Skip to main content

Forensic Aspects of Perinatal Pathology

  • Chapter
Book cover Keeling’s Fetal and Neonatal Pathology

Abstract

Neonaticide occurs throughout the world and is thought to be one of the least preventable crimes. Appropriately, perinatal pathologists can sometimes be asked to lend their expertise to the forensic examination of stillborn or newly born babies who have died in unusual or suspicious circumstances. Such babies are often the product of concealed pregnancies, have been abandoned shortly after delivery, or have been stillborn and their bodies deliberately (often poorly) concealed. Rarely, mummified or skeletonized remains may be brought to our attention by law enforcement agencies. In addition to the usual problems in the identification of the cause of death, various additional considerations are of importance, principally in relation to the potential for homicide/neonaticide. It is crucial that there be a thorough assessment of the apparent age/viability of the neonate and whether or not it can be determined if the baby had been born alive and had an independent existence, separate from the mother.

In this chapter, we explore some of the medicolegal issues raised by such cases. In particular, we recognize the growing utility and importance of the application of modern radiological imaging to this area of perinatal autopsy practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ. Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:1019–21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. WHO ICD10. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993;2: p. 129.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mosby’s dental dictionary, 2nd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Segen JC. McGraw-Hill concise dictionary of modern medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Atkinson SB. Separate existence in the child. BJOG. 1904;5:539–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wright J. Rex v. Pritchard, 17 TLR 1901;310.

    Google Scholar 

  7. The Infant Life (Preservation) Act s 1 (1); 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Resnick PJ. Murder of the newborn: a psychiatric review of neonaticide. Am J Psychiatry. 1970;126:1414–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bonnet C. Adoption at birth: prevention against abandonment or neonaticide. Child Abuse Negl. 1993;17:501–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Infanticide Act s 1(1); 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mariano TY, Chan HC, Myers WC. Toward a more holistic understanding of filicide: a multidisciplinary analysis of 32 years of U.S. arrest data. Forensic Sci Int. 2014;236:46–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. d’Orban P. Women who kill their children. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:560–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Trautmann-Villalba P, Hornstein C. Children murdered by their mothers in the postpartum period. Nervenarzt. 2007;78:1290–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Rouge-Maillart C, Jousset N, Gaudin A, Bouju B, Penneau M. Women who kill their children. Am J Foren Med Pathol. 2005;26:320–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Fazio CA, Comito JL. Rethinking the tough sentencing of teenage neonaticide offenders in the United States. Fordham Law Review. 1999;67: article 8.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Spinelli MG. Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1548–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tursz A, Crost M, Gerbouin-Rerolle P, Cook JM. Underascertainment of child abuse fatalities in France: retrospective analysis of judicial data to assess underreporting of infant homicides in mortality statistics. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34:534–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Craig M. Perinatal risk factors for neonaticide and infant homicide: can we identify those at risk? J R Soc Med. 2004;97:57–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Porter T, Gavin H. Infanticide and neonaticide: a review of 40 years of research literature on incidence and causes. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2010;11:99–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Drescher-Burke K, Krall J, Penick A. Discarded infants and neonaticide: a review of the literature. Berkeley: National Abandoned Infants Assistance Resource Center, University of California at Berkeley; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Klier CM, Grylli C, Amon S, Fiala C, Weizmann-Henelius G, Pruitt SL, Putkonen H. Is the introduction of anonymous delivery associated with a reduction of high neonaticide rates in Austria? A retrospective study. BJOG. 2013;120:428–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Makhlouf F, Ramboud C. Child homicide and neglect in France: 1991–2008. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38:37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Outwater AH, Mgaya E, Campbell JC, Becker S, Kinabo L, Menick DM. Homicide of children in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania East Afr J Publ Health. 2010;7:345–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Paulozzi L, Sells M. Variation in homicide risk during infancy—United States, 1989–1998. MMWR; 2002. Retrieved on 30 Dec 2014 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5109a3.htm.

