Skip to main content
  • 1371 Accesses

Abstract

In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease. Sometimes, when a variable may be associated with either increased or decreased risk, the term determinant is utilised as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Fuller CW, Junge A, Dvorak J (2012) Risk management: FIFA’s approach for protecting the health of football players. Br J Sports Med 46:11–17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HC (1992) Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. A review of concepts. Sports Med 14:82–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dvorak J, Junge A, Chomiak J et al (2000) Risk factor analysis for injuries in football players. Possibilities for a prevention program. Am J Sports Med 28:S69–S74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J (2006) Previous injury as a risk factor for injury in elite football: a prospective study over two consecutive seasons. Br J Sports Med 40:767–772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Trojian TH, McKeag DB (2006) Single leg balance test to identify risk of ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med 40:610–613, discussion 613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A et al (2004) Risk factors for injuries in football. Am J Sports Med 32:5S–16S

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Volpi P, Taioli E (2012) The health profile of professional soccer players: future opportunities for injury prevention. J Strength Cond Res 26:3473–3479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fousekis K, Tsepis E, Poulmedis P et al (2011) Intrinsic risk factors of non-contact quadriceps and hamstring strains in soccer: a prospective study of 100 professional players. Br J Sports Med 45:709–714

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Requena B, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ, de Villareal ES et al (2009) Functional performance, maximal strength, and power characteristics in isometric and dynamic actions of lower extremities in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 23:1391–1401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J (2013) Risk factors for lower extremity muscle injury in professional soccer: the UEFA Injury Study. Am J Sports Med 41:327–335

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Engebretsen AH, Myklebust G, Holme I et al (2011) Intrinsic risk factors for acute knee injuries among male football players: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21:645–652

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Engebretsen AH, Myklebust G, Holme I et al (2010) Intrinsic risk factors for groin injuries among male soccer players: a prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med 38:2051–2057

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Witvrouw E, Danneels L, Asselman P et al (2003) Muscle flexibility as a risk factor for developing muscle injuries in male professional soccer players. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 31:41–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Junge A, Dvorak J, Rosch D et al (2000) Psychological and sport-specific characteristics of football players. Am J Sports Med 28:S22–S28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Taimela S, Osterman L, Kujala U et al (1990) Motor ability and personality with reference to soccer injuries. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 30:194–201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chomiak J, Junge A, Peterson L, Dvorak J (2000) Severe injuries in football players. Influencing factors. Am J Sports Med 28:S58–S68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Moller M et al (1983) Incidence of soccer injuries and their relation to training and team success. Am J Sports Med 11:63–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ostenberg A, Roos H (2000) Injury risk factors in female European football. A prospective study of 123 players during one season. Scand J Med Sci Sports 10:279–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hagglund M, Walden M, Ekstrand J (2003) Exposure and injury risk in Swedish elite football: a comparison between seasons 1982 and 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13:364–370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Carling C, Le Gall F, Dupont G (2012) Are physical performance and injury risk in a professional soccer team in match-play affected over a prolonged period of fixture congestion? Int J Sports Med 33:36–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dellal A, Lago-Penas C, Rey E et al (2013) The effects of a congested fixture period on physical performance, technical activity and injury rate during matches in a professional soccer team. Br J Sports Med

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dupont G, Nedelec M, McCall A et al (2010) Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate. Am J Sports Med 38:1752–1758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ekstrand J, Walden M, Hagglund M (2004) A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup. Br J Sports Med 38:493–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Engstrom B, Forssblad M, Johansson C, Tornkvist H (1990) Does a major knee injury definitely sideline an elite soccer player? Am J Sports Med 18:101–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hawkins RD, Fuller CW (1999) A prospective epidemiological study of injuries in four English professional football clubs. Br J Sports Med 33:196–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J (1983) Soccer injuries and their mechanisms: a prospective study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15:267–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Ekstrand J, Gillquist J, Liljedahl SO (1983) Prevention of soccer injuries. Supervision by doctor and physiotherapist. Am J Sports Med 11:116–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Peterson L, Junge A, Chomiak J et al (2000) Incidence of football injuries and complaints in different age groups and skill-level groups. Am J Sports Med 28:S51–S57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. McGregor JC, Rae A (1995) A review of injuries to professional footballers in a premier football team (1990–93). Scott Med J 40:16–18

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arnason A, Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A et al (2004) Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:278–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kristenson K, Bjorneboe J, Walden M et al (2013) The Nordic football injury audit: higher injury rates for professional football clubs with third-generation artificial turf at their home venue. Br J Sports Med 47:775–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Sousa P, Rebelo A, Brito J (2012) Injuries in amateur soccer players on artificial turf: a one-season prospective study. Phys Ther Sport

    Google Scholar 

  33. Soligard T, Bahr R, Andersen TE (2012) Injury risk on artificial turf and grass in youth tournament football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 22:356–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ekstrand J, Hagglund M, Fuller CW (2011) Comparison of injuries sustained on artificial turf and grass by male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 21:824–832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bjorneboe J, Bahr R, Andersen TE (2010) Risk of injury on third-generation artificial turf in Norwegian professional football. Br J Sports Med 44:794–798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Walden M, Hagglund M, Orchard J et al (2011) Regional differences in injury incidence in European professional football. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01409.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Orchard J, Rodas G, Til L et al (2008) A hypothesis: could portable natural grass be a risk factor for knee injuries? J Sports Sci Med 7:184–190

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Orchard J, Seward H, McGivern J, Hood S (1999) Rainfall, evaporation and the risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in the Australian football league. Med J Aust 170:304–306

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Eirale C, Tol JL, Smiley F et al (2013) Does Ramadan affect the risk of injury in professional football? Clin J Sport Med 23:261–266

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Andersen TE, Engebretsen L, Bahr R (2004) Rule violations as a cause of injuries in male norwegian professional football: are the referees doing their job? Am J Sports Med 32:62S–68S

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fuller CW, Smith GL, Junge A, Dvorak J (2004) The influence of tackle parameters on the propensity for injury in international football. Am J Sports Med 32:43S–53S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Junge A, Dvorak J (2013) Injury surveillance in the world football tournaments 1998–2012. Br J Sports Med 47:782–788

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristiano Eirale .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Volpi, P., Eirale, C. (2015). Risk Factors. In: Volpi, P. (eds) Football Traumatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18245-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18245-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18244-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18245-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics