Skip to main content

Incontinence: Definition and Classification

  • Chapter
  • 894 Accesses

Part of the book series: Urodynamics, Neurourology and Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions ((UNPFD))

Abstract

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a “storage symptom.” The most recommended definition of incontinence in men, as well as in women, is that of the fifth International Consultation on Incontinence (ICS): “the complaint of any involuntary loss of urine” [1]. This definition is suitable for epidemiological studies of male incontinence, but in clinical practice it must be emphasized that: the loss of urine should be objectively demonstrable, it should happen in socially unaccepted time and place (“social or hygienic problem”), and it should be expelled from an orthotopic anatomically intact urinary system (e.g., urinary leakage from a ureteroileocutaneous urinary diversion is not considered a form of incontinence).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Incontinence (2013) 5th international consultation on incontinence, 5th edn. Paris February, 2012

    Google Scholar 

  2. Thom D (1998) Variations in estimated of urinary incontinence prevalence in the community: effects of differences in definitions, population characteristics, and study type. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Herzog AR, Fultz NH (1990) Epidemiology of urinary incontinence: prevalence, incidence and correlates in community populations. Urology Suppl 36:2

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ueda T, Tamaki M, Kageyama S, Yoshimura N, Yoshida O (2000) Urinary incontinence among community dwelling people aged 40 years or older in Japan: prevalence, risk factors, knowledge and self-perception. Int J Urol 7:95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Maral I, Ozkardes H, Peskircioglu L, Bumin MA (2001) Prevalence of stress urinary incontinence in both sexes at or after age 15 years: a cross-sectional study. J Urol 165:408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Boyle P, Boyle P, Robertson C, Mazzetta C, Keech M, Hobbs FD, Fourcade R, Kiemeney L, Lee C, The UrEpik Study Group (2003) The prevalence of male urinary incontinence in four centres: the UREPIK study. BJU Int 92:943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Diokno AC, Estanol MVC, Ibrahim IA, Balasubamanian M (2007) Prevalence of urinary incontiennce in community dwelling men: a cross sectional nationwide epidemiology survey. Int Urol Nephrol 39:129–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Landi F, Cesari M, Russo A, Onder G, Lattansio F, Bernabe R, Silvernet-HC Study group (2003) Potentially reversible risk factors and urinary incontinence in frail older people living in community. Age Ageing 32:194–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Muscatello DJ, Rissel C, Szonyi G (2001) Urinary symptoms and incontinence in an urban community prevalence and associated factors in older men and women. Int Med J 31:151–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nelson RL, Furner SE (2005) Risk factors for the development of fecal and urinary incontinence in Wisconsin nursing home residents. Maturitas 52:26–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Roberto Carone, La teoria “uretro-centrica”, alcune riflessioni su un possibile cambiamento di paradigma. http://www.siud.it/altreimg/La_Teoria_Uretro-Centrica.pdf

  12. Jackson AB, Dijkers M, Devivo MJ, Poczatek RB (2004) A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: change and stability over 30 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:1740–1748

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ditunno JF Jr, Young W, Donovan WH, Creasey G (1994) The international standards booklet for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. Am Spinal Injury Assoc Paraplegia 32:70–80

    Google Scholar 

  14. Madersbacher H (1990) The various types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction: an update of current therapeutic concepts. Paraplegia 28:217–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stoehrer M, Blok B, Castro-Diaz D, Chartier-Kastler E, Del Popolo G, Kramerf G, Pannek J, Radziszewski P, Wyndaele J-J (2009) EAU guidelines on neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Eur Urol 56:81–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hunskaar S (1992) One hundred and fifty men with urinary incontinence. I. Demography and medical history. Scand J Prim Health Care 10(1):21–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ficarra V et al (2009) Retropubic, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of comparative studies. Eur Urol 55:1037–1063

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ficarra V, Novara G, Rosen RC et al (2012) Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 62(3):405–417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thompson JE et al (2014) Superior quality of life and improved surgical margins Are achievable with robotic radical prostatectomy after a long learning curve: a prospective single-surgeon study of 1552 consecutive cases. Eur Urol 65:521–551

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Resnick MJ et al (2013) Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 368(5):436–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Filiadis I, Adamopoulos V, Konstandinidis E (2007) Modification of retropubic adenomectomy: improved hemostasis and outcome. Int Urol Nephrol 39:169–172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Desai MM et al (2009) Single-port transvesical enucleation of the prostate: a clinical report of 34 cases. BJU Int 105:1296–1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Tascı AI, Ilbey YO, Tugcu V, Cicekler O, Cevik C, Zoroglu F (2011) Transurethral resection of the prostate with monopolar resectoscope: single-surgeon experience and long-term results of after 3589 procedures. Urology 78(5):1151–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Pereira-Correia JA et al (2012) GreenLight HPS ™ 120-W laser vaporization vs transurethral resection of the prostate (<60 mL): a 2-year randomized double-blind prospective urodynamic investigation. BJU Int 110:1184–1189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. McConnell JD, Barry MJ, Bruskewitz RC et al (1994) Benign prostatic hyperplasia: diagnosis and treatment. Clinical practice guidelines, No. 8. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public health service, US department of Health and Human Services. Report No.: AHPCR Publication No. 94-0582

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ter-Grigorian AA et al (2013) Urogenital disorders after pelvic ring injuries. Cent European J Urol 66:352–356

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pavelka T et al (2010) Urogenital trauma associated with pelvic ring fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 77(1):18–23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Herschorn S et al (2010) Surgical treatment of stress incontinence in Mes. Neurourol Urodyn 29:179–190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT (1988) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. The International Continence Society Committee on Standardisation of Terminology. Scand J Urol Nephrol 114:S5±19

    Google Scholar 

  30. Smither AR, Guralnick ML, Davis NB, See WA (2007) Quantifying the natural history of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence using objective pad test data. BMC Urol 7:2

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Sullivan R, Karantanis E, Stevermuer TL, Allen W, Moore KH (2004) Definition of mild, moderate and severe incontinence on the 24-hour pad test. BJOG 111:859–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Twiss C, Fleischmann N, Nitti VW (2005) Correlation of abdominal leak point pressure with objective incontinence severity in men with post-radical prostatectomy stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 24:207–210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Carone R, Vercelli D. Urodinamica clinica, vol. 1 Tecniche, Cap. 12 Videourodinamica, Società italiana di Urodinamica

    Google Scholar 

  34. Comiter CV, Sullivan MP, Yalla SV (1997) Retrograde leak point pressure for evaluating postradical prostatectomy incontinence. Urology 49(2):231–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giovanni Bodo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bodo, G., Ammirati, E. (2015). Incontinence: Definition and Classification. In: Del Popolo, G., Pistolesi, D., Li Marzi, V. (eds) Male Stress Urinary Incontinence. Urodynamics, Neurourology and Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19252-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19252-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19251-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19252-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics