Abstract
The Minimum Impact Mill Technologies which can meet the environmental challenges of the pulp and paper industry are discussed in this chapter. These include Optimised wood handling; Dry Debarking; High Yield Pulping Process; Extended Modified cooking; Efficient Brownstock Washing/Improved Pulp Washing; Oxygen Delignification; Ozone bleaching; ECF and TCF bleaching; Fortification of extraction stages with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide; HexA Removal; Condensate Stripping and Recovery; Minimum SO2 and NOx Emissions; Electrostatic Precipitators; Increase in the dry solids content of black liquor; Installation of scrubbers on the recovery boiler; Incineration of odorous gases in the lime kiln; Installation of low NOx technology in auxiliary boilers and the lime kiln; SNCR on bark boilers; Over Fire Air Technique on recovery boilers; Installation of improved washing of lime mud in recausticizing; Efficient Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Waste Treatment (in some special cases); Partial system closure; Minimum Power Consumption; Waste water Recycling and reuse.
Some excerpts taken from Bajpai Pratima, “Environmentally Friendly Production of Pulp and Paper” John Wiley & Sons, (2010) with kind permission from John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agin SA, Svensson Å (1990) Fibre losses – economic consequences for the wood yard processes. In: Proceedings of the 24th Eucepa conference, Stockholm, pp 47–55
Ahluwalia MR, Coffey JM, Norris A (1992) Emerging technology in kraft pulping with digester additives. In: CPPA Spring conference proceedings, Canada, p 1
Albert RJ (1995) Worldwide status of effluent-free technology for bleached kraft pulp production. In: Proceedings if the international non-chlorine bleaching conference, Amelia Island, FL, March, Paper 9–2
Albert RJ (1997) Effluent-free pulp mill possible with existing fiberline equipment. In: Advances in bleaching technology. Miller Freeman Books, San Francisco, p 133
Alejandro M, Saldivia G (2003) Two-stage O2 delignification system cuts mill’s chemical use. Boosts Pulp Qual January/February, PaperAge, pp 18–24
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2002a) Trends in world bleached chemical pulp production: 1990–2001
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2002b) Eco-system recovery: lifting of fish consumption advisories for dioxin downstream of US Pulp Mills – 2002. Update
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2007) Trends in world bleached chemical pulp production: 1990–2007. Alliance for Environmental Technology, Washington, DC
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2008a) ECF: the sustainable technology, quality paper clean environment. Alliance for Environmental Technology, Washington, DC, 2008. Available online at http://www.aet.org/epp/brochure_0806.pdf
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2008b) Trends in world bleached chemical pulp production, 1990–2007, Alliance for Environmental Technology, Washington, DC, 2008. Available online at http://www.aet.org/science_of_ecf/eco_risk/2008_pulp.html
Alliance for Environmental Technology (AET) (2013) Trends in World Bleached Chemical Pulp Production: 1990–2012 www.aet.org/science_of_ecf/eco_risk/2013_pulp.html
Allison RW (1979) Effect of ozone on high-temperature thermo-mechanical pulp. Appita J 32(4):279–284
Allison RW (1980) Low energy pulping through ozone modification. Appita J 34(3):197–204
Amendola GA, Vice K, McCubbin N (1996) Design considerations for cost effective kraft and sulfite pulping liquor spill control systems. In: 1996 Tappi minimum effluent mills symposium proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta.
American Forest & Paper Assn (AFPA) (1988) Kraft recovery boiler physical and chemical processes, 1988, Textbook sponsored and published by AF&PA. Washington, DC
Aminoff H (1979) A mechanism for the delignifying effect of the anthraquinone in soda pulping. Pap Puu 61(6):29
Andbacka S (1991) Experiences of modified continuous cooking. Presentation at the Kamyr symposium in Portugal, April 1991
Andbacka S (1998) The importance of washing in oxygen delignification and TCF bleaching. Pulp Pap Can 99(3):57–60
Andbacka S, Svanberg J (1997) Isothermal cooking and pulp washing in a modern fiber line. In: 51th Appita general conference, proceedings 1, Melbourne, Australia
Anderson JR (1992) Hydrogen peroxide use in chemical pulp bleaching. In: Tappi bleach plant operations short course notes. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 123
Anderson JR, Amini B (1996) Hydrogen peroxide bleaching. In: Dence CW, Reeve DW (eds) Pulp bleaching – principles and practice. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 411
Andrew J, Chirat C, Mortha G, Grzeskowiak V (2008) Modified ECF bleaching sequences for South African hardwood kraft pulps. In: International pulp bleaching conference, Quebec City, QC, Canada, 2–5 June 2008, pp 55–60
Andrews DH, Singh RP (1979) Peroxide bleaching. In: Singh RP (ed) The bleaching of pulp, 3rd edn. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 211–253
Annergren G, Rydholm SA, Vardheim S (1963) Influence of raw material and pulping process on the chemical composition and physical properties of paper pulps. Sven Pap 66(6):196–210
Annola A, Hynninen P, Henricson K (1995) Effect of condensate use on bleaching. Pap Ja Puu 77(3)
Anonymous (1997) Closed loop bleaching’. UpTimes no. 1, 1997, p 8
Arenander S, Wahren D (1983) Impulse drying adds new dimension to water removal. Tappi J 66(9):123–126
Arpalahti O, Engdahl H, Jäntti J, Kiiskilä E, Liiri O, Pekkinen J, Puumalainen R, Sankala H, Vehmaan-Kreula J (2000) Chemical pulping, white liquor preparation. In: Gullichsen J. Fogelholm C-J (ed) Papermaking science and technology, book 6B. Gummerus Printing, Jyväskylä, pp B178–B202
Aurell R, Hartler N (1963) Sulphate cooking with the addition of reducing agents. Part III. The effect of sodium borohydride. Tappi 46(4):209–215
Axegård P (1999) Kretsloppsanpassad massafabrik-Slutrapport, KAM 1 1996–1999, KAMrapport A31, Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk forskning
Axegård P, Norden S, Teder A (1978) Production of pulp for bleaching – some principles. Sven Pap 81(4):97–100, 104
Axegård P, Carey J, Folke J, Gleadow P, Gullichsen J, Pryke DC, Reeve DW, Swan B, Uloth V (2003) Minimum -impact mills: issues and challenges. In: Stuthridge T, van den Hueval MR (eds)
Bajpai P (2000) Treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents with anaerobic technology. Pira International, Leatherhead
Bajpai P (2008a) Chemical recovery in pulp and paper making. PIRA International, Leatherhead, 166 pages
Bajpai P (2008b) Water recovery in pulp and paper making. PIRA International, Leatherhead
Bajpai (2010) Environmentally friendly production of pulp and paper. Wiley, New York
Bajpai P (2012a) Biotechnology in pulp and paper processing. Springer, New York, 412 pp
Bajpai P (2012b) Environmentally benign approaches for pulp bleaching, 2nd edn, Elsevier, London
Bajpai P, Bajpai PK (1999) Recycling of process water in a closed mill systems – an introduction. ISBN 1 85802 277 0, Pira International UK, 104 pages
Bajpai P, Kumar S, Mishra SP, Mishra OP, Bajpai PK (2005) Improving digester performance through the use of surfactants and AQ. IPPTA Conv Issue 43–53
Barratt KB (1990) Kraft pulping for the 90s environment. Paper presented at Tappi 90 conference held 5–8 March, 1990 at Atlanta, GA, USA, pp 95–102
Beca AMEC (2004) Study report: independent advice on the development of environmental guidelines for any new Bleached Eucalypt Kraft Pulp Mill in Tasmania, prepared for the Resource Planning and Development Commission, Tasmania, Australia
Beca AMEC (2006) Review of ECF and TCF bleaching processes and specific issues raised in the WWF report on Arauco Valdivia. Prepared for Resource Planning and Development Commission, Tasmania, Australia. May 2006
Bergnor G, Dahlman O (1998) Influence on pulp quality during the removal of hexenuronic acids In: Proceedings international pulp bleaching conference, Helsinki, Finland, p 185
Bergnor-Gidnert E (2006) STFI Pac kforsk report, February, 2006 (in Swedish)
Berry R (1996) Oxidative alkaline extraction. In: Dence CW, Reeve DW (eds) Pulp bleaching – principles and practice. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 291–320
Berthold F, Lindström ME (1997) Polysulfide addition as a means to increase delignification in kraft pulping. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 12(4):230
Bérubé PR, Hall ER (2000) Removal of methanol from evaporator condensate using a high temperature membrane bioreactor: determination of optimal operating temperature and system costs. Pulp Pap Can 101(3):54–58
Björk M, Sjögren, Tomas, Lundin T Rickards H, Kochesfahani, SH (2005) Partial borate autocausticizing trial increases capacity at Swedish mill, Tappi J 4(9):15–19
Blackwell BR, MacKay WB, Murray FE, Oldham WK (1979) Review of kraft foul condensates, sources, quantities, chemical composition, and environmental effects. Tappi J 62(10):33–37
Bokström M, Nordén S (1998) Extended oxygen delignification. In: Proceedings of the 1998 international pulp bleaching conference, Helsinki, Finland
Boman R, Reeves R, Nordgren B (1995) Mills improve bleach results with pressurized peroxide. Pulp Pap 69(10):121–125
Bonsu AK, Marois J, Rowbottom RS (1986) Standby wet scrubber for kraft digester blow and relief gases. Pulp Paper Can 87(8):T318-T323 (August 1986)
Borchardt JK, Biancalana RP, Mahoney CL (1997) Improved deresination agents: laboratory and mill results, In: Proceedings of the 1997 Tappi pulping conference, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 395–413
Botnia Rauma (2009) Air emissions – Botnia Rauma mill. Presentation given during a mission to Finland, 23.02.2009,
Bouchard J, Maine C, Berry RM (1996) Kraft pulp bleaching using dimethyldioxirane: stability of the oxidants. Can J Chem 74(2):232
Bounicore A, Wayne TD (1992) Air pollution engineering manual. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Bowen IJ (1990) Overview of emerging technologies in pulping and bleaching. Tappi J 73(9):205–217
Brännland R, Nordén S, Lindström LA (1990) Implementation in full scale – the next step for prenox. Tappi I 73(5):231–237
Bräuer P, Großalber J, Münster H, Zhang X, Nagalla RN (2012) China is steaming ahead with high-yield pulping, Success story of Chinese paper and board industry with the use of mechanical pulping, What can Asia learn from this, http://papermart.in/2012/09/28/china-is-steaming-ahead-with-high-yield-pulping-success-story-of-chinese-paper-and-board-industry-with-the-use-of-mechanical-pulping-what-can-asia-learn-from-this
Breed D, Shackford LD, Pereira ER, Colodette JL (1995) Cost-effective retrofit of existing bleach plants to ECF and TCF bleached pulp production using a novel peroxide bleaching process. In: 1995 pulping conference, Chicago, IL, USA, 1–5 October, 1995, Book 2, pp 779–788
Bright D, Hodson P, Lehtinen, K-J, Mckague B, Rodgers J, Solomon K (2003) Evaluation of ecological risks associated with the use of chlorine dioxide for the bleaching of pulp: scientific progress since 1993. In: T Stuthridge, van den Hueval MR, Marvin NA, Slade AH, Gifford J (eds) Environmental impacts of pulp and paper waste streams, SETAC Press, Pensacola
Brogdon BN, Hart PW (2012) Chapter 10: Peroxide bleaching. In: Hart PW, Rudie AW (eds) Bleaching of pulp, 5th edn. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 273–308
Brown C, Landälv I (2001) The chemrec black liquor recovery technology – a status report. In: International chemical recovery conference, Whistler, Canada, 11–14 June 2001
Buchert J, Teleman A, Harjunpaa V, Tenkanen M, Viikari L, Vuorinen T (1995) Effect of cooking and bleaching on the structure of xylan in conventional pine kraft pulp. Tappi J 78(11):125
Buchert J, Tenkanen M, Tamminen T (2001) Characterization of carboxylic acids during kraft and Superbatch pulping. Tappi J 84(4):1
Bujanovic B, Cameron J, Yilgor N (2003) Comparative studies of kraft and kraft-borate pulping of black spruce. J Pulp Pap Sci 29(6):190–196
Burgess T (1993) The basics of foul condensate stripping. In: Proceedings of the 1993 kraft recovery operations short course. Tappi J 137–146
Campo R, Marques P (2009) Celtejo plays in the top division. Results Pulp Pap 3:32–34
Cannell E, Cockram R (2000) The future of BCTMP. Pulp Pap 74(5):61–76
Canovas RV, Maples GE (1995) Bleach plant closure with the BFR™ process. In: 1995 nonchlorine bleaching conference proceedings. Orlando, Florida
Carre G, Wennerström M (2005) Ozone bleaching – an established technology. IPBC, Stockholm, pp 144–149
Carreira HJM, Loureiro PEG, Graca M, Carvalho MGVS, Evtuguinet DV (2012) Reductive degradation of residual chromophores in kraft pulp with sodium dithionite. Tappi J 11(3):59–67
Carter DN, McKenzie DG, Johnson AP, Idner K (1997) Performance parameters of oxygen delignification. TAPPI J 80(10):111–117
Chai XS, Luo Q, Yoon SH, Zhu JY (2001) The fate of hexanuronic acid groups during kraft pulping of hardwoods. J Pulp Pap Sci 27(12):403
Chandra B (1997) Effluent minimization – a little water goes a long way. Tappi J 80(12):37–42
Chemrec (2012) A gasification technology inherently more efficient. Retrieved on April 10, 2012. Available at: http://www.chemrec.se/
Chen CI (1990) Process for producing kraft pulp for paper using nonionic surface active agents to improve pulp yield, U.S. Patent 4,952,277
Chen GC (1994) Application of a surfactant as a kraft pulping additive. Tappi 77(2):125–128
Cheremisinoff NP, Rosenfeld PE (2010) Handbook of pollution prevention and cleaner production vol. 2: best practices in the wood and paper industries, 1st edn. Elsevier, New York
Chirat C, Lachenal D (1994) Minimizing pulp degradation during totally chlorine free bleaching sequences including an ozone stage. In: 1994 international pulp bleaching conference papers. Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal
Chirat C, Lachenal D (1997) Pulp producers race to keep up with technology. In: Pate KL (ed) Advances in bleaching technology. Miller Freeman Books, San Francisco, p 20
Chirat C, Nyangiro D, Struga B, Lachenal D (2005) The use of ozone on high kappa softwood and hardwood kraft pulps to improve pulp yield. IPBC, Stockholm, pp 74–80
Chirat С (2007). Proceedings of the EFPG days 2007, Grenoble, France
Cloutier JN, Lecourt M, Petit-Conil M (2009) Ozonisation of TMP – Part I – direct ozone injection in the eye of the secondary refiner In: PACWEST conference, Kamloops, BC, Canada, 10 pages
Cloutier JN, Lecourt, M, Petit-Conil M (2010) Ozonation of TMP – Part II – interstage treatment of primary TMP in a dedicated reactor In: PACWEST conference, Kamloops, BC, Canada, 9 pages
Colodette JL, Campos AS, Gomide JL (1990) Attempts to use white liquor as the source of alkali in the oxygen delignification of eucalypt kraft pulp. In: 1990 Tappi oxygen delignification symposium notes. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 145
Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) (2009) CEPI Europe’s pulp and paper industry in 2020 and beyond. Carta & Cartiere 14–18
Cooper CD, Alley FC (1986) Air pollution control: a design approach. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights
Costa MM, Colodette JL (2002) The effect of kraft pulp composition on its bleachability. In: TAPPI international pulp bleaching conference, 2002. Ortland, Oregon, USA
Courchene CE (1998) The tried, the true and the new – getting more pulp from chips – modifications to the kraft process for increased yield. In: Proceedings of the breaking the pulp yield barrier symposium, 1998. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 11–20
Croon I, Andrews DH (1971) Advances in oxygen bleaching, Part I. Demonstration of its feasibility and scope. Tappi 54(11):1892–1898
Crotogino RH, Poirier NA, Trinh DT (1987) The principles of pulp washing. Tappi J 70(6):95–103
Dallons VJ, Hoy DR, Messmer RA, Crawford RJ (1990) Chloroform formation and release from pulp bleaching. Results of field measurements. Tappi J 73(6):91–95
De Beer JG (1998) Potential for industrial energy efficiency Improvement in the long term. PhD thesis Utrecht University, Department of Science, Technology, and Society
de Choudens C, Monzie P (1978) Pâtes TMP. Traitement par l’ozone, Atip 32(9):350–359
DeCarrera R (2006) Quaterly technical progress report 20 demonstration of black liquor gasification at Big Island. Report 40850R20 http://www.gp.com/containerboard/mills/big/pdf/rpt40850R20.pdf (06-04-28)
DeMartini Nl (2010) Final summary report on nitrogen oxide emissions from Finnish pulp mills. Finnish Recovery Boiler Committee, 2010
Department of Justice (2012) Pulp and paper effluent regulations (SOR/92-269). Department of Justice, Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2012. Available online at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-92-269
Desprez F, Devenyns J, Troughton N (1993) One stage hydrogen peroxide full bleaching of previously delignified soft wood kraft pulp. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p. 443
Devenyns J, Chauveheid E (1997) Uronic acid and metal control. In: 9th international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry. Montreal, QC, Canada, pp M5-1
Devenyns J, Desprez FS, Troughton N (1993) Peroxygen bleaching and prebleaching technologies for step wise conversion from conventional chlorine bleaching via ECF to TCF. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 341
Diaconescu V, Petrovan S (1976) Kinetics of sulfate pulping with addition of sodium borohydride. Cellul Chem Technol 10(3):357–378
Dimmel DR (1995) Electron-transfer reactions in pulping systems. (1). Theory and applicability to anthraquinone pulping, Institute of Paper Chemistry. J Wood Chem Technol 5(1):1–14
Dimmel DR, Schuller LF (1986) Structural/reactivity studies (II): reactions of lignin model compounds with pulping additives. J Wood Chem Technol 6(4):565
Dubé M, McLean R, MacLatchy D, Savage P (2000) Reverse osmosis treatment: effects on effluent quality. Pulp Pap Can 101:8
Durai-Swamy K, Mansour MN, Warren DW (1991) Pulsed combustion process for black liquor gasification, U.S. DOE report DOE/CE/40893-T1 (DE92003672)
Eckert B, Turpin D, Dunn J (2005) Improving fiber yield through borate autocausticizing, Improving fiber yield through borate autocausticizing, Tappi/Solut April 2005, pp 33–34
EIPPCB (2011) Assessment of the data collection on air emissions from European kraft pulp mills, February – April 2011, 2011. European Commission, Spain
Eiras KMM, Colodette JL (2003) Eucalyptus kraft pulp bleaching with chlorine dioxide at high temperature. JPPS 29(2):62–64
Ek M, Axegård P, Bergnor E, Ekholm U (1994) The role of metal ions in TCF-bleaching of softwood pulps. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Elaahi A, Lowitt HE (1988) The U.S. pulp and paper industry: an energy perspective. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC
Emilsson K, Håkansson M, Danielsson G (1997) Extended stripping and usage of evaporator condensates at Varo Mill, Sweden. In: 1997 Tappi minimum effluent mills symposium proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Engstrom JH (1996) Black liquor impregnation and iso thermal cooking. Pap Asia 12(2):18–21
Environment Canada (1992a) Aquatic effects monitoring requirements. Report EPS 1/RM/18, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1992
Environment Canada (1992b) Reference method for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in pulp and paper mill effluents, Report EPS 1/RM/19, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1992
Enz SM, Emmerling F (1987) North America’s first fully integrated, medium. consistency oxygen delignification stage. Tappi J 70(6):105–112
EPA, NCASI (1995) Survey of recovery furnaces in the kraft pulp sector, carried out by NCASI in cooperation with EPA in 1994–1995
Eriksson E, Sjöström E (1968) The influence of acid groups on the physical properties of high-yield pulps. Tappi J 51(1):56
Ernerfeldt B, Södersten PA, Eriksson HO, Näsholm AS (1999) Bleach plant presses reduce chemical consumption. In: 6th international conference on newly available technologies, Stockholm
European Commission (2001) Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). Reference document on best available techniques in the pulp and paper industry. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Seville
