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A Historical Perspective on Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Redox Control

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Abstract

Research into topics surrounding “oxidative stress” and redox biology has a long tradition which can be traced back to the beginning of modern biochemistry at the turn of the Twentieth Century. As part of this chapter, we will follow the different strands of investigation which have come together in the 1960s and 1970s to carve out the distinct field of redox biology we know today. Whilst there is not one inventor or starting date of oxidative stress research, it is safe to consider the late 1970s and early 1980s as the time when the pre-paradigm phase of this research was transformed into a more distinct field of biochemistry with its very own concepts, methods and, above all, language. At this point, the paradigm of “oxidative stress” enters the scene, which has subsequently initiated and / or stimulated numerous individual threads of investigation. Despite its significant contribution to redox biology, this paradigm has been faced by a range of so-called ‘anomalies’ during the following decades and hence has been refined by various (auxiliary) hypotheses, and evolved into a modern concept of cellular redox regulation, which also embraces widespread oxidative cell signalling and adaptive processes. This evolutionary process has found its manifestation in the development of many new concepts, such as the one of the “Reactive Sulfur Species” (RSS) and the “cellular thiolstat”. Furthermore, it has exerted a major influence on the notion of “antioxidants”, which in parallel has developed from a basic idea of fighting oxidants with antioxidants to a more differentiated concept of redox modulation in the ill and elderly, as part of functional food, as a quality label for “healthy food” and, last but not least, as an access to new shores, such as nutri-(epi)genetics. In the end, the theme of oxidative stress and redox biology is a wide and open field with a long and fruitful past and a promising, bright future.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Curiously, whilst Ernest Beutler never won the Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking work in the field of haematology, his son, Bruce Alan Beutler (b. 1957) shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for “discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity”.

  2. 2.

    Furchgott, Murad and Ignarro, but not Moncada, subsequently shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this discovery.

  3. 3.

    Unfortunately, the role of language and terminology in science is often belittled, but their power should not be underestimated. The concept of phlogiston was dead once Lavoisier introduced his own language referring to oxidation and entirely removing the “P-word” from his vocabulary and journals, almost like Stalin had the image of Trotzky removed from official photographs. Or as some philosophers would say: “If you have no word for it, it does not exist.” While expressions such as “oxidative stress” and “free radicals” ultimately ushered in a new era of research, other entities, such as the “caged radical” also appeared on the scene for a while to stimulate research but subsequently escaped from their cages into the mist of time.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support was provided by the Saarland State University, the Landesforschungsfoerderprogramm Saarland (T/1 – 14.2.1.1-LFFP 12/23), the Marie Curie Initial Training Network “RedCat” (215009), the Interreg IVa Programme (Corena-Network; 35GR11051) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (JA1741/2-1). We would like to express our gratitude to the “Academiacs International” network for useful discussions.

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  1. Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany

    Ethiene Castellucci Estevam, Muhammad Jawad Nasim, Lisa Faulstich, Marina Hakenesch, Torsten Burkholz & Claus Jacob

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  1. Ethiene Castellucci Estevam
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  2. Muhammad Jawad Nasim
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  1. Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Stephen M. Roberts

  2. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    James P. Kehrer

  3. Department of Nutrigenomics, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Thüringen, Germany

    Lars-Oliver Klotz

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Castellucci Estevam, E., Nasim, M.J., Faulstich, L., Hakenesch, M., Burkholz, T., Jacob, C. (2015). A Historical Perspective on Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Redox Control. In: Roberts, S., Kehrer, J., Klotz, LO. (eds) Studies on Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19096-9_1

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