Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Traumatic Stress and Long-Term Recovery pp 177–194Cite as

Severe Stress and Anxiety Disorders in Adolescence: The Long-Term Effects of Disasters

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of research conducted on the emotional consequences of stress exposure in youth, focusing on the development of anxiety and related problems among youth exposed to disasters. An ecological needs-based perspective is used as a framework to review research on the effects of severe stress on anxiety and related disorders. The chapter focuses primarily on research with natural disasters, especially youth affected by Hurricane Katrina with an emphasis on long-term consequences (studies more than 1 year from the event). The research suggests that there are substantial effects of disaster exposure on youth. Researchers have also begun to define and identify multiple trajectories: chronicity, characterized by a sharp elevation in symptoms and functional impairment leading to chronic dysfunction; resilience or healthy adjustment, indicated by transient symptoms and minimal impairment; recovery, characterized by initial elevations in symptoms and distress that gradually decrease over months; and delayed distress, exemplified by moderate elevations in symptoms and distress following a traumatic event that gradually worsen over time. Data are emerging to identify factors at multiple levels of analysis associated with these different long-term outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aber, J. L., Gershoff, E. T., Ware, A., & Kotler, J. A. (2004). Estimating the effects of September 11th and other forms of violence on the mental health and social development of New York City’s youth: A matter of context. Applied Developmental Science, 8, 111–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, D. M., & Garfield, R. (2006). On the edge—A report of the Louisiana child and family health study. www.ncdp.mailman.columbia.edu/files/marshall_plan.pdf. Accessed Dec 2006.

  • Abramson, D. M., Park, Y. S., Stehling-Ariza, T., & Redlener, I. (2010). Children as bellwethers of recovery: Dysfunctional systems and the effects of parents, households, and neighborhoods on serious emotional disturbance in children after Hurricane Katrina. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 4(S1), S17–S27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, D. M., & Weems, C. F. (2014). Family and peer social support and their links to psychological distress among hurricane-exposed minority youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 341–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker-Blease, K. A., Turner, H. A., & Finkelhor, D. (2010). Disasters, victimization, and children’s mental health. Child Development, 81(4), 1040–1052.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, L. D. (2006). Katrina: Unmasking race, poverty, and politics in the 21st century. Du Bois Review, 3, 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourque, L. B., Siegel, J. M., Kano, M., & Wood, M. M. (2006). Weathering the storm: The impact of hurricanes on physical and mental health. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604, 129–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in Public Interest, 11, 1–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrión, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children: A pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, PTSD, and the hippocampus. Pediatrics, 119, 509–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrión, V. G., Garrett, A., Menon, V., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and brain function during a response-inhibition task: An fMRI study in youth. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 514–526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrión, V. G., Weems, C. F., Richert, K., Hoffman, B., & Reiss, A. L. (2010). Decreased prefrontal cortical volume associated with increased bedtime cortisol in traumatized youth. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 491–493.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chemtob, C. M., Nakashima, J. P., & Hamada, R. S. (2002). Psychosocial intervention for post-disaster trauma symptoms in elementary school children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 211–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2007). Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 179–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeSalvo, K. B., Hyre, A. D., Ompad, D. C., Menke, A., Tynes, L. L., & Muntner, P. (2007). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in a New Orleans workforce following Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 142–152.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Silver, R. C. (2011). Growing up in the shadow of terrorism: Youth in America after 9/11. American Psychologist, 66, 468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Ware, A., & Kotler, J. A. (2010). Exposure to 9/11 among youth and their mothers in New York City: Enduring associations with mental health and sociopolitical attitudes. Child Development, 81(4), 1142–1160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil-Rivas, V., Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., & Poulin, M. (2007). Parental response and adolescent adjustment to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1063–1068. doi:10.1002/jts.20277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Karayan, I., Najarian, L. M., Pynoos, R. (2005). A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents five years after a catastrophic disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2302–2308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haque, C. E. (2003). Perspectives of natural disasters in East and South Asia, and the Pacific Island States: Socio-economic correlates and needs assessment. Natural Hazards, 29(3), 465–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hensley-Maloney, L., & Varela, R. (2009). The influence of hurricane exposure and anxiety sensitivity on panic symptoms. Child and Youth Care Forum, 38(3), 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaycox, L. H., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Walker, D. W., Langley, A. K., Gegenheimer, K. L., et al. (2010). Children’s mental health care following Hurricane Katrina: A field trial of trauma-focused psychotherapies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(2), 223–231.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, M. L., Self-Brown, S., Le, B., Bosson, J. V., Hernandez, B. C., & Gordon, A. T. (2010). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms in children following Hurricane Katrina: A prospective analysis of the effect of parental distress and parenting practices. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(5), 582–590.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2010). Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: Correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations. Child Development, 81(4), 1211–1227.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, R. P., Gil-Rivas, V., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Buchanan, T., & Taku, K. (2009). Use of the revised posttraumatic growth inventory for children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(3), 248–253.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kronenberg, M. E., Hansel, T., Brennan, A. M., Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., & Lawrason, B. (2010). Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns. Child Development, 81(4), 1241–1259. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children alter Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 712–723.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Wasserstein, S. B. (1998). Children’s predisaster functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 883–892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Roberts, M. C. (Eds.). (2002). Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Lai, B., & Jaccard, J. (2010). Hurricane-related exposure experiences and stressors, other life events, and social support: Concurrent and prospective impact on children’s persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 794.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Joormann, J., Auslander, B., & Short, M. (2013). Children’s risk and resilience following a natural disaster: Genetic vulnerability, posttraumatic stress, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrance, R., Anastario, M., & Lawry, L. (2007). Health status among internally displaced persons in Louisiana and Mississippi travel trailer parks. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 49, 590–601.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J., Long, A. C., Smith, K. I., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Pre-attack symptomatology and temperament as predictors of children’s responses to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(6), 631–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Psychology, 63, 227–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Obradovic, J. (2008). Disaster preparation and recovery: Lessons from research on resilience in human development. Ecology and Society, 13(1), 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Fairbank, J. A., Gruber, M. J., Jones, R. T., Lakoma, M. D., Pfefferbaum, B., et al. (2009). Serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina 2 years postdisaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(11), 1069–1078.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Fairbank, J. A., Gruber, M. J., Jones, R. T., Osofsky, J. D., Pfefferbaum, B., et al. (2010). Trends in serious emotional disturbance among youths exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 990–1000.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nader, K. O., & Weems, C. F. (2011). Understanding and assessing cortisol levels in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 4, 318–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, M. D., Huba, G. J., & Bentler, P. M. (1986). Life change events among adolescents: An empirical consideration of some methodological issues. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 280–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Perilla, J. L., Riad, J. K., Kaniasty, K., & Lavizzo, E. A. (1999). Stability and change in stress, resources, and psychological distress following natural disaster: Findings from Hurricane Andrew. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 363–396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry, 65, 240–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., Kronenberg, M., Brennan, A., & Hansel, T. C. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Katrina: Predicting the need for mental health services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(2), 212–220. doi:10.1037/a0016179.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, C. R., Altemus, M., Heo, M., & Jiang, H. (2007). Salivary cortisol and psychopathology in children bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 957–965. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., Seale, T., Brandt, E., Pfefferbaum, R., Doughty, D., & Rainwater, S. (2003). Media exposure in children one hundred miles from a terrorist bombing. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 15, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., & Nader, K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1, 445–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S., Goenjian, A. K., & Steinberg, A. M. (1998). A public mental health approach to the postdisaster treatment of children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7(1), 195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohrbach, L. A., Grana, R., Vernberg, E., Sussman, S., & Sun, P. (2009). Impact of Hurricane Rita on adolescent substance use. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 72(3), 222–237. doi:10.1521/psyc.2009.72.3.222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 495–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler, I. (2001). Quality and ecology of adversity as common mechanisms of risk and resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 19–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scaramella, L. V., Sohr-Preston, S. L., Callahan, K. L., & Mirabile, S. P. (2008). A test of the Family Stress Model on toddler-aged children’s adjustment among Hurricane Katrina impacted and non-impacted low income families. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 530–541.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheeringa, M. S., & Zeanah, C. H. (2008). Reconsideration of harm’s way: Onsets and comorbidity patterns of disorders in preschool children and their caregivers following Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 508–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans’ Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(5), 581–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(20), 1507–1512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., & La Greca, A. M. (2002). Children experiencing disasters: Definitions, reactions, and predictors of outcomes. In A. M. La Greca, W. K. Silverman, E. M. Vernberg, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Helping children cope with disasters (pp. 11–34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, W. K., Oritz, C. D., Viswesvaran, C., Burns, B. J., Kolko, D. J., Putnam, F. W., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2008). Evidence based treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(1), 156–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spell, A. W., Kelley, M. L., Self-Brown, S., Davidson, K., Pellegrin, A., Palcic, J., Meyer, K., Paasch, V., & Baumeister, A. (2008). The moderating effects of maternal psychopathology on children’s adjustment post-Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 553–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, L. K., & Weems, C. F. (2011). Cognitive-behavior therapy for disaster exposed youth with posttraumatic stress: Results from a multiple-baseline examination. Behavior Therapy, 42, 349–363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toya, H., & Skidmore, M. (2007). Economic development and the impacts of natural disasters. Economics Letters, 94(1), 20–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vernberg, E. M., & Vogel, J. M. (1993). Part 2: Interventions with children after disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(4), 485–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. M., & Vernberg, E. M. (1993). Part 1: Children’s psychological responses to disasters. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22(4), 464–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, M. E., Shelley, K., Kaase, K., & Pane, J. F. (2008). Hurricane Katrina: A longitudinal study of the achievement and behavior of displaced students. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 13(2–3), 297–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., & Carrión, V. G. (2007). The association between PTSD symptoms and salivary cortisol in youth: The role of the time since the trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 903–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C., & Carrión, V. (2009). Diurnal salivary cortisol in youth: Clarifying the nature of posttraumatic stress dysregulation. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 389–395.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., & Graham, R. A. (2014). Resilience and trajectories of posttraumatic stress among youth exposed to disaster. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24(1), 2–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Child and adolescent mental health research in the context of Hurricane Katrina: An ecological-needs-based perspective and introduction to the special section. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 487–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., & Overstreet, S. (2009). An ecological-needs-based perspective of adolescent and youth emotional development in the context of disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. In Katie E. Cherry (Ed.), Lifespan perspectives on natural disasters: Coping with Katrina, Rita and other storms (pp. 27–44). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Piña, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007). Pre-disaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youth after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 154–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Taylor, L. K., Costa, N. M., Marks, A. B., Romano, D. M., Verrett, S. L., & Brown, D. M. (2009). Effect of a school-based test anxiety intervention in ethnic minority youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 218–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Marino, R., Romano, D. M., Scott, B. G., Perry A. M., & Triplett, V. (2010). Posttraumatic stress, context, and the lingering effects of the Hurricane Katrina disaster among ethnic minority youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Banks, D. M., & Graham, R. A. (2012). Is TV traumatic for all youths? The role of pre-existing posttraumatic stress symptoms on the link between disaster coverage and stress. Psychological Science, 23, 1293–1297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Romano, D. M., & Perry A. M. (2013). A theoretical model of continuity in anxiety and links to academic achievement in disaster exposed school children. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 729–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Russell, J.D., Banks, D. M., Graham, R. A., Neill, E. L., & Scott, B. G. (2014). Memories of traumatic events in childhood fade after experiencing similar less stressful events: Results from two natural experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 2046–2055. doi: 10.1037/xge0000016

    Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Scott, B. G., Graham, R. A., Banks, D. M., Russell, J. D., Taylor, L. K., et al. (2015). Fitting anxious emotion-focused intervention into the ecology of schools: Results from a test anxiety program evaluation. Prevention Science, 16, 200–210. DOI: 10.1007/s11121-014-0491-1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A. (1986). Stress and coping in early adolescence: Relationships to substance use in urban school samples. Health Psychology, 5(6), 503–529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., Vaccaro, D., & McNamara, G. (1992) The role of life events, family support, and competence in adolescent substance use: A test of vulnerability and protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20(3), 349–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, P., Yen, C. F., Tang, T. C., Chen, C. S., Yang, R. C., Huang, M. S., et al. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Typhoon Morakot-associated mudslides. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 362–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, R. (2006). Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 137–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S. M., Mason, J. W., & Giller, E. L. (1995). Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 982–986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

Correspondence concerning this chapter can be addressed to Carl F. Weems, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, 2330C Palmer, Ames, IA 50011-4380, USA.

Electronic mail may be sent to cweems@iastate.edu

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, 2330C Palmer, 50011-4380, Ames, IA, USA

    Carl F. Weems PhD

  2. Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, 70148, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Donice M. Banks MS

Authors
  1. Carl F. Weems PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donice M. Banks MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carl F. Weems PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Louisiana State University Dept. Psychology, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Katie E. Cherry

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weems, C., Banks, D. (2015). Severe Stress and Anxiety Disorders in Adolescence: The Long-Term Effects of Disasters. In: Cherry, K. (eds) Traumatic Stress and Long-Term Recovery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation