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Exploring the Emerging Legal Landscape for Crossborder Mediation in Brazil: Where New Horizons Encounter Old Expectations

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New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 6))

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Abstract

This chapter analyses general issues dealing with crossborder mediation in Brazil and recent development of mediation as an important extrajudicial mechanism for dispute resolution at domestic level. Amongst the main features, the chapter explores the ongoing legislative trends for the implementation of a specific regulation of mediation in Brazil, modernization of ADRs and the growing role of the mediation as a complementary tool for access to justice and allocation of dispute settlement in civil and commercial matters. The authors describe the existing ADRs and the basis of mediation in Brazil, as well as roles of parties, mediators and procedural matters. The last part of the chapter highlights the current legal patterns for crossborder mediation, its applicable notions and recognition and enforcement related issues.

Fabrício Bertini Pasquot Polido, LL.B. (São Paulo/Tübingen), LL.M. (Turin), JSD in International Law, University of São Paulo - USP. Member of the UFMG Interdisciplinary Law Clinic on Arbitration and Mediation Law in Governmental and Corporate Matters

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Amongst several examples, the concept of binding precedents has been introduced by the Constitutional Amendment No. 45 of 2004 (known as “Emenda da Reforma do Judiciario”, an Amendment establishing the Judiciary Reform in Brazil), which implemented significant structural changes in the domestic justice system. See Theodoro Júnior (2005), Alguns reflexos da Emenda Constitucional n.45, de 08.12.2004, sobre o Processo Civil. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. 47. 75–94.

  2. 2.

    According to recent research conducted by L.G. Cunha (2013), What Kind of Judiciary Do We Want? The Access to Justice in Brazil. Direito GV Research Paper Series No. 77. (August 2, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2335147, Brazilian citizens had a low trust in the Judiciary, considering time consuming proceedings, difficulties to use the system as such, and the claimed absence of fairness and proper skills of the judges. However, the great majority of the citizens interviewed for purposes of her research said that they would go to state courts in case of experiencing conflicts. According to the author, this whole landscape appears to be even more contradictory, since one may consider that only 40 % of the respondents would accept resorting to alternative dispute resolution methods. The majority of them would prefer to have their disputes adjudicated by judges.

  3. 3.

    This matter has been tackled by several different stakeholders and user groups, such as in the past editions of the meetings of the Conciliation-Mediation Task-Force held under the auspices of the National Council of Justice (CNJ) within the framework of the Access to Justice Movement. http://www.cnj.jus.br/programas-de-a-a-z/acesso-a-justica/conciliacao. Accessed: Nov 27 2014. Other alike initiatives are sponsored by State Courts of Appeals around the country, the Brazilian Arbitration Committee – CBar – and CONIMA. Universities are also leading scholar and clinic law related initiatives, such as the Interdisciplinary Law Clinic on Arbitration and Mediation in Governmental and Corporate Matters – ILAM/LIAM and Programme on Access to Justice of the Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG; the Study Group on Dispute Resolution Mechanisms – NEMESC, of the University of Sao Paulo; and Working Group on Arbitration, Mediation and Negotiation of the University of Brasilia.

  4. 4.

    The 1958 New York Convention was Incorporated into Brazilian legal system by the Decree no. 4,311/2002. One should observe that the recent adoption of the Vienna Convention On Contracts for The International Sale of Goods (1980) – the CISG-further expands a such arbitration friendly environment in Brazil. On March 4th, 2013, Brazil adhered to CISG, which entered into force to Brazil as of April 1, 2014 (see Decree 8,327, as of October 16 2014).

  5. 5.

    An extensive literature on arbitration has been produced in Brazil in the last years. See, for instance, Carmona, C. A. (2009). Arbitragem e Processo: Um Comentário à Lei 9.307/96, 3rd ed. (p. 35) São Paulo: Atlas; Baptista, L. O. (2011) Arbitragem Comercial Internacional. São Paulo: Lex Magister; Basso, M., & Polido, F. B. P. (2013). Arbitragem Comercial: Princípios, Instituições e Procedimentos. Prática no CAM-CCBC. Marcial Pons: Sao Paulo.

  6. 6.

    Almeida, T. (2009). Mediação e conciliação: dois paradigmas distintos, duas práticas diversas. In P. B. Casella & L. M. Souza (Ed.). Mediação de conflitos. (p. 93). Belo Horizonte: Fórum. One should contend, however, that also in mediation, parties should be guided to reach a settlement, as this would be the targeted outcome of the ADR. See item 7 below.

  7. 7.

    Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure encompasses the duty of judges, where proceedings have been already initiated, to schedule a conciliation hearing. Pursuant to its Art. 277, “The judge will appoint a Conciliation Hearing to be held within thirty days, citing the defendant with at least ten days in advance and under the warning referred to in § 2 of this Art., determining the attendance of the parties. […]”

  8. 8.

    Braga Neto, A. (2011). A Mediação de Conflitos e as suas diferenças com a Conciliação, p.2.

  9. 9.

    Rodante, Marcelo V. M. (2012). Cláusula Arbitral Escalonada. http://www.cbar.org.br/PDF/Artigo_2_Clausula_Escalonada_out-2012.pdf. Accessed 17 Out 2014.

  10. 10.

    Andrighi, Fátima Nancy. (2012). Novas perspectivas para Mediação no Brasil. Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação. vol. 34, 289.

  11. 11.

    Manual de Mediação Judicial (2011). 4.ed. Brasilia. Ministry of Justice/CNJ. http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  12. 12.

    Couto, Jeanlise Velloso. O Mito da Estatística da Arbitragem e da Mediação. http://www.camaraimobiliaria.com.br/artigo131006b.htm. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  13. 13.

    Zapparolli, C.R. (2003). A experiência pacificadora da mediação: uma alternativa contemporânea para a implementação da cidadania e da justiça. In M. E. Muszkat, Mediação de Conflitos: Pacificando e Prevenindo a Violência (pp. 52–53). São Paulo: Summus.

  14. 14.

    Zapparolli, C.R. (2003). A experiência pacificadora da mediação: uma alternativa contemporânea para a implementação da cidadania e da justiça. In M. E. Muszkat, Mediação de Conflitos: Pacificando e Prevenindo a Violência (pp. 52–53). São Paulo: Summus.

  15. 15.

    For instance, Art. 3 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act expressly excludes from judicial and extrajudicial mediation the following subject-matters eventually in disputes: I- filiation, adoption, parental rights and invalidation of marriage; II- incapacitation; III- bankruptcy and corporate restructuring related proceedings.

  16. 16.

    Scripilliti 2004. p.317.

  17. 17.

    Art. 5, II: No one shall be requested to do or not to do anything except by the law.

  18. 18.

    For the basic constitutional framework dealing with powers, jurisdictional and organizational issues of the Brazilian justice system, see Brazilian Constitution, Title IV, Chapter III (Art. 92–135); for arbitration and arbitral institutions, see Law n° 9.307/96 (Brazilian Arbitration Act of 1996).

  19. 19.

    Assmar, Gabriela. (2009). Legislação Brasileira no que tange a Mediação de Conflitos. http://www.mediare.com.br/08artigos_09legislacaobrasileira.html#_edn15. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  20. 20.

    http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9099.htm. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  21. 21.

    A first draft bill establishing a “legal regime for mediation as a method of prevention and consensual resolution of disputes”, submitted by Ms. Zulaiê Cobra (PL no. 4827 as of 1998), was followed by another substitutive presented by Mr. Pedro Simon to the Brazilian Senate in 2002, with support of the Brazilian Institute of Procedural Law (PLC no. 94/2002). The original 1998 Draft was withhold for more than six years at the Brazilian House of Representatives, with no significant progress. Subsequently, in 2011, another Draft was proposed in the Brazilian Senate, aiming at “establishing and governing the use of mediation as an instrument for prevention and consensual resolution of disputes” (PL no. 517/2011, submitted by Ms. Ricardo Ferraço). Since 2013, two other bills have been under scrutiny of the Senate, namely Bill on Extrajudicial Act (PL no. 405/2013, authored by Mr. Renan Calheiros) and Draft Bill on Mediation (PL no. 434/2013, authored by Mr. Jose Pimentel), but both were stayed in view of the legislative procedure involving the 2011 Draft, currently converted into the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  22. 22.

    The 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act refers to the PL no. 7169/2014 (“Mediation between parties as a alternative method of dispute resolution and settlement of disputes in the field of Public Administration”) Available at: http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=606627. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  23. 23.

    PL no. 8.046/2010. Full text in: http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/prop_ mostrarintegra?codteor=831805. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  24. 24.

    Art. 144 – Every court may establish divisions for conciliation and mediation or adopt programs designed to encourage self-settlement of disputes.

    §1 - Conciliation and mediation are underlined by principles of independence, neutrality, autonomy, confidentiality, orality and informality.