  25. Platt LM. Preventing neonaticide by early detection and intervention in student pregnancy. NASN Sch Nurse. 2014;29:304–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Marleau JD. Neonaticidal mothers: are more boys killed? Med Sci Law. 2004;44:311–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pitt SE, Bale EM. Neonaticide, infanticide and filicide: a review of the literature. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995;23:375–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Putkonen H, Weizmann-Henelius G, Collander J, Santtila P, Eronen M. Neonaticides may be more preventable and heterogeneous than previously thought – neonaticide in Finland 1980–2000. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2007;10:15–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Stocker T, Dehner LP, editors. Pediatric pathology, vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nesca M, Dalby JT. Maternal neonaticide following traumatic childbirth: a case study. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2011;55:1166–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Emery JL. Infanticide, filicide and cot death. Arch Dis Child. 1985;60:505–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Amon S, Putkonen H, Weizmann-Henelius G, Almiron MP, Formann AK, Voracek M, et al. Potential predictors in neonaticide: the impact of the circumstances of pregnancy. Arch Womens Men Health. 2012;15:167–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Collins KA, Byard RW, editors. Forensic pathology of infancy and childhood, vol. 1. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 169–91.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Spitz WU, Spitz DJ, Adams VI, editors. Spitz and fisher’s medicolegal investigation of death: guidelines for the application of pathology to crime investigation. 4th ed. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher Ltd; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Keeling JW. Fetal and perinatal death. In: Busuttil A, Keeling JW, editors. Paediatric forensic medicine and pathology. London: Edward Arnold; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Royal College of Radiologists. Standards for radiological investigations of suspected non-accidental injury. Joint document produced in collaboration with the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. London: RCR; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rutty GN, Jeffery AJ, Raj V, Morgan B. The use of post-mortem computed tomography in the investigation of intentional neonatal upper airway obstruction: an illustrated case. Int J Legal Med. 2010;124:641–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sieswerda-Hoogendoorn T, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, Maes A, van Rijn RR. The value of post-mortem CT in neonaticide in cases of severe decomposition: description of 12 cases. Foren Sci Int. 2013;233:298–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Guddat SS, Gapert R, Tsokos M, Oesterhelweg L. Proof of live birth using post-mortem multislice computed tomography (pmMSCT) in cases of suspected neonaticide: advantages of diagnostic imaging compared to conventional autopsy. Foren Sci Med Pathol. 2013;9:3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, de Wijs-Heijlaerts KJ, Meijerman L, Verheugt AJ, Sieswerda-Hoogendoorn T, Maes A. Neonaticide: frequently suspected, seldom proven. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2013;157:A6546.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Knight B. Forensic pathology. 2nd ed. London: Arnold; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  42. deRoux SJ, Predergast NC. Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in live birth determination: radiographic and gross pathologic features. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51:134–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gilbert-Barness E, Spicer DE, Steffensen TS. Developmental abnormalities of the mouth, nose, and larynx. In: Handbook of pediatric autopsy pathology, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Barry PW, Hocking MD. Infant rib fracture-birth trauma or non-accidental injury. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68:250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. van Rijn RR, Bilo RA, Robben SG. Birth-related mid-posterior rib fractures in neonates: a report of three cases (and a possible fourth case) and a review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:30–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Abusive head trauma and the eye in infancy. London: RCO; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Csete K, Beer Z, Varga T. Prenatal and newborn paternity testing with DNA analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;147:S57–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Byard RW. Medicolegal problems with neonaticide. Forensic Pathol Rev. 2004;1:171–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Airas U, Heinonen S. Clinical significance of true umbilical knots: a population-based analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2002;19:127–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. West SG. An overview of filicide. Psychiatry (Edgemont). 2007;4: p. 48–57. Retrieved on 30 Dec 2014 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922347/pdf/PE_4_2_48.pdf

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liina Kiho MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kiho, L., Malcomson, R.D.G. (2015). Forensic Aspects of Perinatal Pathology. In: Khong, T.Y., Malcomson, R.D.G. (eds) Keeling’s Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19207-9_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19207-9_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19206-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19207-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics