Abstract
Wax-based oleogels display very interesting and complex rheological behavior; the physical gels of liquid oils created using natural waxes can be assumed to have characteristics of both the flocculated suspensions and semi-dilute polymer solutions. In this chapter, a comparative evaluation of six different natural waxes (with differing melting ranges) is described mainly with respect to their network forming properties at their respective minimum gelling concentrations to give the readers a comprehensive understanding of wax-based oleogels.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blake A, Co E, Marangoni A (2014) Structure and physical properties of plant wax crystal networks and their relationship to oil binding capacity. J Am Oil Chem Soc 91(6):885–903
Hwang H-S, Kim S, Singh M, Winkler-Moser J, Liu S (2012) Organogel formation of soybean oil with waxes. J Am Oil Chem Soc 89(4):639–647
Dassanayake LSK, Kodali DR, Ueno S (2011) Formation of oleogels based on edible lipid materials. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 16(5):432–439
Cottom WP (2000) Waxes. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley, New York
Patel AR, Schatteman D, Vos WHD, Dewettinck K (2013) Shellac as a natural material to structure a liquid oil-based thermo reversible soft matter system. RSC Advances 3(16):5324–5327
Toro-Vazquez JF, Morales-Rueda JA, Dibildox-Alvarado E, Charó-Alonso M, Alonzo-Macias M, González-Chávez MM (2007) Thermal and textural properties of organogels developed by candelilla wax in safflower oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84(11):989–1000
Patel AR, Rajarethinem PS, Gredowska A, Turhan O, Lesaffer A, De Vos WH, Van de Walle D, Dewettinck K (2014) Edible applications of shellac oleogels: spreads, chocolate paste and cakes. Food & Function 5(4):645–652
Patel AR, Schatteman D, De Vos WH, Lesaffer A, Dewettinck K (2013) Preparation and rheological characterization of shellac oleogels and oleogel-based emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 411:114–121
Hwang H-S, Singh M, Bakota E, Winkler-Moser J, Kim S, Liu S (2013) Margarine from organogels of plant wax and soybean oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 90(11):1705–1712
Jana S, Martini S (2014) Effect of high-Intensity ultrasound and cooling rate on the crystallization behavior of beeswax in edible oils. J Agric Food Chem 62(41):10192–10202
Dassanayake LSK, Kodali DR, Ueno S, Sato K (2012) Crystallization kinetics of organogels prepared by rice bran wax and vegetable oils. J Oleo Sci 61(1):1–9
Alvarez-Mitre FM, Morales-Rueda JA, Dibildox-Alvarado E, Charó-Alonso MA, Toro-Vazquez JF (2012) Shearing as a variable to engineer the rheology of candelilla wax organogels. Food Res Int 49(1):580–587
Alvarez-Mitre FM, Toro-Vázquez JF, Moscosa-Santillán M (2013) Shear rate and cooling modeling for the study of candelilla wax organogels’ rheological properties. J Food Eng 119(3):611–618
Morales-Rueda J, Dibildox-Alvarado E, Charó-Alonso M, Toro-Vazquez J (2009) Rheological properties of candelilla wax and dotriacontane organogels measured with a true-gap system. J Am Oil Chem Soc 86(8):765–772
Toro-Vazquez J, Morales-Rueda J, Mallia VA, Weiss R (2010) Relationship between molecular structure and thermo-mechanical properties of candelilla wax and amides derived from (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid as gelators of safflower Oil. Food Biophys 5(3):193–202
Toro-Vazquez JF, Morales-Rueda J, Torres-MartÃnez A, Charó-Alonso MA, Mallia VA, Weiss RG (2013) Cooling rate effects on the microstructure, solid content, and rheological properties of organogels of amides derived from stearic and (R)-12-hydroxystearic acid in vegetable oil. Langmuir 29(25):7642–7654
Terech P, Weiss RG (1997) Low molecular mass gelators of organic liquids and the properties of their gels. Chem Rev 97(8):3133–3160
Heijna MCR, Theelen MJ, van Enckevort WJP, Vlieg E (2007) Spherulitic growth of hen egg-white lysozyme crystals. J Phys Chem B 111(7):1567–1573
Malkin AI, Malkin AY, Isayev AI (2006) Rheology: concepts, methods and applications. Chemtech Publishing, Toronto
Menard KP (2008) Rheology basic. In: Dynamic mechanical analysis, pp 37–56. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Mewis J, Wagner N (2012) Colloidal suspension rheology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mezger TG (2006) The rheology handbook: for users of rotational and oscillatory rheometers. Vincentz Network GmbH & Co. KG, Hannover
Cheng DCH (1986) Yield stress: a time-dependent property and how to measure it. Rheol Acta 25(5):542–554
Moller PCF, Mewis J, Bonn D (2006) Yield stress and thixotropy: on the difficulty of measuring yield stresses in practice. Soft Matter 2(4):274–283
Galindo-Rosales FJ, Rubio-Hernandez FJ (2010) Static and dynamic yield stresses of Aerosil® 200 suspensions in polypropylene glycol. Appl Rheol 20:22787
Galindo-Rosales FJ, Rubio-Hernández FJ, Velázquez-Navarro JF, Gómez-Merino AI (2007) Structural level of silica-fumed aqueous suspensions. J Am Ceram Soc 90(5):1641–1643
Emanuele V, Roberto P, Ruben FGV, Romano L, Paolo DA, Thomas PL (2005) Wax crystallization and aggregation in a model crude oil. J Phys Condens Matter 17(45):S3651
Weltmann RN (1943) Breakdown of thixotropic structure as function of time. J Appl Phys 14(7):343–350
Coussot P, Nguyen QD, Huynh HT, Bonn D (2002) Viscosity bifurcation in thixotropic, yielding fluids. J Rheol (1978-present) 46(3):573–589
Patel AR, Schatteman D, Lesaffer A, Dewettinck K (2013) A foam-templated approach for fabricating organogels using a water-soluble polymer. RSC Adv 3(45):22900–22903
Uhlherr PHT, Guo J, Tiu C, Zhang XM, Zhou JZQ, Fang TN (2005) The shear-induced solid–liquid transition in yield stress materials with chemically different structures. J Nonnewton Fluid Mech 125(2–3):101–119
Patel AR, Babaahmadi M, Lesaffer A, Dewettinck K (2015)Â Rheological profiling of organogels prepared at critical gelling concentrations of natural waxes in a triacylglycerol solvent. J Agric Food Chem. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01548
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patel, A.R. (2015). Natural Waxes as Oil Structurants. In: Alternative Routes to Oil Structuring. SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19138-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19138-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19137-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-19138-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)