Abstract
Empowerment has for a long time held a prominent place in the theoretical development of fields as diverse as development studies, community psychology or studies on social movements and organisations, among other areas. In parallel, multilateral agencies and non-profit organisations have launched empowerment processes in different sociocultural and political contexts with an uneven impact. On the other hand, the advance of Web 2.0 technologies has allowed crowdsourcing to establish itself as one of the most successful collaborative approaches through the Internet, particularly in the business world. In this chapter, the authors present a definition of the concept empowerment - oriented crowdsourcing on the basis of the review of the theoretical and practical developments of both dynamics. The objective is to delineate the framework that facilitates the implementation of processes of citizen empowerment through crowdsourcing projects that seek social benefit.
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Notes
- 1.
This is a concept from political science which is defined as “the set of rules, both formal and informal, to which the different actors try to adjust individually and collectively (…) Institutions define the position of each actor in their mutual relations, how to access these positions, what resources and activities are available and which ones are not, etc.” (Vallés 2010: 171, 172).
- 2.
We believe that this acquisition of competences is achieved through a process that facilitates the integration of knowledge, skill acquisition and the development of specific capabilities.
- 3.
The development of collective outsourcing defined in crowdsourcing would be impossible without the interaction characteristics that define the Web 2.0. The development of tools and contents 2.0 that allow a two-way communication between the users and those responsible for the websites has encouraged the necessary participation and interaction among the users in order to conduct crowdsourcing processes.
- 4.
Further information on Innocentive website: https://www.innocentive.com/innocentive-solvers-make-difference-rural-africa-and-india. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 5.
Website of the platform https://www.collaborationjam.com. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 6.
Website of the platform http://www.getsatisfaction.com. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 7.
Website of the Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 8.
Website of the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform: https://www.mturk.com. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 9.
Website of the Peer to Patent Peer project: http://www.peertopatent.org. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 10.
Website of the BlueServo initiative: http://www.blueservo.net. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 11.
Website of the Kickstarter platform: http://www.kickstarter.com. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 12.
Tripadvisor website: http://www.tripadvisor.com. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 13.
According to its web http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/PressCenter-c4-Fact_Sheet.html. Accessed 6 October 2014.
- 14.
New form of governance based on the principles of transparency, collaboration and accountability. Further information http://www.opengovstandards.org. Accessed 7 October 2014.
- 15.
Website of the project: http://beamartian.jpl.nasa.gov/welcome. Accessed 24 September 2014.
- 16.
Website: http://stjornlagarad.is. Accessed 22 September 2014.
- 17.
Crowdsourcing platform used: http://askchicago.org. Accessed 22 September 2014.
- 18.
Website: http://www.leydetransparencia.gob.es/index.htm. Accessed 22 September 2014.
- 19.
Website: https://bostonmarathontips.fbi.gov. The website currently redirects to https://tips.fbi.gov which shows a general form of collaboration with the FBI. Accessed 24 September 2014.
- 20.
Website: http://ziudad.es. Accessed 24 September 2014.
- 21.
Website: http://blog.quehacenlosdiputados.net/adopta-a-un-diputado-y-vuelca-su-patrimonio-a-formato-reutilizable. Accessed 22 September 2014.
- 22.
Website: http://openstreetmap.org. Accessed 24 September 2014.
- 23.
Website: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/jun/18/mps-expenses-houseofcommons. Accessed 22 September 2014.
- 24.
Website: http://www.tomnod.com. Accessed 24 September 2014.
- 25.
Website of the initiative http://www.analizo.info. Accessed 7 October 2014.
- 26.
Website of information analysis projects http://proyectos.analizo.info. Accessed 7 October 2014.
- 27.
The analysis platform is developed using the open-source solution for social data analysis PyBossa. Website: http://pybossa.com. Accessed 7 October 2014.
- 28.
There are currently published projects of text analysis in election programs, description of media news related to development cooperation and identification of green spaces in the city of Valencia (Spain).
- 29.
The code of ethics of analizo.info is available at http://proyectos.analizo.info/codigo-ethical. Accessed 7 October 2014.
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Álvarez Sánchez, D., Pardo Gimilio, D., Isnardo Altamirano, J. (2015). Crowdsourcing: A New Way to Citizen Empowerment. In: Garrigos-Simon, F., Gil-Pechuán, I., Estelles-Miguel, S. (eds) Advances in Crowdsourcing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18341-1_6
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