European Commission (2013) Best Available Techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of pulp, paper and board. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit European IPPC Bureau
Fatehi P, Malinen RO, Ni Y (2009) Removal of hexenuronic acid from eucalyptus kraft pulps during chlorine dioxide- and ozone-based ECF bleaching sequences. Appita 62(3):212–218
Finnish BAT Report (1997) The Finnish background report for the EC documentation of best available techniques for pulp and paper industry. The Finnsih environment 96, Ministry of Environment in Finland, Helsinki 1997, ISBN 952-11-0123-7
Fleming BI, Kubes GJ, MacLeod JM, Bolker HI (1978) Soda pulping with anthraquinone. A mechanism. Tappi 61(6):43
Ford M, Sharman P (1996) Performance of high yield hardwood pulp is investigated as it should be the choice of the future. Pulp Pap Int 38(10):29
FRBC (2010) NOx emissions from recovery boilers – why discrepancy between Finnish and Swedish values, Finnish Recovery Boiler Committee, 22.12.2010, 2010, p 12
Fujisaki A, Tateishi M, Baba Y, Arakawa Y (2001) Plugging prevention of recovery boiler by character improvement of the ash which used potassium removal equipment (part II). In: Proceedings of the international chemical recovery conference, Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada, Tampa
Fullerton TJ, Wright LJ (1984) Redox catalysis of alkaline pulping by organometallic complexes. Wood Chem Technol 4(1):61–74
Furtado FP, Evtugin DV, Gomes TM (2001) Effect of the acid stage in ECF bleaching of eucalyptus globulus kraft pulp bleachability and strength. Pulp Pap Can 102(12):93
Gabir S, Khristov T (1973) Kraft cooks of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) stalks in the presence of sodium borohydride. Tselul Khartiya 4(6):12–18
Gavrilescu D (2005) Best practices in kraft pulping – benefits and costs. Environ Eng Manag J 4:29–46
Gebart R (2006) Improvement Potential in chemical pulping: black liquor gasification. In: Paper presented at the IEA-WBCSD workshop on energy efficient technologies and CO2 reduction potentials in the pulp and paper industry, Paris, France
Gellerstedt G (2003) Condensation in kraft pulping. A reality?. In: 12th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry (ISWPC) Madison, USA, June 9–12, 2004, Vol I, 1
Genco JM, van Heiningen A, Miller W (2012) Chapter 2: Oxygen delignification, the bleaching of pulp. In: Hart P, Rudie A (eds) TAPPI Press, Atlanta
Germer E, Metais A, Hostachy JC (2011) State-of-the-art industrial ozone bleaching. Tappsa J 6:30–37
Germguard U, Steffes F (1996) Pulp washing in a closed bleached plant. In: Proceedings of the Tappi 1996 minimum effluent mills symposium. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 115–118
Gleadow PL, Hastings C (1995) Closed cycle kraft ECF vs. TCF. In: Proceedings international non-chlorine bleaching conference, Amelia Island, FL, March, Paper 9–1
Gleadow PL,Vice K, Johnson AP, Sorenson DR, Hastings CR (1996) Mill applications of closed cycle technology. In: Proceedings international non-chlorine bleaching conference, Orlando, FL, March, Paper 11–3
Gomes da Silva Jr F, Duarte FA, Saco VM, dos Santos JT, Bassa A (2002) Ozone based ECF bleaching sequence for eucalyptus pulp: optimization studies. In: TAPPI International pulp bleaching conference. Portland, OR, USA
Gorski D, Engstrand P, Hill J, Johansson L (2009) Review: reduction of energy consumption in refining through mechanical pretreatment of wood chips. In: International mechanical pulping conference, Sundsvall
Gotlieb PM, Nutt WE, Miller SR, Macas TS (1994) Mill experience in high-consistency ozone bleaching of southern pine pulp. Tappi J 77(6):117–124
Govers T, Homer G, Scheeff D (1995) The cost of ozone-based ECF and TCF bleaching. In: AIR LIQUIDE/OZONIA ozone symposium, Helsingör, Denmark. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/govers/aecono/pulp_bleaching. (28–29 September 1995)
Goyal GC (ed) (1997) Anthraquinone pulping: a Tappi Press anthology of published papers, 1977–1996. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Goyal G, Jokela V, Munro FC (1994) Low kappa number pulping – mill experiences, In: 1994, Tappi pulping conference. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 305
Grace TM, Timmer WM (1995) A comparison of alternative black liquor recovery technologies. In: Proceedings of the international chemical recovery conference, Toronto, pp B269 – 275
Gratzl JS (1980) The action mechanism of anthraquinone in alkaline pulping. EUCEPA symposium “The delignification methods of the future”, Helsinki, paper 12
Gullichsen J (2000) Fiber line operations. In: Gullichsen J, Fogelholm C-J (eds) Chemical pulping – papermaking science and technology, Book 6A. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland, p A19
Gullichsen J, Paulapuro H, Sundholm J (2000) (book editor), Papermaking science and technology, Book 5. Mechanical pulping, Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland
Gullichsen J, Ilmoniemi E, Kaasalainen H, Manninen TA (2009) Method for feeding high-consistency pulp to a formation support and high-consistency Headbox, WO 2009063135 (A1)
Håkansdotter L, Olm L (2002) Soda-AQ pulping of softwood, the influence of cooking parameters on the properties and bleachability. Pap Puu 84(1):43
Haller KH (1996) A decision in favor of ECF: what a decision in the German speaking area. In: Proceedings International Non-Chlorine Bleaching Conference, Orlando, FL
Hamm U, Gottshing L (2002) ECF and TCF bleached pulps: a comparison of their environmental impact. German Pulp and Paper Association VDP—INFOR project (No. 19)
Han Y, Law KN, Lanouette R (2008) Modification of jack pine TMP long fibers by alkaline peroxide –Part 1. Chemical characteristics of fibers and spent liquor. BioResources 3(3):870–880
Harazono K, Kondo R, Sakai K (1996) Bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp with manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 without addition of MnSO4. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(3):913–917
Hartler N (1959) Sulfate cooking with the addition of reducing agents. I. Preliminary report on the addition of sodium borohydride. Sven Pap 62:467
Hatton J (1987) Debarking of frozen wood. Tappi J 70(2):61–66
He Z, Wekesa M, Ni Y (2004a) Pulp properties and effluent characteristics from the Mg(OH)(2)-based peroxide bleaching process. Tappi J 3(12):27–31
He Z, Ni Y, Zhang E (2004b) Further understanding on the cationic demand of dissolved substances during peroxide bleaching of a spruce TMP. J Wood Chem Technol 24(2):153–168
He Z, Qian X, Ni Y (2006a) The tensile strength of bleached mechanical pulps from the Mg(OH)2-based and NaOH-based peroxide bleaching processes. J Pulp Pap Sci 32(1):47–52
He Z, Wekesa M, Ni Y (2006b) A comparative study of Mg(OH)(2)-based and NaOH-based peroxide bleaching of TMP: anionic trash formation and its impact on filler retention. Pulp Paper Can 107(3):29–32
Headley RL (1996) Pulp cooking developments focus on fiber yield, lower chemical use. Pulp Pap 70(10):49–57
Heimburger S, Thireault D, Boechler T (2002) International pulp bleaching conference. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 271
Helander R, Nilsson B, Bohman G (1994) Developments and progress in ozone bleaching at the Skoghall mill. In: CPPA international pulp bleaching conference papers, CPPA, Montreal, p 289
Henricson K (1997) Ahlstrom machinery, AHLTM-stage. A new bleaching stage for kappa reduction and metal profile control, In: Emerging new technologies conference (March 1997), Orlando, USA
Hill J, Sabourn M, Johansson L, Aichinger J (2009) Enhancing fibre development at reduced energy consumption using TMP subprocesses and targeted chemcial application – pilot and commercial scale results, International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Sundsvall, Sweden, May 31–June 4
Hitchens D, Farrell F, Lindblom J, Triebswetter U (2001) The impact of Best Available Techniques (BAT) in the competitiveness of European industry. European Comission, report EUR 20133 EN. 120 pp
Hoddenbagh JA, Wilfing K, Miller K, Hardman D, Tran H, Bair C (2001) Borate autocausticizing – a cost effective technology. In: International chemical recovery conference, Whistler, Canada, 11–14 June 2001, pp 345–53
Holmbom B, Ekman R, Sjoholm R, Eckerman C, Thornton J (1991) Chemical-changes in peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulps. Papier 45(10A):16–22
Holton H (1977) Soda additive softwood pulping: a major new process. Pulp Pap Can 78(10):19
Homer G, Muguet M, Epiney M, Johnson S (1996) Oxygen, ozone, and chlorine dioxide. In: 82nd annual meeting, technical section, CPPA, Montréal, 1996
Hosoya S, Tomimura Y, Shimada K (1993) Acid treatment as one stage of non chlorine bleaching, In: 7th international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry, vol 1, Beijing, China, p 206
Hostachy JC (2009) Bagasse pulp bleaching with ozone: it’s time to implement green bleaching practice paperex. In: 2009 – international technical conference 4-6th December 2009, New Delhi, India
Hostachy JC (2010a) Ozone-enhanced bleaching of softwood kraft pulp, Tappi J 9(8):16–23
Hostachy JC (2010b) Softwood pulp bleaching with ozone: a new concept to reduce the bleaching chemical cost by 25%, Appita 63(2):92–97
Hostachy JC (2010c) Use of ozone in chemical and high yield pulping processes: latest innovations maximizing efficiency and environmental performance. In: 64th Appita annual conference and exhibition, 18–21 April 2010, Melbourne, Australia, pp 349–354
Hostachy JC, Serfass R (2009) Ozone bleaching – state of the art and new developments www.otsil.net/…/ozone%20bleaching%20State%20of%20Art%20TECHNOLOGY%2…A. Wedeco report
Hsieh JS, Long PX, BaOsman A (2000) Kinetic study of ozone treatment on mechanical pulp. In: Proceedings from the 2000 Tappi pulping/process & product quality conference, Boston, DF MA, Paper 46
Huber E, Rank P, Rauscher JW, Williamson DF (1995) High black liquor solids firing at pope and talbot. In: Proceedings of the 1995 international chemical recovery pulping conference. TAPPI Press, Toronto.
