This generalization of the strain measure is mainly due to Doyle and Ericksen (1956); Seth (1964); Hill (1968), and includes also non-integral real values of n.

  7. 7.

    This combination with \(m=1\) was introduced by Böck and Holzapfel (2004) as a two-point deformation tensor. The extension to a more general two-parameter form with independent parameters n and m is due to Darijani and Naghdabadi (2010). We here will confine ourselves to the most simple case when \(n=m\).

  8. 8.

    The history of the multiplicative decomposition of the total deformation into elastic and plastic parts seems to be somewhat vague or at least unclear. Different authors mention different origins, and the different disciplines continuum mechanics and materials science involved in this discussion seem to have different sources. In their own paper Lee and Liu (1967) mention: “The concept of an unstressed configuration ...has appeared before in the literature, but does not seem to have been put to satisfactory use.” All in all, it should be almost clear that Eckart (1948) was the first to use local natural configurations in order to separate the elastic from the plastic part of a total deformation. Backman (1964) introduces three continuous configurations, and represents the elastic and plastic components of the total strains in terms of displacement derivatives, which in general cannot be done. It seems that Kröner (1958, 1960) and Bilby et al. (1957) then were the first to use this expression, with respect to sequences of elastic and plastic distortions.

  9. 9.

    The symbol \({(\bullet )}^{\text{ T }}\) herein is used to represent the transpose of the second order tensor.

  10. 10.

    As usual \({\varvec{I}}\) is a second order unit tensor.

  11. 11.

    This idea was exemplified by Macvean (1968), and fully developed by Hill (1968, 1970, 1978). Hill (1978) also introduced the notion of “work conjugacy”, although work-rates or stress powers are discussed (see also the Appendix of Hill 1968).

  12. 12.

    In a review of the development and the usage of internal variables in inelasticity Horstemeyer and Bammann (2010) stated that—with respect to the period between 1870 and 1945: “Over the next 75 years progress (of plasticity) was slow and spotty,...” It seems to the present author that one should be aware that just this period was marked by two big wars that have reduced large amount of Europe and Asia to wrack and ruin.

  13. 13.

    Here for simplicity the notation \((\bullet )' = (\bullet ) - \frac{1}{3}\text {tr}{(\bullet )}{\varvec{I}}\) will be used to mark a deviator of a second order tensor.

  14. 14.

    This amendment was due to Nádai (1931). Nádai having arrived in the USA in 1927 as well as Hencky himself during his time in the former Soviet Union successfully promoted the distribution of this theory.

  15. 15.

    In a generalized manner this is a surface bounding the domain of elastic deformations. In the classical v. Mises stress space formulation a yield function \(\text{ f } = \text{ f }({\varvec{\sigma }}')\) as function of the stress deviator is bound to a so-called yield limit.

  16. 16.

    This function is in general determined by means of the so-called condition of consistency \(\dot{\text{ f }}({\varvec{\sigma }}') = 0\), which during plastic loading forces the stress to stay on the yield surface.

  17. 17.

    To this end scalar-valued and second order tensor-valued internal variables have been introduced to model these phenomena by means of the evolution of these variables.

  18. 18.

    If our notations are used. As objective rate Tokuoka has taken a Jaumann rate—without mentioning this source. Instead he referred to the fundamental work of Truesdell (1955). For the sake of completeness, we add that Truesdell (1952a, b, c, 1955) has introduced the notion of “hypoelasticity” for this specific material, and that in the original forms the tangential stiffness tensor \({\mathbb L}\) has been used in a more general form as function of the stress.

  19. 19.

    Only recently it was demonstrated that this problem was closely related to a second one, namely to prove the integrability of hypoelastic relation (3.51). It turned out that to prove this a new objective time derivative had to be defined which, moreover applied to a yet undetermined Eulerian strain measure, could give the (Eulerian) stretching. It was shown that this (Eulerian) strain had to be the Hencky strain, and the new (objective) time derivative, in turn, was the logarithmic rate. Only with this logarithmic rate applied to \({\varvec{\sigma }}\) Eq. (3.51) could be integrated to give a really elastic relation. We therefore refer to Bruhns (2014b) and the numerous references mentioned therein.

  20. 20.

    Its formulation from a purely mechanical point of view has been developed later by Naghdi and coworkers and others. For details, we refer to Naghdi (1990).

  21. 21.

    Similar internal variables have been first used in line with the amendments of the Prandtl-Reuss relations. We refer e.g. to Bruhns (2014b).

  22. 22.

    Alternatively, the sets \(({\varvec{E}}-{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{\alpha }},\kappa )\) as well as \(({\varvec{S}},{\varvec{E}}_p,{\varvec{\alpha }},\kappa )\) may be useful for certain specific purposes. For instance, the last set is used in a stress space formulation.

