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Nanosciences and Nanotechnology pp 23–93Cite as

Overview of the Field

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Abstract

The nanometre is not by a long way the smallest length scale explored today by physicists, but it is at this scale that the properties of matter change radically with, among other things, the manifestation of quantum effects which can be exploited in electronics and photonics. The development of nanoscience and nano-technology has thus been driven forward by the quest to better understand the physical properties of matter on the nanoscale and thereby to miniaturise electronic and photonic components. The first parts of this chapter show how we can today produce nano-objects by the top–down approach, how we can visualise, manipulate, and assemble them, and how some of their astonishing properties can be illustrated by quantum dots, nanotubes, nanowires, and a material like graphene. The following parts deal with nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. We also discover the current limits on the miniaturisation of the key component in electronics, the MOS transistor. These limitations have inspired scientists to investigate a broad range of new components and circuits, like those proposed by the new field of spintronics. When we consider nanophotonics, we discover a field of research with the same breadth as nanoelectronics, illustrated by recent progress in the development of micro- and nanosources, the ideas of photonic crystals and metamaterials, and applications to photovoltaic conversion and optical interconnects. Finally, through the consideration of microsystems and nanobiotechnology, the last part of the chapter shows how research at the interfaces between nanophysics, chemistry, biology, and medicine will guarantee discovery, innovation, and significant industrial applications, some of which will be presented in subsequent chapters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Company founded by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore.

  2. 2.

    If we produce a billion objects each with a 99.9999999 % efficiency, the total efficiency will be of the order of 35 %.

  3. 3.

    By 2020, sizes of around 10 nm are expected and wafers will have diameters of 450 mm.

  4. 4.

    This discovery was rewarded by the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1996, awarded to Harold Kroto, Robert Curl, and Richard Smalley.

  5. 5.

    Awarded to the physicists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, of Russian origin but working at the University of Manchester.

  6. 6.

    Ruska received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986.

  7. 7.

    These are the frequencies of the clocks in the central processing unit which determine the number of on–off cycles made by the transistors every second.

  8. 8.

    This is the volume for a channel with a surface area of \(30\times 30\) nm\(^2\) and a thickness of 20 nm.

  9. 9.

    Note that a hundred Google searches require as much energy as the operation of a low energy bulb during 1 h (30 W h).

  10. 10.

    In computing, a cache memory is one that temporarily records copies of data coming from other sources, such as DRAM random access memory, in order to reduce the time required by the processor to access this data (in read or write).

  11. 11.

    The existence of such currents is a consequence of the spin Hall effect, but a serious discussion would go beyond the scope of this book.

  12. 12.

    Coulomb blockade is a mechanism that can control the passage of charge carriers one by one. In a quantum dot, the electrostatic repulsion between electrons leads to an increase in the confinement energy with the number of electrons. This means that, each time another electron is confined within the dot, more energy must be supplied.

  13. 13.

    In a direct bandgap semiconductor, the process of electron–hole recombination can occur without supply of extra energy or momentum. In an indirect bandgap semiconductor, the process involves the energy and momentum associated with an elementary vibration of the crystal lattice called a phonon. In this case, the probability of a three-body process is clearly much lower.

  14. 14.

    FRET is short for Förster resonance energy transfer. Theodor Förster (1910–1974) was trying to understand energy transport in plant photosynthesis. He was the first to provide a theoretical explanation for non-radiative energy transfer between molecules and its dependence on the intermolecular distance.

  15. 15.

    Historically, of course, the field of microsystems, itself characterised by a length scale (the micron), came before nanoscience and nanophysics. It too is situated at the meeting point of many scientific disciplines, but in contrast to nanophysics, it falls more or less completely into the field of applied science, while nanophysics lies at the frontier between fundamental science and applied science.

  16. 16.

    In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the Bohr radius which characterises the distance between the electron and the proton is about 53 picometers.

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  1. Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, Bât 220, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France

    Jean-Michel Lourtioz

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  1. Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

    Jean-Michel Lourtioz

  2. Club NanoMicroTechnologie, Villebon sur Yvette, France

    Marcel Lahmani

  3. École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Paris, France

    Claire Dupas-Haeberlin

  4. Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

    Patrice Hesto

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Lourtioz, JM. (2016). Overview of the Field. In: Lourtioz, JM., Lahmani, M., Dupas-Haeberlin, C., Hesto, P. (eds) Nanosciences and Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19360-1_2

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