Hupa (2005). Nitrogen oxide emissions from pulp mills and the factors affecting them – a summary of the current knowledge, Report for the Finnish Recovery Boiler Committee, 2005, p. 15
Hyoty PA, Ojala ST (1988) High solids black liquor combustion. Tappi J 71(1):108–111
Ibach S (1995). Conversion to High Solids Firing, Proceedings of the International Chemical Recovery Conference, TAPPI Press, Toronto, Ont., Apr. 1995
Imelainen K, Ekholm J, Kukkanen K, Pasola I (1989) A computer controlled recovery boiler burning high dry solids. Pulp Pap Can 90(4):15–20
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) Energy technology transitions for industry – strategies for the next industrial revolution. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris
Istek A, Gonteki E (2009) Utilization of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in kraft pulping process. J Environ Biol 30(6):5–6
Jaakko Pöyry Consulting AB (1997) Energy conservation in the pulp and paper industry
Jaccard M, Willis Enterprises Associates (1996) Energy conservation potential in six Canadian industries. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa
Jameel H, Gratzl J, Prasad DY, Chivikula S (1995) Extending delignification with AQ/polysulfide. Tappi J 78(9):151–160
Jamieson AG, Fossum G (1976) Influence of oxygen delignification on pulp yields. Appita 29(4):253–256
Jemaa N, Paleologou M, Thompson R, Richardson B, Brown C, Sheedy M (1999) Chloride removal from the kraft recovery boiler ESP dust using the precipitator dust purification (PDP) system. Pulp Pap Can 100:T219–T226
Jerschefske D (2012) China invests to meet booming paper demand. http://www.labelsandlabeling.com/news/features/china-invests-meet-booming-paper-demand
Jiang JE (1993) Extended delignification of Southern Pine with polysulfide and anthraquinone. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings, Atlanta, November 14–18, pp 313–321
Jiang JE (1995) Extended delignification of southern pine with anthraquinone and polysulfide, Tappi J 78/2:126
Johansson B, Mjöberg J, Sandström P, Teder A (1984) Modified continuous kraft pulping – now a reality. Sven Pap 87(10):30–35
Johnson RW, Bird A (1991). CTMP in Fine Papers: Impact of CTMP on Permanence of Alkaline Papers, 1991 Papermakers conference proceedings, TAPPI Press: 267–273.
Johnson T, Gleadow P, Hastings C (1996) Pulping technologies for the 21st century – a North American view. Part 4 emerging technologies and mill closure. Appita 49(2):76–82
Johnson AP, Johnson BI, Gleadow P, Silva FA, Aquilar RM, Hsiang CJ, Araneda H (2008) 21st century fibrelines. In: Proceedings of the international bleaching conference, Quebec City, 2008
Jones AR (1983) How bleaching hardwood kraft pulp with oxygen affects the environment. Tappi J 66(12):42–43
Jönsson J (2011) Analysing different technology pathways for the pulp and paper industry in a European energy systems perspective. PhD thesis, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
Jönsson J, Ruohonen P, Michel G, Berntsson T (2011) The potential for steam savings and implementation of different biorefinery concepts in Scandinavian integrated TMP and paper mills. Appl Therm Eng 31(13):2107–2114
Joseph JC, White DE (1996) The use of modeling in mill closure activities. In: 1996 Tappi minimum effluent mills symposium proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta
KAM Report A100 (2003) Ecocyclic pulp mill – “KAM”. Final report 1996–2002
Kapanen J, Kuusisto L (2002) A new brown stock washing optimization method for economical pulp production, TAPPSA APPW, 2002
Kappel J, Bräuer P, Kittel FP (1994) High consistency ozone bleaching technology. Tappi J 77(6):109
Karlström K (2009) Extended impregnation kraft cooking of softwood: effects on reject, yield, pulping uniformity and physical properties, Lic. thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
Katofsky R, Consonni S, Larson ED (2003) A cost-benefit analysis of black liquor gasification combined cycle systems. In: Proceedings of the Tappi fall technical conference: engineering, pulping & PCE&I, Chicago, 22 p
Katsoulis DE (2002) A survey of applications of polyoxometalates. Chem Rev 98(1):359
Katz G (1993) Anthraquinone and anthraquinone-polysulfide pulping for extended delignification. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings, Atlanta, November 14–18, pp 323–331
Katz S, Scallan AM (1983) Ozone and caustic soda treatments of mechanical pulp. TAPPI J 66(1):85–87
Kazymov D (2010) Biochemical modification of thermomechanical pulp fibers. Master’s degree program in chemical and process engineering. Lappeenranta University of Technology
Kibblewhite RP, Brookes D, Allison RW (1980) Effect of ozone on the fiber characteristics of thermomechanical pulps. Tappi J 63(4):133–136
Kignell JE (1989) Process for chemicals and energy recovery from waste liquors, U.S. Patent no. 4,808,264
Kiviaho I (1995) Optimizing oxygen delignification. In: Proceedings of the international non-chlorine bleaching conference, Amelia Island, FL, paper 2–2, p 12
Kleppe PJ, Kringstad K (1963) Sulfate pulping by the polysulfide process. II. Birch. Norsk Skogind 18(1):13
Kleppe PJ, Hm C, Eckert RC (1972) Delignification of high yield pulp with oxygen and alkali, I, preliminary studies on southern pines. Pulp Pap Mag Can 73(12):T400–T404
Knutson I, Lovblad R, Malmström J, De Sousa F, Kringstad KP (1992) Minimizing dioxin formation in mill-scale bleaching of softwood kraft pulp. Tappi J 75(6):112
Kochesfahani SH, Bair C (2002) Overcoming recausticizing limitations; mill experiences with borate autocausticization. In: 7th international conference on new available technologies, Stockholm, Sweden, 4–6 June 2002, pp 87–90
Kochesfahani SH, Bair CM, Kirk M (2006) Partial borate autocausticizing, a new technology in chemical recovery. Appita J 59(2):130–135
Kojima, Y, Yoon, SL (1991) Distribution of lignin in the cell wall of ozonized CTMP fibres. In: Proceedings from the 1991 6th international symposium on wood and pulp chemistry, Melbourne, Australia, p 109
Kojima Y, Yoon SL, Kayama T (1988) A study of production of CTMP from hardwood. Part B : characterization of pulp produced by CTMP-O3 process, Japan Tappi J 42(10): 953–962
Koskinen K (1999) Wood handling applications. In: Gullichsen J, Fogelholm C-J (eds) Papermaking science and technology, Book 6A. Chemical pulping. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, pp 331–491
Ku PWC, Hsieh JS, Jayawant MD, Houle L (1992) Chlorination stage elimination by using nitrosation pretreatment before oxygen delignification/oxygen reinforced extraction. Tappi J 75(10):146–151
Kubes GJ, Fleming BI, Macleod JM, Bolker HI, Werthemann DP (1983) Viscosities of unbleached alkaline pulps.2. The G-factor. J Wood Chem Technol 3(3):313–333
Kuligowski C, Brochier B, Petit-Conil M (2005) New ways to use ozone in bleaching sequences: ozonated water as a last bleaching stage. In: 2005 international pulp bleaching conference, Stockholm, Sweden, 14–16 June 2005, pp 284–287
Kymäläinen M (2001) Fate of nitrogen in the chemical recovery cycle of a kraft pulp mill. PhD thesis, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
Lachenal D, Papadopoulos J (1988) Improvement of hydrogen peroxide delignification. J Cellul Chem Technol 22(5):537
Lachenal D, Chirat C, Viardin MT (2000) High temperature chorine dioxide delignification. A breakthrough in ECF bleaching of hardwood kraft pulps. Tappi J 83(8):96
Laine J, Stenius P, Carlsson G, Storm G (1996) The effect of ECF and TCF bleaching on the surface chemical composition of kraft pulp as determined by ESCA. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 11(3):201
Lancaster L,Yin C, Renard J, Phillips RB (1992) The effects of alternative pulping and bleaching processes on product performance – economic and environmental concerns. In: Proceedings, EPA international symposium on pollution prevention in the manufacture of pulp and paper. Washington, USA
Larsen E, Kreutz T, Consonni S (1998) Performance and preliminary economics of black liquor gasification combined cycles for a range of kraft pulp mill sizes. In: International chemical recovery conference, vol 2, Tampa, FL, USA, 1–4 June 1998, pp 675–692
Larsen E, Consonni S, Katofsky R (2003) A cost-benefit assessment of biomass gasification power generation in the pulp and paper industry. Final report. Princeton Environmental Institute, October 8, 2003. Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
Laubach GD (1998) 1997 TAPPI survey of pulping additives – AQ and chip penetrants, In: TAPPI proceedings: breaking the pulp yield barrier symposium. TAPPI Press, Atlanta, pp 103–111
Lecourt M, Struga B, Delagoutte T, Petit-Conil M (2007) Saving energy by application of ozone in the thermomechanical pulping process. IMPC, Minneapolis, pp 494–507
Lee HL, Yuon HJ, Jung TM (2000) Improvement of linerboard properties by Condebelt drying. TAPPI 83(7)
Lefebvre BE, Santyr GM (1989) Effect of operating variables on kraft recovery boiler performance. Pulp Pap Can 90(12):145–152
Leporini Filho C, Süss HU, Rodrigues da Silva M, Lopes Peixoto MA (2003) Addition of hydrogen peroxide to ozonation for improved bleaching results., ABTCP-TAPPI 2003, 36° Congresso Internacional de Celulose e Papel, São Paulo, Brazil
Levlin JE (1990) On the use of chemi-mechanical pulps in fine papers. Pap Ja Puu-Pap Timber 72(4):301–308
Li J, Gellerstedt G (1997a) On the structural significance of kappa number measurement. In: Preprints 9th international symposium, wood pulping chemistry, vol 1, Montreal, QC, Canada, GI-I
Li J, Gellerstedt G (1997b) The contribution to kappa number from hexenuronic acid groups in pulp xylan. Carbohydr Res 302(3–4):213
Li K, Lei X, Lu L, Camm C (2010) Surface characterization and surface modification of mechanical pulp fibers. Pulp Pap Can 111(1):28–33
Lin B (2008) The basics of foul condensate stripping. Krat recovery short course, Florida, USA
Lindberg H, Engdahl, H, Puumalinen R (1994) Strategies for metal removal control in closed cycle mills. In: 1994 proceedings of the international pulp bleaching conference. CPPA, Montreal
Lindblom M (2006) Chemrec pressurized black liquor gasification – status and future plans. In: 7th international colloquium on black liquor combustion and gasification, Jyväskylä, Finland, 31 July – 2 August 2006
Lindgren CT, Lindström ME (1996) The kinetics of residual delignification and factors affecting the amount of residual lignin during kraft pulping. J Pulp Pap Sci 22(8):J290–J295
Lindholm CA (1977a) Ozone treatment of mechanical pulp. Part 2: influence on strength properties, Pap Ja Puu 59(2):47–50, 53–58, 60, 62
Lindholm CA (1977b) Ozone treatment of mechanical pulp. Part 3: influence on optical properties, Pap Ja Puu 59(4a):217–218, 221–224, 227–232
Lindholm CA (1977c) Ozone treatment of mechanical pulps. Pap Ja Puu (Special No. 4a):217–231.