    §2 - Confidentiality extends to all information gathered during the procedure, which content shall not be used for a purpose different from the one expressly prescribed by the parties.

    §3 - Due to duty of confidentiality,inherent to their function, the conciliator, mediator and their team are not authorized to disclose or testify about facts or elements arising from conciliation or mediation.

    (…)

    Art. 153 – The provisions of this Section do not exclude other forms of extrajudicial conciliation and mediation linked to institutional bodies or held by through independent professionals.

  25. 25.

    Project “Movimento pela Conciliação” headed by the National Council of Justice. http://www.cnj.gov.br. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  26. 26.

    Full text available at: http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/stories/docs_cnj/resolucao/arquivo_integral_republicacao_resolucao_n_125.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  27. 27.

    Ruiz, I. A. (2005). A mediação e o direito de família. Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação. vol. 6. p. 75.

  28. 28.

    See Art. 3, §3 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  29. 29.

    Note 19 supra.

  30. 30.

    Regulação Modelo de Mediação. http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  31. 31.

    Carvalho, A. L. S. (2005). O Centro de Arbitragem e Mediação da CCBC. http://www.ccbc.org.br/arbitragem.asp?subcategoria=artigos&codnoticia=41. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  32. 32.

    Carmona, C. A. (2013). The Path to Mediation. In Latin Lawyer. Volume 12, Issue 8. http://latinlawyer.com/features/article/45643/the-path-mediation/. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  33. 33.

    Carmona, C. A. (2013). The Path to Mediation. In Latin Lawyer. Volume 12, Issue 8. http://latinlawyer.com/features/article/45643/the-path-mediation/. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  34. 34.

    We adopt here the idea of restorative justice as one of the contemporary approaches to access to justice movement, focused on the needs of the victims and the offenders, as well as the community of stakeholders in criminal prosecution systems, instead of being a mechanism simply grounded on abstract legal principles or on punishment of offenders. In the context of criminal mediation, victims may take an active role in the process, while offenders are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions, by apologizing, returning stolen money, or offering community service. For this debate in Brazil, see Andre Gomma de Azevedo, O Componente de Mediação Vítima-Ofensor na Justiça Restaurativa: Uma Breve Apresentação de uma Inovação Epistemológica na Autocomposição Penal. In: Slakmon, C., R. De Vitto, e R. Gomes Pinto (ed), Justiça Restaurativa. (2005), p. 135. Avaiable at: http://zh.unrol.org/files/Justice_Pub_Restorative%20Justice.pdf#page=135. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  35. 35.

    Felipe, A. P. F., Veloso, L. Mediação Penal – um novo modelo de Justiça. International Interdisciplinary Congress of Social and Humanity Studies. Niterói. RJ: ANINTER-SH/ PPGSD-UFF, 3 to 6 Sept. 2012.

  36. 36.

    Full text avaiable at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1995/D1572.htm. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  37. 37.

    Art. 2 of Decree no. 1,572/1995.

  38. 38.

    Varela, J. de M. A. (1997). Direito das Obrigações. Vol. I. (pp. 473). Coimbra: Ed. Almedina.

  39. 39.

    Art. 389 of the CC: “If an obligation is not fulfilled, the debtor is liable for the damages, plus the interests and the monetary correction in accordance with the official index regularly established, and the lawyer’s fees.”

  40. 40.

    Art. 393, caput of the CC: “The debtor is not liable for the damages resulting from an act of God (‘caso fortuito’) or force majeure, unless otherwise expressly agreed.”

  41. 41.

    Apart from the scope of contractual liability rules, the general rule for torts in Brazil is broad enough to cover situations in which one of the parties to the mediation agreement subsequently incurs in a wrongful act towards the other party. This is the case of acts falling within the scope of Arts. 186 and 927 of Brazilian Civil Code (Art. 186 thus reads: “Anyone who, by voluntary action or omission, negligence or recklessness, violates a third party’s right or the laws, thereby causing damage, even if only moral, commits an unlawful act”).

  42. 42.

    Carmona, C. A. (2009). Arbitragem e Processo: Um Comentário à Lei 9.307/96, 3.ed. (p. 35) São Paulo: Atlas.

  43. 43.

    Lemes, S. M. F. (2005). Clausula escalonada, mediação e arbitragem. Resultado – Revista de Mediação e Arbitragem Empresarial, 10, p. 42.

  44. 44.

    Idem, p.42.

  45. 45.

    Full version of the Bill and information on its current legislative status are available at: http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=606627. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  46. 46.

    See the Code of Conduct for Mediators, by CONIMA. Available at: http://www.conima.org.br/codigo_etica_med. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  47. 47.

    Zapparolli, C.R. (2003). A experiência pacificadora da mediação: uma alternativa contemporânea para a implementação da cidadania e da justiça. In M. E. Muszkat, Mediação de Conflitos: Pacificando e Prevenindo a Violência (pp. 52–53). São Paulo: Summus.

  48. 48.

    Full text available at http://www.conjur.com.br/dl/anteprojeto-lei-mediacao.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  49. 49.

    See Arts. 7 and 8. CONIMA Model Rules- Available at: http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 17 Out 2014.

  50. 50.

    See Mediation Regulation, by CCBC. Available at: http://www.ccbc.org.br/default.asp? categoria = 5&id = 39. Accessed 17 Out 2014.

  51. 51.

    <http://www.fiesp.com.br>

  52. 52.

    CNJ-MJ (2013), Judicial Mediation Handbook. 4.ed Brasilia: Ministry of Justice/CNJ. http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov 2014.

  53. 53.

    Art. 304: Any of the parties may argue, by exception, absence of jurisdiction grounds (Art. 112), impediment (Art. 134) or suspicion (Art. 135).

  54. 54.

    This approach is followed by the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation in Art.5.

  55. 55.

    For instance, Resolution no. 953/2005 of the Court of Appeals of State of Sao Paulo and Resolution no. 19/2009 of Court of Appeals of Rio de Janeiro. See 7.1 infra.

  56. 56.

    For a comprehensive analysis on that issue, se Gabbay, D. M. (2011). Mediação e Judiciário: Condições Necessárias para a institucionalização dos meios autocompositivos de solução de conflitos. (pp. 40 et seq). Doctoral Thesis submitted to the Department of Civil and Criminal Procedure Law of the University of São Paulo. São Paulo: USP, 2011. Available at: www.teses.usp.br. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  57. 57.

    “Resolution 125 of CNJ derived from the necessity of stimulating, supporting and disseminating the systematization and the improvement of the existing practices in the courts.” CNJ-MJ (2013). Handbook of Judicial Mediation, 4ed. Brasilia: Ministry of Justice and National Council of Justice. Available at: <http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf>. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  58. 58.

    Kazuo Watanabe is former Justice of the Court of Appeals of State of São Paulo – TJSP- and Associate Professor of the Law School of University of São Paulo (USP). He is considered one of leading specialists in Brazil discussing alternative dispute resolution methods in scholarly circles. Watanabe was also ahead of the implementation of a Programme on Conciliation of the Court of Appeals of State of São Paulo.

  59. 59.

    “Scholars contend that the negotiation is distinct from mediation and conciliation, as in negotiation there is no intervention from a third party, both parties seek for the solution of the conflict; in mediation and conciliation there is the interposition of a third party. Theoretically, I believe that it is possible to establish the following distinctions: in mediation, the third party is neutral and she attempts to forge the necessary conditions so that the parties may find the settlement, but it does not intervene in order to advance any proposition of a resolution; in conciliation, this would not happen, that is, the intervention of the third party is expected to interfere a little more in the attempt of obtaining a solution for the conflict, of appeasing the parties and, in that moment, the conciliator may suggest some solutions to the conflict at hand. However, in practice, the mediator offers some suggestion regarding the solution of the conflict. It would be a figure of mediator/conciliator.” Free translation from Watanabe, K. (Watanabe 2003). Modalidades de Mediação. In Mediação: um projeto inovador. Série Cadernos do CEJ. Vol. 2. Brasília: CJF, p.48-49. Available at: http://daleth.cjf.jus.br/revista/seriecadernos/vol22/artigo04.pdf. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  60. 60.

    It is so broad that the Resolution attempts to cover even criminal conciliation procedures.

    Art. 7, § 3° of Resolution 125 states that: In the terms or Art. 73 of Law n° 9.099/95 and arts. 112 and 116 of Law 8.069/90, the so-called Units for Conciliation and Mediation in the Courts are expected to centralize and encourage programs dealing with criminal mediation or any other restorative related actions, provided that the basic principles and restorative alike procedures, such as those established by the Resolution n° 2002/12 of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), are observed.

  61. 61.

    To sum up, one should remark that the self-settlement system, as an important component of litigation planning, is evolving independently from a misguided approach that judicial systems only evolve through procedural reforms established by law-making initiatives.” Critically, see Ministry of Justice (2013). Handbook of Judicial Mediation, 4th ed. Available at: <http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf>. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  62. 62.

