Overview of the Field

Abstract

Based on a comprehensive understanding of reactions at the nanoscale, nanochemistry is the art of building up nanomaterials via the bottom–up approach, as opposed to the top–down approach followed in electronics. In the first part, we use the examples of nanodiamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene to illustrate the diversity of properties that can be procured by nanochemistry from the same element, viz., carbon, then describe their applications to energy production and storage. In the second part, we discuss soft nanochemistry, which appeals to the methods of molecular and supramolecular synthesis. The molecular route is exemplified by the so-called click chemistry, while the supramolecular route, molecular recognition, and self-assembly are illustrated by the cyclodextrins and self-healing rubbers. There follows a description of methods of functionalisation, key steps in controlling the properties of nanoparticles and nanomaterials. The last part deals with synthesis routes for preparing metal nanoparticles and nanostructured materials such as organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites. Finally, we present the bio-inspired approach in which the nanochemist produces hybrid nanomaterials with hierarchical structure in a single step.