Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Exceptionality of the Young Athlete

  • Chapter
Injury in Pediatric and Adolescent Sports

Part of the book series: Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine ((PASM))

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to review the unique growth and development characteristics of the child and adolescent athlete and how these characteristics, in turn, may predispose them to increased risk of injury. It is well-known that sport participation has wide-ranging health benefits for children and youth. However, participation in sports also carries risk of injury. Unfortunately, children and youth may be particularly vulnerable to sport injury compared to adults due to such factors as growth and maturation, differential growth, age-and-maturity-associated variation, adolescent growth spurt, unique response to skeletal injury, susceptibility to heat-related injury, and sport readiness. The more frequent and intensive training and competition of young sportspeople today may create conditions under which these potential growth- and maturation-related risk factors exert their influence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeleletal and Skin Diseases. Preventing musculoskeletal sports injuries in youth: a guide for parents. 2013. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Sports_Injuries/child_sports_injuries.asp. Accessed 25 May 2014.

  2. Heggie TW, Caine DJ, editors. Epidemiology of injury in adventure and extreme sports, Med Sport Sci, vol. 58. Basel: Karger; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Maffulli N, Caine D. The epidemiology of children’s team sports injuries. In: Maffulli N, Caine D, editors. Epidemiology of pediatric sports injuries: team sports, Med Sport Sci, vol. 49. Basel: Karger; 2005. p. 1–8.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity advisory committee report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/Report/. Accessed 31 Oct 2009.

  5. Emery CA. Injury prevention in paediatric sport-related injuries: a scientific approach. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:64–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Non-fatal traumatic brain injuries related to sports and recreation activities among persons aged ≤19 years, United States, July 2001–2009. MMWR Weekly Report. 2011; 1337–1342. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6039.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2014.

  7. Mickkalide AD, Hansen LM. Coaching our kids to fewer injuries: a report on youth sports safety. Washington, DC: Safe Kids Worldwide; 2012. http://www.safekids.org/sportsresearch. Accessed 15 June 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. CDC injury research agenda: sports, recreation, and exercise. http://www.cdc.gov/injury/ResearchAgenda/pdf/Sports-a.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2014.