    According to Art. 1 of the Annex III of Resolution 125/2010, these are the fundamental principles governing the procedure of judicial conciliation and mediation: I – Confidentiality – the duty to keep secrecy about all the information obtained in mediation or conciliation session, except for expressed authorization from both parties, violation to public order or to the existing laws, one must not testify on the case, neither act as lawyer of the involved under any circumstance; II – Informed decision – the duty to keep those under one’s jurisdiction fully informed about their rights and the factual context in which they are inserted; III – Competence – the duty to bear the proper skills which enable the conciliator/mediator to act before judicial proceedings, subject to training activities under the Resolution, and complying with retraining activities and continuous capacity building; IV – Impartiality – the duty to act with no favouritism, preference or prejudices, ensuring that the personal values and concepts will not interfere with the result of the settlement, encompassing the reality of the ones involved in the conflict and never accepting any sort of favour or gift; V – Independence and autonomy – the duty to act with freedom, without suffering any internal or external pressure, being allowed to refuse, to suspend or to interrupt the session if the conditions necessary for its proper development are absent, neither being forced to draft an illegal or an impracticable agreement; VI – Respect to public policy and to the existing laws – the duty to ensure that the agreement between the parties is not incompatible to public policy, neither contravene the existing laws; VII – Empowerment – the duty to stimulate parties in dispute in learning how they can properly solve future conflicts based on fairness as experienced in self-settlement; VIII – Validation – the duty to stimulate parties in perceiving themselves as human beings deserving attention and respect. See Resolution 125/10 CNJ – Annex III, Art. 1. Available at: http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/stories/docs_cnj/resolucao/arquivo_integral_republicacao_resolucao_n_125.pdf. Accessed 20 Nov 2014.

  63. 63.

    Resolution no. 953/2005, Full text Available at: http://www.tjsp.jus.br/Download/Conciliacao/Apostila_Juizados_Especiais_Civeis.pdfAccessed Nov 27 2014

  64. 64.

    It is very important to outline that this Resolution was made before the Resolution 125/2010 from CNJ.

  65. 65.

    Art. 9, §4: When carrying out his or her functions, the mediator is subject to the compliance to the code of ethics, guided by the principles of voluntariness, ethics, good faith, confidentiality and competence, and can be requested to indemnify any eventual damages caused to the parties, being subject to cancellation of his certificate. The mediator is strictly forbidden from advising parties on legal issues, a prerogative that is exclusive to attorneys that eventually assist parties in the dispute. See TJRJ, Resolution 19/2009 - Court of Appeals of State of Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http://portaltj.tjrj.jus.br/documents/10136/7abcbf66-7116-4311-b31e-386c47730c76. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  66. 66.

    See CONIMA - Conselho Nacional das Instituições de Arbitragem e Mediação. http://www.conima.org.br. Accessed 20 Nov 2014.

  67. 67.

    See CONIMA Model Rules - http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  68. 68.

    On the rules dealing with conducts in conciliation/mediation, see Annex III of Resolution No,125/2010, particularly Art. 2. The guiding rules on conciliation refer to rules of conduct to be observed by the conciliators/mediators for the proper development of the procedure itself, allowing the direct participation of the parties until the settlement and also comprising the agreement eventually reached: I – Information – the duty to clarify parties about the working method to be employed, presenting it in a complete, clear and precise form, as well as to inform parties about the deontological principles referred in Chapter I, the rules of conduct and procedural steps; II – Party autonomy – the duty to respect the different opinions, ensuring that parties are able to reach a voluntary decision, and not a coercive one, with full freedom to make their own decisions during or at the end of the procedure, as well as to stay the mediation at any moment; III – Absence of obligation of result– the duty to not impose an agreement neither to make decisions for the parties; IV – Disconnection from the conciliator/mediator’s main profession– the duty to clarify the parties that the mediator shall act in a entirely independent manner from its main profession, informing them that, where legal counselling or advice is necessary, a lawyer can be summoned to the session at stake, as long as agreed by the parties; V - Understanding regarding the conciliation and the mediation –duty to ensure that parties involved, when reaching an agreement, may perfectly comprehend its terms and contents, which must be enforceable; this duty encompasses the goal to generate parties’ compromise for the fulfilment of the agreement. Full text available at: http://www.cnj.jus.br///images/atos_normativos/resolucao/resolucao_125_29112010_0110201 3185521.pdf. Accessed Nov 20 2014.

  69. 69.

    In a recent judgment rendered by TJMG, the court held that conciliation may be carried out at any phase of the proceedings. See Wagner Soares/Banco Santander Brasil S.A., Civil Appeal no. 1.0016.12.002945-5/001, 17th Civil Chamber, decision as of December 06, 2012.

  70. 70.

    The Court of Appeals of São Paulo – TJSP has recently ruled on the discretion of judges to determine conciliation during proceedings vis-à-vis the relevant provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure: “The judge shall assess the adequacy of conciliation in each particular case during the proceedings. It depends solely on the judge’s discretion to refer parties to conciliation or not. These legal provisions are not binding.” See TJSP, Josefina Stringassi Ribeiro/Jacy Orlandi, Interlocutory Appeal no. 2013250–18.2013.8.26.0000, 31st Chamber, decision as of September 10, 2013.

  71. 71.

    For purposes of this chapter, we are not focusing on the specific rules on conciliation established by the SPCA. The original version in Portuguese is available at: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9099.htm>. Accessed Nov 20 2014.

  72. 72.

    See: <http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed.Last visited: 17 Oct 2014.

  73. 73.

    <http://www.ccbc.org.br/download/doc_RegulamentoNovo_CAMCCBC_eng_v5_psk.pdf>. Last visited: 17 Oct 2014.

  74. 74.

    <http://www.camaradearbitragemsp.com.br/index.php/pt-BR/regulamento>. Last visited: 17 Oct 2014.

  75. 75.

    Note 20 above.

  76. 76.

    Ministry of Justice (2013). Handbook of Judicial Mediation, 4.ed. Available at: <http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf>. Accessed Nov 20 2014. By analogy, Arts. 125, IV, 331 and 447 to 449 of the CPC deal with the conciliation hearings. Regarding the pre-trial hearing, Art. 331 states that the hearing shall be scheduled within 30 (thirty) days. It does not provide any time limits for duration of conciliation.

  77. 77.

    Art. 16. Once the application is filed by one of the parties, irrespectively of the court’s distribution and assessment, the Court Secretariat will designate the conciliation session, which is to be held within fifteen days from the filing.

  78. 78.

    See Art. 5, LXXVIII, of Brazilian Federal Constitution, According to this principle, everyone is ensured “a reasonable duration of proceedings and the means to guarantee their expeditious course”, both at the judicial and administrative levels.

  79. 79.

    Summary: “Interlocutory appeal. Expedite procedure. The adequate time corresponds to the conciliation hearing, after the court’s assessment of the oral response of the parties. Principles of orality and concentration of the procedural steps in the hearing. Guarantee of effectiveness, economy and celerity, in addition to the reasonable duration of the proceedings. Constitutional law related nature of the principle of reasonable duration of proceedings. The appellant’s claim is to be granted a time for response, which clashes with the principle of reasonable duration of proceedings, which has been postulated before the court. Claim under appeal is not supported by legal grounds. Case law, procedural and constitutional principles and consolidated judicial practices prevent the claim’s admissibility. Appeal dismissed pursuant to Art. 557 of CPC - Code of Civil Procedure” (judgment rendered on May 4, 2013, Docket no. 2013. 0021798–61.2013.8.19.0000).

  80. 80.

    Full text available at: Accessed Nov 20, 2014.

  81. 81.

    Full text Available at: http://portaltj.tjrj.jus.br/documents/10136/7abcbf66-7116-4311-b31e-386c47730c76. Accessed Nov 20, 2014.

  82. 82.

    http://www.camaradearbitragemsp.com.br/index.php/pt-BR/regulamento/4-principal/principal/128-regulamento-de-mediacao-2013. Accessed: 17 Oct 2014.

  83. 83.

    Art. 22 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  84. 84.

    Art. 25, §1 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  85. 85.

    Art. 25, §3 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  86. 86.

    Art.4, §4 of Resolution no. 953/2005 of TJSP.

  87. 87.

    Chapter V of the 2012 CAM-CCBC Arbitration Rules. Available at: http://ccbc.org.br/default.asp?categoria=2&subcategoria=Regulamento%202012#16. Accessed 20 Nov 2014.

  88. 88.

    Available at: http://www.camaradearbitragemsp.com.br/index.php/pt-BR/regulamento/4-principal/principal/128-regulamento-de-mediacao-2013. Accessed 20 Nov 2014.

  89. 89.

    “Resuming the real communication between the parties is one of the main objectives of mediation, being the agreement a natural consequence of such method of dispute resolution” Sales, L. M. (2003). Justiça e mediação de conflitos. (p. 38). Belo Horizonte: Ed. Del Rey.