Lindholm CA, Gummerus M (1983) Comparison of alkaline sulphite and ozone treatment of SGW, PGW and TMP fibre’s. Pap Ja Puu 65(8):467–473
Lindstrom LA (2003) Impact on bleachability and pulp properties by environmentally friendly bleaching concepts. In: Metso paper pulping technology seminar, Hyderabad, India, November 2003
Lindström LÅ, Larsson, PE (2003) Fiber lines for bleached eucalyptus kraft pulps. Impact on bleachability and paper properties. In: Conference in Vicosa, Brasil, 4–5 September 2003
Lindström ME, Teder A (1995) The effect of polysulfide pretreatment when kraft pulping to very low kappa numbers. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 10(1):8
Lindstrom LA, Norden S, Wennerstrom M (2007) High consistency ozone bleaching: present status and future. IPPTA 19(1):83–86
Lönnberg B (2009) Papermaking science and technology, Book 5, mechanical pulping, Chapter 7, Thermomechanical Pulping, pp 214–221, Paperi ja Puu Oy
Löwendahl L, Samuelsson O (1978) Carbohydrate stabilization during soda pulping with addition of antraquinone. Tappi 61(17):566
Lyon RK (1979) Thermal DeNOx: How it works. In: Hydrocarbon processing, October. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas
Lyon RK (1987) Thermal DeNO: controlling nitrogen oxides emissions by a noncatalytic process, Environ Sci Technol 21(3):231
Magara K, Ikeda I, Tomimura Y, Hosoya S (1998) Accelerated degradation of cellulose in the presence of lignin during ozone bleaching. J Pulp Pap Sci 24(8):264
Magnotta V, Kirkman A, Jameel H, Gratzl J (1998) High kappa pulping and extended oxygen delignification to increase yield, Breaking the pulp yield barrier symposium, Atlanta, February 17–18 1998, Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 165–182
Mahmoudi S, Baeyens J, Seville JPK (2010) NOx formation and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) in a fluidized bed combustor of biomass. Biomass Bioenergy 34:1393–1409
Mäkinen T, Alakangas E, Kauppi M (2011) BioRefinery yearbook 2011. Tekes, Helsinki
Maleshenko A, Ilmoniemi E, Kaasalainen H (2008) Web-forming unit of a paper or board machine. WO 2006120294 (A1)
Malinen R, Rantanen T, Rautonen R, Toikkanen L (1994) TCF bleaching to high brightness – bleaching sequences and pulp properties. In: Paper presented at 1994 international pulp bleaching conference held at Vancouver, Canada, 13–16 June 1994, Paper presentations, pp 187–194
Malkov Y (1990) A polysulfide liquor regeneration process with the use of an MT catalyst. Pap Ja Puu 72(10):961–966
Malmström J (2010) NOx emissions from Swedish recovery boilers. Swedish Forest Industries Federation, Sweden
Mansour MN, Steedman, WG, Durai-Swamy K, Kazares, RE, Raman TV (1992) Chemical and energy recovery from black liquor by steam reforming. In: International chemical recovery conference, Seattle, WA, USA, 7–11 June 1992
Mansour MN, Durai-Swamy K, Aghamohammadi B (1993). Pulsed combustion process for black liquor gasification. Second annual report U.S. DOE report DOE/CE/40893-T2 (DE94002668)
Mansour MN, Durai-Swamy K, Warren DW (1997) Endothermic spent liquor recovery process, U.S. Patent no 5,637, 192
Mao X, Kim J, Tran H, Kochesfahani SH (2006) Effect of chloride and potassium on borate autocausticizing reactions during black liquor combustion, Pulp Pap Can 107(10):T201–T204
Maples GM, Ambady R, Caron JR, Stratton SC, Vega Canovas RE (1994) BFR™: a new process toward bleach plant closure. Tappi J 77(11)
Marechal AJ (1993) Acid extraction of alkaline wood pulps before or during bleaching: reason and opportunity, Wood Chem Technol 13(2):261
Martin N, Anglani N, Einstein D, Khrushch M, Worrell E, Price L (2000a) Opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-46141, Berkeley
Martin N, Worrell E, Ruth M, Price L, Elliott RN, Shipley AM, Thorne J (2000b) Emerging energy-efficient industrial technologies. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-46990, Berkeley
Martius C (1992) Density, humidity, and nitrogen content of dominant wood species of floodplain forests (várzea) in Amazonia. Holz Roh Werkst 50:300–303
McCubbin N (1996) Numerous recovery options offer solutions for mill effluent closure. Pulp Pap Mag March 1996. Available online. www.risiinfo.com/db_area/archive/p_p_mag/1996/9603/96030131.htm
McCubbin N (2001a) Spill control: assessing your situation. Solutions 84(11):49–50
McCubbin N (2001b) Spill control. Part II: Reducing spills. Solutions 84(12):36–37
McDonough TJ (1990) Oxygen delignification. In: Tappi bleach plant operations short course, Hilton Head, Tappi press
McDonough TJ (1995) Recent advances in bleached chemical pulp manufacturing technology. Tappi J 78:55–62
McDonough TJ (1996) Oxygen delignification. In: Dence CW, Reeve DW (eds) Pulp bleaching – principles and practice. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 213
McDonough T, Herro J (1997) Influence of low-lignin pulping conditions on bleachability; effects of anthraquinone and effective alkali charge, anthraquinone pulping: TAPPI Press Anthology of Published Papers 1977–1996 (Goyal G. ed.) Chapter 1, pp 129–133
McGowan D R (2002) White water reuse in high-pressure paper machine showers. Preprints 88th PAPTAC annual meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 29–31 January 2002 [Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada, Montreal, Canada: 2002), pp B125–B128
Mckeough P (2003) Evaluation of potential improvements to BLG technology. Colloquium of black liquor combustion and gasification. Utah, Park City, 12 p
Mehra NK (1979) Recausticizing and lime mud reburning, Tappi 62(9):47–51
Meller A (1963) Retention of polysaccharides in kraft pulping. Part 1. The effect of borohydride treatment of Pinus radiata wood on its alkali stability. Tappi 46(5):317–319
Meller A, Ritman BL (1964) Retention of polysaccharides in kraft pulping. Part II. The effect of borohydride addition to kraft liquor on pulp yield, chemical characteristics and papermaking properties of Pinus radiata pulps. Tappi 47(1):55–64
Michniewicz M, Janiqa M (2010) The technique for sodium carbonate autocausticization with sodium metaborate. Polish Pap Rev 66(5):263–268
Middleton T (2006) Steam reforming technology at the norampac trenton mil. Presentation at IEA meeting, annex XV black liquor gasification, Washington, DC, USA, 20–22 February 2006.
Moldenius S (1995) Pulp quality and economics of ECF vs. TCF. In: Presentation, international non-chlorine bleaching conference. Amelia Island, Florida
Moldenius S (1997) Mill experience with ECF and TCF bleaching facts vs. fiction. In: Proceedings of the international emerging technologies conference, Orlando, FL
Mutton DB (1958) Hardwood resin. Tappi 41(11):632–643
Naqvi M, Yan J, Dahlquist E (2010) Black liquor gasification integrated in pulp and paper mills: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 101:8001–8015
Naqvi M, Yan J, Dahlquist E (2012) Bio-refinery system in a pulp mill for methanol production with comparison of pressurized black liquor gasification and dry gasification using direct causticization. Appl Energy 90(1):24–31
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) (2012) Pulp and paper mill emissions of SO2, NOx, and particulate matter in 2010. Special report no. 12–03. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Inc, Research Triangle Park
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) (2013) Overview of effects of decreased SOx and NOx emissions. www.paperenvironment.org/PDF/SOxNOx/SOxNOx
Nelson PJ (1998) Elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching of pulps. In: Young RA, Akhtar M (eds) Environmentally friendly technologies for the pulp and paper industry. Wiley, New York, p 215
Nesaratnam S (1998) Effluent treatment. Pira environment guide series, Pira International, Leatherhead, p 72
Newport DG, Rockvam 1, Rowbotton R (2004) Black liquor steam reformer start-up at Norainpac. In: Proceedings of TAPPI international chemical recovery conference, South Carolina
Ni Y, Kubes GJ, van Heiningen ARP (1992) Rate processes of chlorine dioxide distribution during prebleaching of kraft pulp. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 7(4):200–204
Nichols KM, Thompson, LM, Empie HJ (1993) A review of NOx formation mechanisms in recovery furnaces. Tappi J 76(1):119–124
Niiranen M (1985) Study of debarking drum process dimensioning. Doctoral thesis. Helsinki University of Technology
Nilsson J (1998) A literature survey of impulse drying, 1994–1998. Technical report. LUTKDH/(TKKA-7004)/1-36/1998. Lund University
Nilsson LJ, Larson ED, Gilbreath KR, Gupta A (1995) Energy efficiency and the pulp and paper industry. ACEEE, Washington, DC/Berkeley
Nilsson P, Puurunen K, Vasara P,Jouttijarvi T (2007) Continuum – rethinking BAT emissions of the pulp and paper industry in the European Union, Finnish environment report 12/2007. 41 pp
Nordén S, Teder A (1979) Modified kraft processes for softwood bleached-grade pulp. Tappi 62(7):49–51
Nordic Council of Ministers (1993) Study on nordic pulp and paper industry and the environment. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen
Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) (2005) Assessment of control options for BART-eligible sources. Steam electric boilers, industrial boilers, cement plants and paper and pulp facilities. Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management In Partnership with The Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union. www.nescaum.org/documents/bart-controlassessment.pdf/
Norvall G, Burton T, Kanters C (2001) The removal of pulp mill odors by novel catalytic environmental technology. Pulp Pap Can 102(4):T111–T113
Nurmesniemi H (2010) Tertiary treatment of biologically treated waste water from the pulp and paper mill – internal report assessing findings of the WWF report on the Celco pulp mill in Valdivia, Chile, Sora Enso Oyj, Environmental affairs, 2010, p 2
Nutt WE, Griggs BF, Eachus SW, Pikulin MA (1993) Developing an ozone bleaching process. Tappi J 76(3):115–213
Obst JR, Landucci LL, Sanyer N (1979) Quinons in alkaline pulping. Tappi 62:1, 55
Oinonen H (2010) Ozone bleached pulp and fine papers. Results Pulp Pap (2):35–38
Ojala T (1999) Condebelt drying process benefiting paper- and boardmanufacturing and converting. In: Presentation at Aticelca/ATI Convention in Milan, April 19, 1999, Energetic evolution in the paper sector
Pan GX (2001) An insight into the behaviour of aspen CTMP in peroxide bleaching – alkalinity’s influence is greater than that of peroxide charge. Pulp Pap Can 102(11):41–45
Panchapakeshan B, Hickman E (1997) Fiberline advancements spur papermaking process changes. In: Patrick KL (ed) Advances in bleaching technology. Miller Freeman Books, San Francisco, p 82
PARCOM (1994) BAT and BEP for the Sulphite and Kraft Pulp Industry, PARCOM, ISBN 0946 56 367
Parker ET, Lundsted LG (1975) U.S.A. Patent 3,909,345
Parthasarathy VR (1997) Oxidative extraction of hardwood and softwood kraft pulps with sodium carbonate-sodium hydroxide mixtures or oxidized white liquor during multistage bleaching. Tappi J 80(10):253–261
Parthasarathy VR, Rudie GF, Detty AE (1993) Total chlorine dioxide substitution in short sequence bleaching and it’s effect on pulp brightness and effluent characteristics. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 933
Pekkala O (1982) On the extended delignification using polysulfide or anthraquinone in kraft pulping. Pap Ja Puu 64(11):735–744
Pekkala O (1986) Prolonged kraft cooking modified by anthraquinone and polysulfide. Pap Ja Puu 68(5):385–400
Pereira ER, Colodette JL, Barna J (1995) Peroxide bleaching in pressurised equipment: influence of temperature and consistency. Papel 56(12):61–67
Persson H (1994) A literature review of impulse drying, 1988–1994. Technical report LUTKDH/(TKKA-7005)/1-42/1994. Lund University
Peter W (1993) First experience with mill-scale ozone bleaching, non-chlorine bleaching conference, Miller Freeman, San Francisco, CA, USA, 1993, Paper 22
Petit-Conil, M (1995) Principes de préparation des pâtes CTMP de bois résineux et feuillus. Application à la mise au point de procédés, Thèse de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble
Petit-Conil M (2003) Use of ozone in mechanical pulping processes. ATIP 57(2):17–26
Petit-Conil M, de Choudens C (1994) A new chemithermomechanical process : use of oxygen in the primary refining stage. Part 1: oxidative sulfonation for hardwood and softwood CTMP pulping. Das Pap 48(10):628–634
Petit-Conil M, Robert A, Pierrard JM (1997) Fundamental principles of mechanical pulping from softwoods and hardwoods. Part 1: theoretical aspects. Cellul Chem Technol 31(1/2):93–104
Petit-Conil M, de Choudens C, Espilit T (1998) Ozone in the production of softwood and hardwood high-yield pulps to save energy and improve quality. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 13(1):16–22
Pettersson SE, Rydholm SA (1961) Hemicelluloses and paper properties of birch pulps, Part 3. Sven Pap 64(1):4–17
Pikka O, Vessala R, Vilpponen A, Dahllof H, Germgard U, Norden S, Bokstrom M, Steffes F, Gullichsen J (2000) Bleaching applications. In: Gullichsen J, Fogelholm C-J (eds) Chemical pulping –papermaking science and technology. Fapet Oy, Helsinki, Finland, Book 6A, p A19
Pipon G, Chirat C, Lachenal D (2005) Final bleaching with ozone – basic and applied aspects. IPBC, Stockholm, pp 138–143
Pöyry J (1992) Reduction of atmospheric emissions from pulp industry, on behalf of Swedish EPA
Pöyry J (1997) A compilation of BAT techniques in Pulp and Paper Industry. Jaakko Pöyry Oyj, 1997, Finland
Prakash CB, Murray FE (1973). Studies on H2S emission during calcining, Pulp Pap Mag Can 74(5):99–102
Program SNB (2011) Gasification of black liquor, popolar scientific summary of the BLG II – program 2007–2010. Retrieved on March 15, 2012. Available at: http://www.etcpitea.se/pdf/BLG_eng.pdf
Pryke DC (1997) Elemental Chlorine-Free (ECF): pollution prevention for the pulp and paper industry. http://www.ecfpaper.org/science/science.html (April 1997)
Pryke DC (2003) ECF is on a roll: it dominates world bleached pulp production. Pulp Pap Int 45(8):27–29
Pryke DC, Farley B, Wolf A (1995) Implementation of ECF bleaching at Mead Paper Co., Chillicothe, Ohio. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings. TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta
Quinde A (1994) Pulping additives in kraft pulping: past, present and future. In: 1994 Spring conference, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. Jasper, Alberta. May 19–2
Quinde A, Brogdon, B, Fowler L, Lee C (2004) A decade of AQ benefits at Canfor’s Northwood Mill (1994–2004). In: 2004 TAPPI Fall technical conference. Atlanta, GA, USA, October 31–November 3, 2004
Radojevic M (1998) Reduction of nitrogen oxides in flue gases. Environ Pollut 102:685–689
Ragauskas AJ, Poll KM, Cesternino AJ (1993) Effect of xylanase pretreatment procedures for nonchlorine bleaching. IPST technical paper series, no. 482, Institute of Paper Science, Atlanta, 1993
Ragnar M (2002) Modification of the D0 stage into D* makes 2-stage bleach plant for HW kraft pulp a reality. TAPPI international pulp bleaching conference. Portland, OR. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Ragnar M, Dahllöf H (2002) Kvaerner pulping, ECF bleaching of eucalypt kraft pulp bleaching chemical needs and yellowing characteristics of different sequences. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 17:3, 228–233
Rajotte A (2000) Technology and environmental policy: case study on chlorine policies in the P&P sector in Finland, France, and Sweden, School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. In: 4th framework programme of DG XII of the European Commission, Contract ENV4-CT97-0604, 2000.