  9. Simon TD, Bublitz MS, Hambidge SJ. External causes of pediatric injury-related emergency department visits in the United States. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:1042–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Burt CW, Overpeck MD. Emergency visits for sports-related injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;37:301–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Demsey RL, Layde PM, Laud PW, et al. Incidence of sports and recreation related injuries resulting in hospitalization in Wisconsin in 2000. Inj Prev. 2005;11:91–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Caine DJ, Golightly YM. Osteoarthritis as an outcome of paediatric sport: an epidemiological perspective. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(4):298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Micheli LJ. Pediatric and adolescent sports injuries: recent trends. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1986;14:359–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Micheli LJ. Overuse injuries in children’s sports: the growth factor. Orthop Clin North Am. 1983;14:337–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kujala AM, Erkintalo MO, Salminen JJ, et al. Role of acute injury during adolescent growth spurt in development of lumbar spine abnormalities. Lancet 1994;344:1020.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bailey DA, Wedge JH, McCulloch RG, et al. Epidemiology of fractures of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:1225–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Maffulli N, Caine D. The younger athlete. In: Brukner P, Khan K, editors. Clinical sports medicine. 4th ed. Sydney: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p. 888–909.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Caine D. Are children having a rough time of it in sports? Br J Sports Med; 2010;44:1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. McCrory P, Meewisse WH, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:250–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. . CDC injury research agenda 2009–2018. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009.http://www.cdc.gov/injury/ResearchAgenda/CDC_Injury_Research_Agenda-a.pdf. Accessed 31 Oct 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Caine D, Caine C. Child camel jockeys: a present-day tragedy involving children and sport (invited submission). Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(5):287–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rowland T, Micheli L, Caine D, et al. Should children be allowed to run marathon races? A virtual roundtable. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2006;17:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Huelke DF. An overview of anatomical considerations of infants and children in the adult world of automobile safety design. Annu Proc Adv Automot Med. 1998;42:93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Guskiewicz KW, Valovich McLeod TC. Pediatric sports-related concussion. PM R. 2011;3:353–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Harmon KG, Drezner J, Gammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Malina RM, Baxter-Jones ADG, Armstrong N, et al. Role of intensive training in the growth and maturation of artistic gymnasts. Sports Med. 2013;43:783–802.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sherar LB, Bruner MW, Munroe-Chandler KJ, et al. Relative age and fast tracking of elite junior ice hockey players. Percept Mot Skills. 2007;104(3 Pt 1):702–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Le Gall F, Carling C, Reilly T. Biological maturity and injury in elite youth football. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17:564–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Malina RM, Morano PJ, Barron M, et al. Incidence and player risk factors for injury in youth football. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16:214–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones ADG, Bailey DA, et al. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:689–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. DiFiori JP, Benjamin HJ, Brenner J, et al. Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Society for Sports Medicine. Clin J Sport Med. 2014;24:3–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khnisla S, Metlon III LJ, Dekutoski MB, et al. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years. A population-based study. JAMA. 2003;290:1479–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Sugimori H. Epidemiology of fractures in Japanese children and adolescents. Clin Calcium. 2005;15:1347–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wild CY, Steele JR, Munro BJ. Musculoskeletal and estrogen changes during the adolescent growth spurt in girls. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:138–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Quatman-Yates CC, Quatman CE, Meszaros AJ, et al. A systematic review of sensorimotor function during adolescence: a developmental state of increased motor awkwardness? Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:649–55.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:1968–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:492–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Swanik CB, Covassin T, Stearne DJ, Schatz P. The relationship between neurocognitive function and noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:943–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ford KR, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Longitudinal effects of maturation on lower extremity joint stiffness in adolescent athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:1829–37.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR. Decrease in neuromuscular control about the knee with maturation in female athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:1601–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Quatman CE, Ford KR, Myer GD, et al. Maturation leads to gender differences in landing force and vertical jump performance: a longitudinal study. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:806–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brenner JS. Overuse injuries, overtraining and burnout in child and adolescent athletes. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1242–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Frank JB, Jarit GJ, Bravman JT, et al. Lower extremity injuries in the skeletally immature athlete. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:356–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. DiFiori JP, Puffer JC, Aish B, et al. Wrist pain in young gymnasts: frequency and effects of training over 1 year. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12:348–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Feldman D, Shrier I, Rossignol M, et al. Adolescent growth is not associated with changes in flexibility. Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(1):24–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Falcglia F, Guzzanti V, Di Ciommo V, et al. Physiological knee laxity during pubertal growth. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2009;67:325–9.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hawkins D, Metheny J. Overuse injuries in your sports: biomechanical considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1701–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Flaschsmann R, Broom ND, Hardy AE, et al. Why is the adolescent joint particularly susceptible to osteochondral shear fracture? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;381:212–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Bright RW, Burstein AH, Elmore SM. Epiphyseal-plate cartilage: a biomechanical and histological analysis of failure modes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56:688–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Morsher E. Strength and morphology of growth cartilage under hormonal influence of puberty. Reconstr Surg Traumatol. 1968;10:1–96.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Alexander CJ. Effect of growth rate on the strength of the growth plate-shaft function. Skeletal Radiol. 1976;1:67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Speer DP, Braun JK. The biomechanical basis of growth plate injuries. Phys Sportsmed. 1985;13:72–8.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Peterson CA, Peterson HA. Analysis of the incidence of injuries to the epiphyseal growth plate. J Trauma. 1972;12:275–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ogden JA. Skeletal injury in the child. New York, NY: Springer; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Faulkner RA, Davison KS, Bailey DA, et al. Size-corrected BMD decreases during peak linear growth: implications for fracture incidence during adolescence. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1864–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Perron AD, Miller MD, Brady WJ. Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: pediatric growth plate injuries. Am J Emerg Med. 2002;20:50–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Caine D, DiFiori J, Maffulli N. Physeal injuries in children’s and youth sports: reasons for concern? Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:749–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. DiFiori J, Caine D, Malina RM. Wrist pain, distal radial growth plate injury, and ulnar variance in the young gymnast. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:840–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Dwek JR, Cardoso F, Chung CR. MR imaging of overuse injuries in the skeletally immature gymnast: spectrum of soft-tissues and osseous lesions in the hand and wrist. Pediatr Radiol. 