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Mediation in Germany: Finding the Right Balance between Regulation and Self-Regulation

  • Chapter
New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 6))

Abstract

This chapter explores the current legal framework of mediation in Germany. The Mediation Law of 2012, implementing the Mediation Directive, now regulates a variety of important aspects, but many provisions governing mediation are found in other statutes as well. It may be said that the law has a broad scope but little content: On the one hand, it establishes a uniform system for both domestic and cross-border mediation; on the one hand, it confines itself to regulating minimum requirements, especially as far as the structure of the mediation process, default rules for mediation agreements and the enforcement of mediated settlements are concerned. This goes back to the idea that on the one hand, mediation puts forward the autonomy of the conflicting parties and should therefore not be pressed into a rigid procedure, and on the other hand, there is a need for reliable rules for the interplay between mediation and court proceedings. One German particularity is the existence of an in-court mediation scheme conducted by a “conciliation judge” who is not entitled to decide the case, which has been quite successful.

This chapter partly draws on previous research by the authors on different ADR instruments in Germany, published in Steffek/Unberath (eds.), Regulating Dispute Resolution, pp. 209–238.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bruttel/Timmesfeld, ZKM 2011, 71, 72 et seq.

  2. 2.

    Kirchhoff, ZKM 2007, 138.

  3. 3.

    See also Horstmeier, Das neue Mediationsgesetz, para 1.

  4. 4.

    See also Filler, Commercial Mediation in Europe, p. 101.

  5. 5.

    BGBl. I 2012, 1577.

  6. 6.

    For an overview to the debate, see Hess, ZZP 124 (2011), 137 et seqq.

  7. 7.

    Tochtermann, Die Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit des Mediators, pp. 73 et seqq.

  8. 8.

    See Niedersächsisches Justizministerium, Mediation an niedersächsischen Gerichten.

  9. 9.

    See a joint request of five of the six political groups of the Landtag (the state parliament) of Schleswig Holstein: Fraktionen CDU, SPD, FDP, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen und SSW, Schleswig-Holsteinischer Landtag Drucks. 17/2276.

  10. 10.

    Hess, Gutachten, p. F 31; idem, ZZP 118 (2005), 427, 442; and recently Berlin, Alternative Streitbeilegung, pp. 227 et seqq.

  11. 11.

    Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Andere Verfahren I comments 43 et seqq. (p. 758); see generally Scherpe, Außergerichtliche Streitbeilegung in Verbrauchersachen, and T. von Hippel, Der Ombudsmann im Bank- und Versicherungswesen.

  12. 12.

    Directive 2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Directive on consumer ADR). Cf. Hess in Dethloff, Hess et al., Freiwilligkeit, Zwang und Gerechtigkeit, pp. 33 et seqq.

  13. 13.

    BGBl. I 2013, 1545.

  14. 14.

    Breidenbach, Mediation, p. 4; Hess, Gutachten, pp. F 30 et seq.; Stubbe, BB 2001, 685, 689.

  15. 15.

    Hess, Gutachten, p. F 30; cf. the legislative materials to the first draft of the Mediation Law, BT-Drucks. 17/5335, at 14. But see Stubbe, SchiedsVZ 2006, 150, 152, who claims that contrary to Anglo-American legal systems, conciliation and mediation can be clearly distinguished in German law. This is due to the fact that his definition of mediation seems to be narrower than laid down in the Mediation Law, comprising only facilitative mediation.

  16. 16.

    No statistical data was available for the states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Bremen and Hamburg.

  17. 17.

    Bundesamt für Justiz, Übersicht über die Tätigkeit der Schiedspersonen.

  18. 18.

    Greger/Stubbe, Schiedsgutachten, paras 193 et seqq.; Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Andere Verfahren I paras 25 et seqq. (pp. 752 et seqq.); Sessler in Eidenmüller, Alternative Streitbeilegung, pp. 16 et seqq.

  19. 19.

    Greger/Stubbe, Schiedsgutachten, paras 193 et seqq.; Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Andere Verfahren I, paras 45 et seqq, 208 et seqq.

  20. 20.

    Greger/Stubbe, Schiedsgutachten, paras 350 et seq.

  21. 21.

    Stubbe, BB 2001, 685, 689.

  22. 22.

    Unberath, in Greger/Unberath, Mediationsgesetz, Introduction comments 66 et seq.; Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Andere Verfahren I comments 19 et seqq. (pp. 749 et seqq.).

  23. 23.

    Risse, SchiedsVZ 2012, 244, 245 et seq.; dissenting Henssler/Deckenbrock, DB 2012, 159, 161 (“unproblematic”).

  24. 24.

    For an in-depth analysis, see Wendenburg, Der Schutz der schwächeren Partei in der Mediation, pp. 3 et seqq.

  25. 25.

    Breidenbach, Mediation, p. 4; Hess, Gutachten, pp. F 15 et seqq.; Tochtermann, Die Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit des Mediators, p. 64.

  26. 26.

    See, e.g., Haft, in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, paras 2.1 et seqq.; Wendenburg, Der Schutz der schwächeren Partei in der Mediation, pp. 44 et seqq.

  27. 27.

    Etscheid in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Methodik II comment 18 (p. 616). Unberath in Greger/Unberath, Mediationsgesetz, section 2 comment 174 even claims that a mediator who evaluates certain aspects of the conflict breaches his duty and can therefore be liable to pay damages; cf. Eidenmüller/Prause, NJW 2008, 2737, 2739 for a more differentiated viewpoint.

  28. 28.

    Hess, Gutachten, pp. F 50 et seqq.

  29. 29.

    Horstmeier, Das neue Mediationsgesetz, paras 21 ff.; Unberath, in Greger/Unberath, Mediationsgesetz, Introduction comments 45 et seqq. For detailed explanations of the use of mediation in different fields see chapters 19–33 of the volume of Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation.

  30. 30.

    Becker/Fittschen (eds.), Bürgermeister und Mediation.

  31. 31.

    Hess, Gutachten, p. F 6.

  32. 32.

    Stumpf, Alternative Streitbeilegung, p. 282 et seq; Hölzer/Schnüttgen/Bornheim, DStR 2010, 2538, 2540, who correctly also point to the principle of equal treatment according to Art. 3(1) GG.

  33. 33.

    Filler, Commercial Mediation in Europe, p. 105.

  34. 34.

    See Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 549; Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, p. 9.

  35. 35.

    Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, p. 10; Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, paras 43.21 et seqq.

  36. 36.

    Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 549; Unberath, NJW 2011, 1320, 1322; dissenting Risse, Wirtschaftsmediation, section 3 comment 14.

  37. 37.

    See Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 550.

  38. 38.

    Greger in Greger/Unberath, Mediationsgesetz, section 1 comments 168 and 191, against Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, p. 23.

  39. 39.

    Greger in Greger/Unberath, Mediationsgesetz, section 1 comment 169.

  40. 40.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.67; Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 539; Unberath, NJW 2011, 1320, 1321 et seq.

  41. 41.

    BGH NJW-RR 2009, 637; NJW 1999, 647; NJW 1977, 2263. Dissenting OLG Frankfurt NJW-RR 2010, 788 et seq.; LG Heilbronn ZKM 2011, 29.

  42. 42.

    Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 538 et seq.; Unberath, NJW 2011, 1320, 1321 et seq.

  43. 43.

    Unberath, NJW 2011, 1320, 1322; Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 549.

  44. 44.

    Unberath, NJW 2011, 1320, 1322.

  45. 45.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.70.

  46. 46.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation at para 43.69; Ulrici in Münchener Kommentar ZPO, section 278a comment 18, who correctly points out that an autonomous interpretation of “limitation and prescription periods” within the scope of Article 8(1) of the Mediation Directive has to be taken into consideration.

  47. 47.

    Gehrlein in Münchener Kommentar ZPO, section 251 comment 13.

  48. 48.

    Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters.

  49. 49.

    Legislative materials, BT-Drucks. 17/5335, p. 18.

  50. 50.

    The draft may be found at Klowait/Gläßer, Mediationsgesetz, pp. 693 et seqq.

  51. 51.

    Henssler/Deckenbrock, DB 2012, 159, 167.

  52. 52.

    Risse, NJW 2012, 244, 251.

  53. 53.

    Hess, Gutachten, p. F 127.

  54. 54.

    Risse, NJW 2012, 244, 247.

  55. 55.

    Against the option of suggesting one specific mediator Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, section 278a ZPO comment 43.

  56. 56.

    Ulrici in Münchener Kommentar ZPO, section 278a ZPO comment 11.

  57. 57.

    Foerste in Musielak, ZPO, section 278 para 14.

  58. 58.

    Legislative materials, BT-Drucks. 17/5335, p. 14, see below in this section.

  59. 59.

    Risse, NJW 2012, 244, 247.

  60. 60.

    Notaries acting as mediators are also subject to the liability provision under section 19(1) BNotO.

  61. 61.

    Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 561 et seq.

  62. 62.

    Unberath, ZKM 2010, 166 et seq.

  63. 63.

    http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/adr/adr_ec_code_conduct_en.pdf.

  64. 64.

    For instance, CfM states on its website (translation by the authors): “CfM has committed to the European Code of Conduct for Mediators and is listed on the EU list of mediators’ organisations of the European Commission. Therefore all its members are required to comply with the ethical guidelines of the Code.” Cf. Centrale für Mediation (CfM), Verhaltenskodex.

  65. 65.

    Some mediation institutions already advertise trainings for “certified mediators” although the statutory instrument does not yet exist, cf. Woertge, Thema: “Zertifizierte/r MediatorIn”.

  66. 66.

    Risse, SchiedsVZ 2012, 244, 251.

  67. 67.

    See generally Tochtermann, Die Unabhängigkeit und Unparteilichkeit des Mediators.

  68. 68.

    Risse, SchiedsVZ 2012, 244, 247.

  69. 69.

    Foerste in Musielak, ZPO, section 278 comment 14.

  70. 70.

    German Institution of Arbitration (DIS), DIS Mediation Rules (in force as from May 1, 2010).

  71. 71.

    Unberath, in Greger/Unberath, Medationsgesetz, section 2 comment 254.

  72. 72.

    Förste in Musielak, section 278 comment 15a.

  73. 73.

    For a detailed analysis, see Wendenburg, Der Schutz der schwächeren Partei in der Mediation, p. 33.

  74. 74.

    Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, p. 43, Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.58.

  75. 75.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.58.

  76. 76.

    Stadler in Jauernig, BGB, section 779 comment 11; Habersack in Münchener Kommentar BGB, section 779 comment 31.

  77. 77.

    BT-Drucks. 17/5335, pp. 7 and 21.

  78. 78.

    Foerste in Musielak, ZPO, section 278a comment 3.

  79. 79.

    Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 542. Bischoff, MDR 2003, 919, gives a figure of EUR 150–650 per hour; and Filler, Commercial Mediation in Europe, 83, provides an estimate of 150–400 per hour or 1400–1900 per day.

  80. 80.

    For details, see Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 542.

  81. 81.

    Hess, Gutachten, p. F 132.

  82. 82.

    Cf. Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 543.

  83. 83.

    Cf. Tochtermann in Hopt/Steffek, Mediation, p. 543.

  84. 84.

    Risse, SchiedsVZ 2012, 244, 253 et seq.

  85. 85.

    AG Eilenburg FamRZ 2007, 1670; OLG Köln FamRZ 2011, 1742.

  86. 86.

    See also Lilja/von Lucius/Tietz in Klowait/Gläßer, Mediationsgesetz, para 1.2.56.

  87. 87.

    Hess, Gutachten, pp. F 114 et seq.

  88. 88.

    AG Bochum, FamRZ 2003, 772, but see OLG Hamm, FamRZ 2003, 1758.

  89. 89.

    See also Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, section 1 comments 6.

  90. 90.

    See Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.75; Unberath in Greger/Unberath, Part 5 comment 6; Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, 54.

  91. 91.

    Unberath in Greger/Unberath, Part 5 comment 6.

  92. 92.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, paras 43.74; Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, 55 et seqq.

  93. 93.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, paras 43.74, 43.78; Eidenmüller, Vertrags- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, 58 et seq.; Hutner, Das internationale Privat- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, 203 et seqq.; all referring to the legal situation before the entry into force of the Rome I Regulation.

  94. 94.

    Martiny in Reithmann/Martiny, Internationales Vertragsrecht, para 379; Spellenberg in Münchener Kommentar BGB, Art. 12 Rom I-VO comment 179.

  95. 95.

    BGH IPRax 2002, 37; OLG München IPRax 1990, 320.

  96. 96.

    Schack, Internationales Zivilverfahrensrecht, para 912; Wolfsteiner in Münchener Kommentar ZPO, section 794 comment 139.

  97. 97.

    See Hutner, Das internationale Privat- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, pp. 255 et seqq; cf. generally Hess, Europäisches Zivilprozessrecht, paras 6.261 et seqq.

  98. 98.

    Regulation (EC) No 805/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims; cf. Hutner, Das internationale Privat- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, pp. 257 et seqq.

  99. 99.

    Hess in Haft/Schlieffen, Handbuch Mediation, para 43.80; Trittmann/Merz, IPRax 2001, 178, 183; Hutner, Das internationale Privat- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, pp. 260 et seqq.

  100. 100.

    Hutner, Das internationale Privat- und Verfahrensrecht der Wirtschaftsmediation, p. 259.

  101. 101.

    Schack, Internationales Zivilverfahrensrecht, para 912.

  102. 102.

    This is the prevailing opinion in both legal doctrine and case-law, cf. Jauernig/Hess, Zivilprozessrecht, para 48.4.

  103. 103.

    Martiny in Reithmann/Martiny, para 379.

  104. 104.

    See Article 24 of the EEO Regulation.

  105. 105.

    Cf. Hess, Europäisches Zivilprozessrecht, para 6.258; Schlosser, EU-Zivilprozessrecht, Art. 58 EuGVVO comment 1.

  106. 106.

    Staudinger in Rauscher, Europäisches Zivilprozess- und Kollisionsrecht, Art. 58 Brüssel I-VO para 6; Dörner in Saenger, ZPO, Art. 58 comment 2.

  107. 107.

    Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.

  108. 108.

    Hagel in Klowait/Gläßer, Mediationsgesetz, section 2 Mediation Law para 11.

  109. 109.

    Fritz in Fritz/Pielsticker, Mediationsgesetz, Methodik para 51.

  110. 110.

    See, for instance, the website of the “online conciliator” at www.online-schlichter.de.

  111. 111.

    For instance, the Directive stipulates in its Article 8(a) that all ADR procedures are available and easily accessible both online and offline.

  112. 112.

    Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Regulation on consumer ODR)

  113. 113.

    An overview of the pilot projects can be found at Justizportal des Bundes und der Länder (ed.), Elektronischer Rechtsverkehr.

  114. 114.

    Ahrens, NJW 2012, 2465, 2470; Foerste in Musielak, section 278 comment 15.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of European and Comparative Procedural Law, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, Luxembourg, Luxembourg

    Burkhard Hess & Nils Pelzer

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  1. Burkhard Hess
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  2. Nils Pelzer
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Correspondence to Nils Pelzer .

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  1. Department of International Law, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Carlos Esplugues

  2. École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Louis Marquis

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Hess, B., Pelzer, N. (2015). Mediation in Germany: Finding the Right Balance between Regulation and Self-Regulation. In: Esplugues, C., Marquis, L. (eds) New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18135-6_9

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