Rampotas C, Terelius H, Jansson K (1996) The netfloc system – the tool to remove extractives and NPE. In: Proceedings of the 1996 minimum effluent mills symposium, Atlanta
Rapson WH, Anderson CB (1978) Kraft pulp bleaching with chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Tappi J 61(10):97
Ratnieks E, Ventura JW, Mensch MR, Zanchin RA (2001) Acid stage improves production in eucalyptus fibreline. P&P Can 102:12
Reeve DW (1996) In: Dence CW, Reeve DW (eds) Pulp bleaching – principles and practice. Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 263–287
REHVA (2005) Electrostatic precipitators for industrial applications. REHVA guidebook, REHVA – Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Assosiations. REHVA, Brussels, p 117
Reis R (2001) The increased use of hardwood high yield pulps for functional advantages in papermaking. In: Proceedings of the 2001 papermakers conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA, pp 87–108
Rentz O, Schleef, HJ, Dorn R, Sasse H, Karl U (1996) Emission control at stationary sources in the Federal Republic of Germany, Volume I, Sulphur oxide and Nitrogen oxide emission control, French-German Institute for Environmental Research University of Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, August 1996
Retulainen E (2001) Key development phases of condebelt: long journey from idea to commercial product. Dry Technol 19(10):2451–2467
Retulainen E, Hamalainen A (2000) Three years of condebelt drying at stora enso’s pankakoski mill. TAPPI 83(5):1–8
Retulainen E, Merisalo N, Lehtinen J, Paulapuro H (1998) Effect of condebelt press drying in sheet structure and properties. Pulp Pap Can 99(1):53–58
Rice RC, Netzer A (1982) Handbook of ozone technology and applications. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor
Robert DR, Szadeczki M, Lachenal D (1999) Chemical characteristics of lignins extracted from softwood TMP after O3 and ClO2 treatment. In: Proceedings from the 215th national ACS meeting, Lignin: historical, biological and materials perspectives, Dallas, Texas, USA, chapter 27, pp 520–531
Rockvam LN (2001) Black liquor steam reforming and recovery commercialization. In: International chemical recovery conference, Whistler, Canada, 11–14 June 2001
Rodrigues da Silva M, Peixoto MAL, Colodette JL (2002) Mill experience using a hot acid stage for eucalyptus kraft pulp bleaching. In: TAPPI international pulp bleaching conference. Portland, OR. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Rothenberg S, Shaw J, Durst WB (1981) Effect of chemical modification on the properties of lignin-containing fibres. Pap Ja Puu 63(3):111–114, 117–119
Roy-Arcand L, Archibald F (1996) Selective removal of resin and fatty acids from mechanical pulp effluents by ozone. Water Res 30(5):1269–1279
RPDC (2004) Development of new environmental emission limit guidelines for any new bleached eucalypt Kraft pulp mill in Tasmania- volume 1. Resource Planning and Development Commission, Tasmania
Ruffini G (1966) Improvement of bonding in wood pulps by the presence of acidic groups, Svensk Papperstding 69(3):72
Ryham R, Nikkanen S (1992) Liquor heat treatment and its impact on chemical recovery. In: Proceedings of the 1992 European pulp & paper week, Bologna, Italy, May 1992
Sabourin M (2007) Minimizing TMP energy consumption using a combination of chip pre-treatment, RTS and multiple stage low consistency refining. In: 25th international mechanical pulping conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA, May 6–9, Tappi, Atlanta, GA, USA, 8 pp
Sabourin MJ, Hart PW (2010) Enhanced fiber quality of black spruce (Picea mariana) thermomechanical pulp fiber through selective enzyme application. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:5945–5951
Sabourin M, Aichinger J, Wiseman N (2003) Effect of increasing wood chip defibration on thermomechanical and chemi-thermomechanical refining efficiency, In: International mechanical pulping conference, Quebec City, pp 163–170
Saharinen E, Nurminen I (2001) Improving internal bonding strength and bulk for folding boxboard middle layer by ozone treatment. In: Proceedings from the 2001 international mechanical pulping conference, Helsinki, Finland, pp 119–124
Salo M (1999) Environmental best practices in the forest cluster, Interim Report IR-00-015, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna, Austria
Santos RE, Backlund JC (1992) Firing of non-condensible waste gas streams in stand alone modular incineration systems. In: Presented at the 1992 incineration conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Session XXI
Scheriau R (1972) Theorie der trommelentrindung unter besonderen berücksichtigung der trockenentrindung . Dissertation an der Technischen Hochschule Graz
Schroderus S, Carter D, Brumme H (2000) Upgrade of lime kiln and causticizing plant in kraft mill. Pulp Pap Can 101(1):74–78
Sebbas E (1988) Reuse of Kraft Mill secondary condensates. Tappi J 71(7):53–58
SEPA-Report 4712-4 (1997a) Energy conservation in the pulp and paper industry. Jaakko Pöyry Consulting AB, Scotland, 1997
SEPA-Report 4713-2 (1997b) Aspects on energy and environment costs in connection with production of kraft pulp, Recycled fibre and TMP. Jaakko Pöyry Consulting AB, Scotland, 1997
Sezgi US, Kirkman AG, Jameel H, Chang H, Morrison JJ, Bianchini CA, Wilson JRA (1994) Combined discrete-continuous simulation model of an RDH tank farm. Tappi J 77(7):213–220
Sharma KD (2010) ITC’s experience with light ECF bleaching (ozone). IPPTA 22(1):131–133
Sheats A (2010) Ozone bleaching: environmental, production, and cost benefits. Pap Asia 26(3):24–26, 28
Shrinath SA, Bowen I.J (1993) An overview of AOX regulations and reduction strategies, In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings, Atlanta 14–18.11.1993, pp 1–15
Siltala M, Winberg K (1999) The use of bleach plant filtrate for post-oxygen washing: a way to save money and the environment. In: Proceedings of the 27th EUCEPA conference – crossing the millennium frontier, emerging technical and scientific challenges, Grenoble, France, pp 11–14
Simons HA, AF-IPK (1992) Multi-client study. In: Towards kraft mill 2000, Vancouver, Canada, Book 2, p 54
Sjöblom K, Mjöberg J, Hartler N (1983) Extended delignification in kraft cooking through improved selectivity .1. The effects of the inorganic composition of the cooking liquor. Pap Puu 65(4):227–240
Sjödahl RG, Axelsson P, Lindström ME (2006) Addition of dissolved wood components to improve the delignification rate and pulp yield in hardwood kraft pulping. Appita J 59(4):317–320
Smook GA (1992) Handbook for pulp & paper technologists, 2nd edn. Angus Wilde Publications, Vancouver, p 36
Soteland N (1977) The effect of ozone on mechanical pulps, Pulp Pap Can 78(7):45–48
Soteland N (1982) Interstage ozone treatment of hardwood high yield pulp. Pap Ja Puu 64(11):707–708, 710, 712–714
Soteland N, Loras V (1974) The effect of ozone on mechanical pulps. Norsk Skogind 28(6):165–169
Springer EL (1997) Delignification of wood and kraft pulp with peroxomonophosphoric acid. J Pulp Pap Sci 23(12):582
Sricharoenchaikul V (2001) Fate of carbon-containing compounds from gasification of kraft black liquor with subsequent catalytic conditioning of condensable organics. Ph.D dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001
Steen B, Stijnen T (1984) Hydrogen sulfide formation in a lime kiln at a kraft mill, Svensk Papperstidning 87(3):R14–R17
Steffes F, Germgard U (1995) ECF, TCF upgrade choices key on world market, environmental forces. Pulp Pap 69(6):83–92
Stenström S (1989) Impulstorkning av papper. STU projekt 742-88-02837. Lunds Tekniska Högskolan, (in Swedish)
Stigsson L (1998) Chemrec black liquor gasification. In: International chemical recovery conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, 1–4 June 1998
Stitt, EH, Fakley ME (1995) New process for the abatement of odors and low level VOCs. preprints. AIChE Spring meeting, Houston, TX, March, 1995
Strakes G, Bielgus J (1992) New chip thickness screening system boosts efficiency, extends wear life. Pulp Pap, July, p 93
Stratton S, Gleadow P (2003) Pulp mill process closure: a review of global technology developments and mill experiences in the 1990s. Technical bulletin no. 860. Research. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Triangle Park
Stratton S, Gleadow P, Johnson A (2003) Pulp mill process closure: a review of global technology developments and mill experiences. In: The 1990s international Water Association conference, Seattle, USA
Stubenvoll J, Holzerbauer, E, Böhmer, S (2007) Overview of NOx and dust emissions of the Austrian pulp and paper industry, Unweltbundesamt, 2007
Suhr M (2000) The BREF in the pulp and paper industry. BAT for an industry with a large variety of raw materials and products. In: European conference on the seville process: a driver for environmental performance in industry, April, 6–7, Stuttgart, Germany
Sun, Y, Lanouette R, Pelletier E, Cloutier JN, Epiney M (2013) Impact of pH during an interstage ozone treatment of thermomechanical pulp. In: PACWEST conference, Kamloops, BC, Canada, 6 pages
Sun Y, Lanouette R, Pelletier E, Cloutier JN, Epiney M (2014a) Fibre performance of mechanical pulp after selective refining combined with interstage ozone treatment. In: IMPC conference, Helsinki, Finland, 10 pages
Sun Y, Lanouette R, Cloutier JN, Pelletier E, Épiney M (2014b) Impact of selective refining combined with inter-stage ozone treatment on thermomechanical pulp. BioResources 9(1):1225–1235
Süss HU, Del Grosso M (2002) Bleaching of eucalyptus kraft pulp to market pulp brightness in only 2 stages. In: Appita Conference, Rotorua, New Zealand
Suss HU, Schmidt K, Del Grosso M, Mahagaonkar M (2000) Peroxide application in ECF sequences: a description of the state-of-the-art. Appita 53(2):116–121
Talja R, Bäckström, M, Kilian M (1998) Impulse technology – a paper making process for tomorrow, EcoPaperTech, 1998. KCL, Helsinki
Tamminen T, Forssen M, Hupa M (2002) Dust and flue gas chemistry during rapid changes in the operation of black liquor recovery boilers: Part 3 – gaseous emissions. Tappi J 1(7):25–29
Tana J, Lehtinen KJ (1996) The aquatic environmental impact of pulping and bleaching operations – an overview. Finnish Environmental Agency, Helsinki
Tatsuishi H, Hatano T, Iwai T, Kovasin K (1987) Practical experiences of medium consistency oxygen delignification by Rauma-Repola and Sumitomo heavy industries. In: Tappi international oxygen delignification conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 209
Teder A (1968) Redox potential of polysulphide solutions and carbohydrate stabilisations. Sven Pap 71(5):149
Teder A, Olm L (1981) Extended delignification by combination of modified kraft pulping and oxygen bleaching. Pap Puu 63(4a):315–326
Teixeira DP, Muzio LJ, Montgomery TA (1991) Effect of trace combustion species on SNCR performance. In: International conference on environmental control of combustion processes, joint meeting of the American Flame Research Committee and the Japanese Flame Research Committee, Honolulu, HI. October, 1991
Telkkinen, UT (1997) Typen määrä ja vaikutukset sulfaattisellutehtaan kemikaalikierrossa johdettaessa valkaisun vedet kemikaalien talteenottoon. Lic. Tech. thesis. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland. (in Finnish)
Tench L, Harper S (1987) Oxygen bleaching practices and benefits – an overview. In: Tappi international oxygen delignification conference proceedings. Tappi Press, Atlanta, p 1
Tenkanen M, Gellerstedt G, Vuorinen T, Teleman A, Perttula M, Li J, Buchert J (1999) Determination of hexenuronic acid in softwood kraft pulps by three different methods. J Pulp Pap Sci 25(9):306
Tervola P, Gullichsen J (2007) Confidence limits in mass balances with application to calculation of pulp washing efficiency. Appita J 60(6):474–481
Theodore L (2008) Electrostatic precipitators in air pollution control equipment calculations, Wiley, 2008
Thornton J, Ekman R, Holmbom B, Eckerman C (1993) Release of potential anionic trash in peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulp. Pap Ja Puu-Pap Timber 75(6):426–431
Tikka PO, Tahkenen H, Korasin KK (1992) Chip thickness vs. kraft pulping performance, Part I: experiments by multiple hanging baskets. In: Proceedings, 1992 Tappi pulping conference, Boston MA, November 1992, p 555
Tran HN, Barham D (1991) An overview of ring formation in lime kilns. Tappi J 74(1):131–136
Tran HN, Mao X, Barham D (1993) Mechanisms of ring formation in lime kilns, J Pulp Pap Sci 19(4):167–174
Tran H, Bair CM, McBroom RB, Strang W, Morgan B (2001) Partial autocausticizing of kraft smelt with sodium borates. Tappi/Solutions! 84(9):1–16
Tran KQ, Kilpinen P, Kuma N (2008) In-situ catalytic abatement of NOx during fluidized bed combustionda literature study. Appl Catal B Environ 78:129–138
Troughton N, Sarot P (1992) The efficient use of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical pulp delignification agent: the macrox system. In: Proceedings Tappi pulping conference. TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta, GA, USA, p 519
Tucker P (2002) Changing the balance of power. Solutions 85(2):34–38
Tutus A (2005) The utilization of the boron compounds in pulping and bleaching. In: National boron symposium proceedings, Ankara, 2005, pp 399–404
Tutus A, Usta M (2004) Bleaching of chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) using environmentally friendly chemicals. J Environ Biol 25:141–145
Ulmgren P, Rådeström R (1997) The build-up of phosphorus in a kraft pulp mill and the precipitation of calcium phosphate from green and white liquors. J Pulp Pap Sci 23(2):J52–J58
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2006) Draft guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices relevant to Article 5 and Annex C of the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, revised working draft version 25 April 2006 www.chem.unep.ch/pops/
Urbanski R, Lister S, Raoul D (1998) Development of an effective TRS and odor reduction program. Pulp Pap Can 99(8):T278–T281
USEPA (1992) Model pollution prevention plan for the kraft segment of the pulp and paper industry. Region 10, Seattle, WA. EPA 910/9-92-030, September, 1992
USEPA (1976) Technology transfer, environmental pollution control, pulp and paper industry, Part 1: Air, EPA 625/7-76-001.
USEPA (1997) Supplemental technical development document for effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the pulp and paperboard category – subpart B and subpart E. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, October 1997. Available online at http://water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/pulppaper/upload/1997_12_12_guide_pulppaper_jd_stdd-v4.pdf
USEPA (1998a) Federal register notices for final air and water rules, (63 FR 18504–18751, April 15, 1998 and 63 FR 42238–42240, August 7, 1998) www.epa.gov/OST/pulppaper/cluster.html
USEPA (1998b) Pulp and paper NESHAP: a plain English description www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/pulp/guidance.pdf
USEPA (2007) Fact sheet – final amendments to the regional haze rule and guidelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) determinations. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/visibility/fs_2005_6_15.html
USEPA (2011) Sulfur dioxide designations and EPA response. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/air/sulfurdioxide/designations/state.htm
Vakkilainen EK, Kankkonen S, Suutela J (2008) Advanced efficiency options: increasing electricity generating potential from pulp mills. Pulp Pap Can 109(4):14–18
Van heiningen A, Ji Y (2012) Southern pine oxygen delignified pulps produced in a Berty throughflow reactor: how to obtain the highest degree of delignification while maintaining pulp yield and quality. Tappi J 11(3):9–17
Van Jiang Z-H, Lierop B, Berry R (2000) Hexenuronic acid groups in pulping and bleaching chemistry. TAPPI J 83:1
Van Lierop B, Skothos A, Liebergott N (1996) Section IV: the technology of pulp bleaching, Chapter 5: ozone delignification. In: Dence CW, Reeve DW (eds) Pulp bleaching principles and practices. Tappi Press. Atlanta
Vasara P, Jappinen H, Lobbas P (2001) A strategic concepts for best available techniques in the forest industry. Finnish Environment Institute, Oy Edita Ab, Helsinki, p 73.
Vasudevan B, Panchapakesan B, Gratzl, JS, Holmbom B (1987) The effect of ozone on strength development and brightness reversion characteristics of high yield pulps. In: Proceedings from the 1987 Tappi pulping conference, proceedings, Washington, DC, pp 517–523
Vehmaa J, Pikka O (2007) Proceedings of the paperex 2007, New Delhi, India
Verveka P, Nichols KM, Horton RR, Adams TN (1993) The form of nitrogen in wood and its fate during kraft pulping. In: Proceedings of the Tappi 1993 environmental conference, Tappi Press, Atlanta, pp 777–780
Vuorinen T, Taleman A, Fagerstrom P, Buchert J, Tenkanen M (1996) Selective hydrolysis of hexenuronic acid gr oups and its application in ECF and TCF bleaching of kraft pulps. In: International pulping bleaching conference, Washington DC, USA, Book 1, p 43
Vuorinen T, Fagerstrom P, Rasanen E, Vikkula A, Henrisson K, Teleman A (1997) Selective hydrolysis of hexenuronic acid groups opens new possibilities for development of bleaching processes. In: 9th international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry, Montreal, QC, Canada, p M4-1
Vuorinen T, Fagerstrom P, Buchert J, Tenkanen M, Teleman A (1999) Selective hydrolysis of hexenuronic acid groups and its application in ECF and TCF bleaching of kraft pulps. JPPS 25:5
Wahren D (1978) Förfarande och anordning för konsolidering och torkning av en fuktig porös bana. Swedish patent no. 7803672-0
Walkush K, Gustafson RR (2002) Application of pulping models to investigate the. Performance of commercial continuous digesters. Tappi J 1(5):13–19
Walsh PB, Secombe RC, Hoyos M (1991) Practical mill experience with the use of hydrogen peroxide reinforced extraction stages to reduce and/or eliminate the use of elemental chlorine in hardwood kraft Pulps for AOX reduction. In: Paper presented at pulping Conference held 3–7 November at Orlando, FL, USA: Book 1, p 35
Walter JC (1996) Water reuse through filtration. In: Proceedings of the 1996 Tappi engineering conference (Electronic, available at Tappi website). TAPPI, Atlanta, GA
Wang L, Templer R, Murphy RJ (2012) High-solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis of waste papers for biofuel production. Appl Energy 99:23–31
Wannenmacher PN, Frederick WJ, Hendrickson KA, Holman KL (1998) The solubility of aluminosilicates in kraft green and white liquors. In: Proceedings of the 1998 international chemical recovery conference. Tappi Press, Atlanta
Warnqvist B, Delin L, Theliander H, Nohlgren I (2000) Teknisk ekonomisk utvärdering avsvartlutförgasningsprocesser. Värmeforsk Service AB, Stockholm
Wedin H (2012) Aspects of extended impregnation kraft cooking for high-yield pulping of hardwood. Ph.D thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Wennerström M (2002) Decreasing brightness reversion with powerful ozone bleaching, at IPBC, Portland, Oregon, USA, p 265
Whitty K, Baxter L (2001) State of the art in black liquor gasification technology. In: Joint international combustion symposium, Kauai, Hawaii, 9–12 September 2001
Whitty K, Nilsson A (2001) Experience from a high temperature, pressurized black liquor gasification pilot plant. In: International chemical recovery conference, Whistler, Canada, 11–14 June 2001
Whitty K, Verrill CL (2004) A historical look at the development of alternative black liquor recovery technologies and the evolution of black liquor gasifier designs. In: International chemical recovery conference, Charleston, SC, USA, 6–10 June 2004
Wilson J (1993) Results from improved brown stock washing. In: TAPPI pulping conference, proceedings. Atlanta, GA, USA, pp 155–157
Woodman J (1993) Pollution prevention technologies for the bleached kraft segment of the U.S pulp and paper industry. US EPA, Washington, DC
World Bank (1998) Nitrogen oxides: pollution prevention and control pollution prevention and abatement handbook. World Bank Group, Washington, DC, pp 245–249
Worrell E, Price L, Galitsky C (2004) Emerging energy-efficient technologies in industry: case studies of selected technologies. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-54828, Berkeley
Worrell E, Blinde P, Neelis M, Blomen E, Masanet E (2010) Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry: an ENERGY STAR guide for energy and plant managers. www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/Iron_Steel_Guide.pdf, www.ceeindustrial.com/public/data/companyCatalogue1224056297.pdf
Xu EC (2001) P-RC alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping of hardwood, part 1: aspen, beech, birch, cottonwood and maple. Pulp Paper Can 102(2):44–47
Xu T, Slaa JW, Sathaye J (2010) Characterizing costs, savings and benefits of a selection of energy efficient emerging technologies in the United States. California, p 101
Yamaguchi A (1983) Operating experiences with the moxy process and quinoid compounds. In: Tappi pulping conference proceedings, Houston, October 24–26, pp 544–548
Yanhong G, Jing S, Qun L (2015) China’s high-yield pulp sector and its carbon dioxide emission: considering the saved standing wood as an increase of carbon storage. BioResources 10(1):10–13
Yant R, Hurst MM (1991) Mill optimization using Monox-L as a replacement for chlorine dioxide. Tappi J 74(4):165–168
Young J, Start G, Lazorek J (1992) Utilization of an Eop stage during 100 % ClO2 bleaching at Weldwood Hinton. In: CPPA Pacific and Western Branch annual meeting preprints, Technical section, CPPA, Montreal: Section 4A, paper No. 3
Zhou Y (2004) Overview of High Yield Pulps (HYP) in paper and board. In: PAPTAC 90th annual meeting, 2004, pp B143–B148 (Montreal, Canada)
Zhou Y, Zhang D, Li G (2005) An overview of BCTMP: process, development, pulp quality and utilization. China Pulp Pap 24(5):51–60
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bajpai, P. (2015). Minimum Impact Mill Technologies. In: Green Chemistry and Sustainability in Pulp and Paper Industry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18744-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18744-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18743-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18744-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)