  90. 90.

    Tartuce concludes that: “If the confidence and the sense of commitment between the parties are resumed, they may work together on negotiated answers and start a new phase in their interpersonal relationship” Tartuce, F. (2008). Mediação nos conflitos civis. (p. 73). São Paulo: Ed. Método.

  91. 91.

    Galano, M. H. (2003). Mediação – uma nova mentalidade. In L.M. Sales (Ed.). Justiça e mediação de conflitos. (p.29) Belo Horizonte: Ed. Del Rey.

  92. 92.

    Idem, 29.

  93. 93.

    Braga Neto, A. (2013). A mediação de Conflitos e suas diferenças com a Conciliação. (p. 3). http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/movimento-pela-conciliacao/arquivos/ARTIGO%20Adolfo_MEDIACAO_CONCILIACAO_FEV_20111.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2014.

  94. 94.

    Cambi, E., Farinelli, A. (2011). Conciliação e Mediação no Novo Código de Processo Civil (PLS 166/2010). Revista de Processo. 194, p.277.

  95. 95.

    Art.4, §1 of the 2014 Draft.

  96. 96.

    Tartuce, F. (2008). Mediação nos conflitos civis. (pp. 215–216). São Paulo: Ed. Método.

  97. 97.

    Sales, L. M. de M. (2003). Justiça e mediação de conflitos. (p. 61). Belo Horizonte: Ed. Del Rey.

  98. 98.

    Pinho, H. D. B. de. (2010). Mediação: a redescoberta de um velho aliado na solução de conflitos. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ. 13, 245–260.

  99. 99.

    Braga Neto, A.., & Sampaio, L. R. C. (2007). O que é Mediação de Conflitos. 1 Ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense S.A., p.59

  100. 100.

    Braga Neto, A. (2011) A mediação de Conflitos e suas diferenças com a Conciliação. P.8 http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/movimento-pela-conciliacao/arquivos/ARTIGO%20Adolfo_MEDIACAO_CONCILIACAO_FEV_20111.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2014.

  101. 101.

    http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 25 Nov 2014.

  102. 102.

    Art. 128 of the CPC: “The judge will decide the dispute according to the limits in which it was submitted, being prevented from hearing claims that were not raised and in relation to which the law requires the initiative of the party.”

    Art. 460 of the CPC: “The judge is prevented from issuing a decision in favour of the claimant, of a different nature from that of the claims submitted, as well as to decide in favour of the respondent in a superior quantity or in a different subject matter from the one that was requested. Sole Paragraph – The ruling shall be certain, even if it decides on a conditional legal relationship.”

  103. 103.

    Cambi, E., Farinelli, A. (2011). Conciliação e Mediação no Novo Código de Processo Civil (PLS 166/2010). Revista de Processo. Vol. 194.

  104. 104.

    Art. 20, §2 of the 2014 Draft Bill.

  105. 105.

    STJ, Special Appeal n. 1184151/MS, Opinion of Justice Nancy Andrighi, 3rd Chamber, decision as of December 15, 2011, in DJe 09/02/2012. https://ww2.stj.jus.br/revistaeletronica/Abre_Documento.asp?sSeq=1083622&sReg=201000390286&sData=20120209&formato=PDF. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  106. 106.

    This solution is in line with Art. 475-N, V, of the CPC, as amended by Law no. 11,232/2005. See also Art. 20, §2 of the 2014 Draft Bill.

  107. 107.

    Scripilliti, Marcos S.P. (2004). Aspectos relevantes da Mediação. Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação, Vol. 1.

  108. 108.

    C Cambi, E., Farinelli, A. (2011). Conciliação e Mediação no Novo Código de Processo Civil (PLS 166/2010). Revista de Processo. Vol. 194.

  109. 109.

    Available at <http://www.ccbc.org.br/default.asp?categoria=5&id=39#_Toc327201768>. Last visited: Oct. 4, 2013.

  110. 110.

    http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 27 Out 2014.

  111. 111.

    Art. 11 of the 2014 Draft Bill on Mediation Act.

  112. 112.

    See Pinho, H. D. B. de. (2008). Mediação: a redescoberta de um velho aliado na solução de conflitos. In Tartuce, F. Mediação nos conflitos civis. (p. 216). São Paulo: Ed. Método.

  113. 113.

    This has been the main criteria adopted by the 2014 Draft Bill in its Art. 16.

  114. 114.

    Lopes, V. C. (2010). Breves Considerações sobre os Elementos Subjetivos da Mediação: as Partes e o Mediador. Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação. vol. 26, p. 85.

  115. 115.

    Cintra, A. C. de A., Dinamarco, C. R., Grinover, A. P. (2010). Teoria Geral do Processo. 26th ed. (pp. 22–32). São Paulo: Ed. Malheiros. According to Brazilian main scholars, social inclusion which should be also ensured in mediation proceedings may be clearly satisfied when it comes to communitarian mediation (which is free for communities located in the outskirts of the cities). This sort of mediation encourages the participation of socially and economically marginalized individuals in the management of their conflicts. Furthermore it raises the awareness regarding their rights and duties.

  116. 116.

    Lopes, V. C. (2010). Breves Considerações sobre os Elementos Subjetivos da Mediação: as Partes e o Mediador. Revista de Arbitragem e Mediação. vol. 26, p. 85.

  117. 117.

    Polido, F. B. P. (Polido 2013). Direito Processual Internacional e o Contencioso Internacional Privado. (p. 33 et seq). Curitiba: Juruá.

  118. 118.

    http://www.stj.jus.br. Arts. 216-A et seq of Internal Regulations of STJ are applicable to all requests for recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and judicial decisions.

  119. 119.

    Decree n. 4.657, September 4, 1942. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del4657.htm. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  120. 120.

    For this issue, see remarks by Dolinger, J. (2013). Direito Internacional Privado. (p. 295 et seq). Rio de Janeiro: Forense; Basso, M. Curso de Direito Internacional Privado, 3a ed., (p.235 e ss.). São Paulo: Atlas; Basso, M., Polido, F. (2008). Comentários aos Artigos 7 a 19 da Lei de Introdução ao Código Civil de 1942. In Nanni, G.E., Lotufo, R. (Org.). Teoria Geral do Direito Civil. (114 et seq). São Paulo: Atlas.

  121. 121.

    Translation available at: < http://abearb.org/arquivos/138/abearb---stj-res-final.pdf>. Accessed on November 27, 2014.

  122. 122.

    See Law no. 9.099/1995, Art. 7: “The conciliators and the non-professional judges are auxiliary staff of the Judiciary, recruited, the former, amongst the bachelors in Law, and the latter, amongst lawyers having more than five years of practice.

    Sole Paragraph – The non-professional judges are prevented from practicing Law in the Special Courts, while in the performance of their duties as such.”

  123. 123.

    Cf. Ministry of Justice (2013). Handbook of Judicial Mediation, 4th ed., p. 233–234. Available at: <http://www.cnj.jus.br/images/programas/conciliacao/manual_mediacao_judicial_4ed.pdf>. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  124. 124.

    http://www.imab-br.net/ing/index.html. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  125. 125.

    http://www.conima.org.br/regula_modmed. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  126. 126.

    http://www.ccbc.org.br/default.asp?categoria=5&id=36. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  127. 127.

    http://www.cnj.jus.br/programas-de-a-a-z/acesso-a-justica/conciliacao/conciliador-e-mediador. Accessed 27 Nov 2014.

  128. 128.

    http://www.cnj.jus.br/evento/96-noticias/5682-mediacao-online-e-apresentada-a-magistrados-em-seminario. Accessed 17 Out 2014.

  129. 129.

    The 2013 Bill was part of the legislative package submitted to Brazilian Congress by a commission of lawyers and ADR’s specialists on October 2, 2013, together with the Bill on the Act amending the 1996 Arbitration Act. Both initiatives were aimed at improving the use of the alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in Brazil, but not without criticism. As to the conclusion of this chapter, such proposals are still pending for approval. See http://www.valor.com.br/legislacao/3292010/senado-recebe-nova-proposta-sobre-mediacao. Accessed 27 Out 2014.

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II. List of Cases

III. Statutes, Legislation, Regulations and Institutional Rules on Mediation

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International and Comparative Law Department, Law School – University of São Paulo – USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Maristela Basso

  2. International Law, Department of Public Law, Law School – Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Fabrício Bertini Pasquot Polido

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  1. Maristela Basso
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Correspondence to Maristela Basso .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of International Law, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Carlos Esplugues

  2. École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Louis Marquis

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Basso, M., Polido, F.B.P. (2015). Exploring the Emerging Legal Landscape for Crossborder Mediation in Brazil: Where New Horizons Encounter Old Expectations. In: Esplugues, C., Marquis, L. (eds) New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18135-6_4

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