  23. 23.

    See, e.g., Naghdi and Trapp (1975a, b, c). For a discussion of the pros and cons of the strain space formulation, we also refer to Naghdi (1990).

  24. 24.

    In a general context, Hill and Rice (1973) have demonstrated that such a relation holds true with \(\hat{\psi }\) being a fully general elastic potential relying on the “prior history of inelastic deformation”, and with \(({\varvec{S}},{\varvec{E}})\) any given work-conjugate pair.

  25. 25.

    In this respect, we refer, e.g., to Lee (1996) and Lee and Germain (1974), and to the discussion of the different strains for the subsequently loaded rod of Sect. 3.2.

  26. 26.

    This was initiated by Lee and Liu (1967) and Lee (1969) and use was made by Fox (1968), Willis (1996), Freund (1970), Rice (1971), albeit it may be traced back to earlier works by Eckart (1948), Eglit (1960), Backman (1964), Sedov (1966); see Clayton and McDowell (2003) and the references therein. We also refer to footnote 8.

  27. 27.

    Sometimes the rotational parts incorporated in \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) and even in \({\varvec{F}}\) are loosely said to be “superimposed rigid-body rotations”. This expression may produce an impression as if these rotations might be not so essential. However, essential difference exists between each such rotation and any truly rigid body rotation. The latter is constant at all points in a body and should have no effect on both basic equations of motion and constitutive formulations of material behavior, whereas the former varies from point to point and exhibits essential effects on both. In fact, the rotational parts of \({\varvec{F}}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}\) and \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) are inseparable parts of deformations and deformation rates, and incorporated in constitutive formulations for both elastic and plastic behavior.

  28. 28.

    We note that in this specific case we also have: \({\varvec{C}}_e = {\varvec{V}}_e^2 = {\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}}^{\text{ T }} ={\varvec{B}}_e\), i.e. the left and right Cauchy-Green tensors are equal. Moreover, for an isotropic material, \({\varvec{V}}_e, {\varvec{B}}_e\) and \(\partial \psi /\partial {\varvec{B}}_e\) have the same principal axes so that the products are commutative.

  29. 29.

    We also refer to the discussions in Nemat-Nasser (1979, 1982); Lee and McMeeking (1980); Lee (1981); Lubarda and Lee (1981); Mandel (1981).

  30. 30.

    Results have been given e.g. by Lubliner (1984, 1986), assuming maximal plastic dissipation principles.

  31. 31.

    For details we refer e.g. to Bruhns (2014b).

  32. 32.

    This discussion was primarily between the two schools and their followers and lasted several years. We therefore refer to Green and Naghdi (1971); Casey and Naghdi (1980, 1981) and Lee (1982) and the instructive discussion therein.

  33. 33.

    This aspect was also discussed in the foregoing references and in Sidoroff (1973); Lee (1981, 1996); Lubarda and Lee (1981); Haupt (1985, 2002); Dashner (1986), and many others.

  34. 34.

    In fact, the assumption (3.68), the separation (3.66) as well as the elastic relation (3.69) become

    $$ {\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^{*T}={\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*,\quad {\varvec{F}}^*={\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!p}^*,\quad {\varvec{\tau }}^*={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*), $$

    under the change of frame. Here, Eq. (3.69) is written in the form \({\varvec{\tau }}={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e})\) considering Eq. (3.68). Since \({\varvec{\phi }}\) is isotropic, the last above and the objectivity of \({\varvec{\tau }}\) yield \({\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*)={\varvec{\phi }}({\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{Q}}^{*T}})\). From this follows that \({\varvec{F}}_{\!e}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!e}{{\varvec{Q}}^{*T}}\) for an invertible \({\varvec{\phi }}\) with a symmetric argument due to Eq. (3.68). Then, \({\varvec{F}}_{\!p}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}_{\!p}\) may be derived from \({\varvec{F}}^*={\varvec{Q}}^*{\varvec{F}}\) and Eq. (3.66), and the second above.

  35. 35.

    See, e.g., Green and Naghdi (1971), Casey and Naghdi (1980), Naghdi (1990), Naghdi and Casey (1992).

  36. 36.

    We also refer to the following works of Mandel (1973a, b, 1974a, b, 1981).

  37. 37.

    There might be some doubt about the physical pertinence of such a non-symmetric flow rule in 9-dimensional space. It would imply that nine, instead of six, rate equations governing plastic flow should be needed even in the case of infinitesimal deformation, except for some particular cases. We also refer to Mandel (1974a) and the discussion therein.

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Bruhns, O.T. (2015). The Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient in Plasticity—Origin and Limitations. In: Altenbach, H., Matsuda, T., Okumura, D. (eds) From Creep Damage Mechanics to Homogenization Methods. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 64. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19440-0_3

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