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Chemical Warfare Agents

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Studies on Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Abstract

The use of chemical warfare agents is of serious concern for the military and civilian populations. The experience of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries reveals that nerve agents and mustard gas are the main chemicals used for mass destruction. The vesicating effect of mustard gas is the main focus of this review. Its powerful irritating activities in the dermal, pulmonary and ocular systems stem from alkylation of macromolecules and induction of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review describes the pathological processes occurring upon exposure to mustard gas and the molecular and cellular events leading to its devastating health effects. Based on its mechanism of action, a series of potential antidotes and their combinations was proposed as countermeasures for mustard gas toxicity. In spite of the intensive research and information on this vesicant, much effort is needed for further elucidation of its mode of action and improvement of antidotal activity.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation grant no. 2007214 and Israel Science Foundation grant no. 1563/13.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel

    Uri Wormser, Elena Proscura & Berta Brodsky

  2. Neurology and Toxicology Service and Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel

    Yoram Finkelstein

  3. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

    Michael Aschner

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  1. Uri Wormser
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  2. Yoram Finkelstein
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  3. Elena Proscura
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  4. Berta Brodsky
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Correspondence to Uri Wormser .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Stephen M. Roberts

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    James P. Kehrer

  3. Department of Nutrigenomics, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany

    Lars-Oliver Klotz

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Wormser, U., Finkelstein, Y., Proscura, E., Brodsky, B., Aschner, M. (2015). Chemical Warfare Agents. In: Roberts, S., Kehrer, J., Klotz, LO. (eds) Studies on Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19096-9_19

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