2009;39:1310–6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jaramillo D, Laor T, Zaleske DJ. Indirect trauma to the growth plate: results of MR imaging after epiphyseal and metaphyseal injury in rabbits. Radiology. 1993;187:171–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Albanese SA, Palmer AK, Kerr DR, et al. Wrist pain and distal growth plate closure of the radius in gymnasts. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9:23–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bak K, Boeckstyns M. Epiphysiodesis for bilateral irregular closure of the distal radial physis in a gymnast. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:363–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ejnisman B, Andreoli CV, Pochini ADC, et al. Proximal humeral epiphysiolysis in a gymnast. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15:290–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Howe WB, Caine D, Bergman GD, et al. Wrist pain-gymnastics. Med Sc Sports Exerc. 1997;29:S151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Nanni M, Butt S, Mansour R, et al. Stress-induced Salter–Harris I growth plate injury of the proximal tibia: first report. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:405–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sato T, Shinozaki T, Fukudo T, et al. A typical growth plate closure: a possible chronic Salter and Harris type V injury. J Pediatr Orthop. 2002;11:155–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Shih C, Chang CY, Penn IW. Chronically stressed wrists in adolescent gymnasts: MR imaging appearance. Radiology. 1995;195:855–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shybut TB, Rose DJ, Strongwater AM. Second metatarsal physeal arrest in an adolescent flamenco dancer: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:859–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sundar M, Carty H. Avulsion fractures of the pelvis in children: a report of 32 fractures and their outcome. Br J Sports Med. 1991;25:52–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pointinger H, Munk P, Poeschl GP. Avulsion fracture of the anterior superiour iliac spine following apophysitis. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:361–2.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Vandervliet EJM, Vanhoenacker FM, Snoeckx A, et al. Sports-related acute and chronic avulsion injuries in children and adolescents with special emphasis on tennis. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:827–31.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Osbahr DC, Chalmers PN, Frank JS, et al. Acute, avulsion fractures of the medial epicondyle while throwing in youth baseball players: a variant of Little League elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010;19(7):951–7. Epub 2010 Aug 5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moeller JL. Pelvic and hip apophyseal avulsion injuries in young athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003;2(2):110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rossi F, Dragoni S. Acute avulsion fractures of the pelvis in adolescent competitive athletics: prevalence, location and sports distribution in 203 cases collected. Skeletal Radiol. 2001;30:127–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kujala UM, Orava S, Karpakka J, et al. Ischial tuberosity apophysitis and avulsion among athletes. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(2):149–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fernbach SK, Wilkinson RH. Avulsion injuries of the pelvis and proximal femur. Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137(3):581–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Peck DM. Apophyseal injuries in the young athlete. Am Family Phys. 1995;51:1891–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Micheli LJ, Fehlandt Jr AF. Overuse injuries to tendons and apophyses in children and adolescents. Clin Sports Med. 1992;11:713–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Micheli LJ, Ireland ML. Prevention and management of calcaneal apophysitis in children: an overuse syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop. 1987;7:34–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Clancy Jr WG, Foltz AS. Iliac apophysitis and stress fractures in adolescent runners. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4:214–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wiegerinck JI, Ynterma C, Brouwer HJ, et al. Incidence of calcaneal apophysitis in the general population. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173(5):677–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Barber-Foss KD, Myer GD, Hewett TE. Epidemiology of basketball, soccer, and volleyball injuries in middle-school female athletes. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(2):146–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Maffulli N. Intensive training in young athletes. The orthopedic surgeon’s viewpoint. Sports Med. 1990;9(4):229–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Stracciolini A, Casciano R, Friedman L, et al. Pediatric sport injuries: an age comparison of children versus adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(8):1922–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Marshall SW. Heat injury in youth sport. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:8–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Howe AS, Boden BP. Heat-related illness in children. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003;2:320–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Mueller FO, Colgate B. Annual survey of football injury research, 1931–2008. National Center for Castastrophic Sports Injury Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, February. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gilchrist J, Haileyesus T, Murphy M, et al. Heat illnesses among high school athletes – United states, 2001–2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1009–13.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gilchrist J, Haileyesus T, Murphy M, et al. Nonfatal and recreation heat illness treated in hospital emergency departments – United States, 2001–2009. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(29):977–80.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kerr ZY, Case DJ, Marshall SW, et al. Epidemiology of exertional heat illness among U.S. high school athletes. Am J Prev Med 2013;44(1):8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Bergeron MF, Devore C, Rice SG. Policy Statement – climatic heat stress and exercising children and adolescents. Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Inbar O, Morris N, Epstein Y, Gass G. Comparison of thermoregulatory responses to exercise in dry heat among prepubertal boys, young adults and older males. Exp Physiol. 2004;89(6):691–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Rivera-Brown AM, Rowland TW, Ramirez-Marrero FA, et al. Exercise tolerance in a hot and humid climate in heat-acclimatized girls and women. Int J Sports Med. 2006;27(12):943–50.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Rowland T, Garrison A, Pober D. Determinants of endurance exercise capacity in the heat in prepubertal boys. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(1):26–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Rowland T. Thermoregulation during exercise in the heat in children: old concepts revisited. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105:718–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Walker SM, Case DJ, Levreault ML, et al. Children participating in summer sports camps are chronically dehydrated. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36 Suppl 5:180–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Harris S. Readiness to participate in sports. In: Anderson SJ, Harris SS, editors. Care of the young athlete. 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2010. p. 9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Patel DR, Pratt HD, Greydanus DE. Pediatric neurodevelopment and sports participation: when are children ready to play sports? Pediatr Clin North Am. 2002;49:505–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Purcell L. The Canadian Paediatric Society Paediatric Sports and Exercise Medicine Section. Sport readiness in children and youth. Paediatr Child Health. 2005;10(6):343–4.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Malina RM. Readiness for competitive youth sport. In: Weiss MR, editor. Advances in pediatric sport sciences. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1987. p. 61–6.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Mauldon E, Redfern HR. Games teaching: a new approach for the primary school. London: McDonald and Evans; 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Seefeldt V. Patterns, phases or stages: An analytical model for the study of developmental movement. In: Kelso JA, Clark JE, editors. The development of movement control and coordination. New York, NY: Wiley; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA

    Dennis Caine PhD

  2. Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Laura Purcell MD, FRCPC, Dip Sport Med.

Authors
  1. Dennis Caine PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laura Purcell MD, FRCPC, Dip Sport Med.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dennis Caine PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA

    Dennis Caine

  2. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

    Laura Purcell

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Caine, D., Purcell, L. (2016). The Exceptionality of the Young Athlete. In: Caine, D., Purcell, L. (eds) Injury in Pediatric and Adolescent Sports. Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18141-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18141-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-18140-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-18141-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation