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Mexico and Civil, Family and Commercial Mediation: A Search for Complementary Routes to the State Courts

  • Chapter
New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 6))

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Abstract

Mexico is a federation organized into 31 states and a Federal District (Mexico City), almost every one of which has legislative sovereignty for a significant number of matters, including family matters.

For practical considerations, this paper will only refer to the laws that deal with mediation in Mexico City, stressing the sometimes substantial differences between its legislation and that of the rest of Mexico.

With this in mind, the Alternative Justice Law of the Mexico City High Court of Justice (MCHC), is the main law that regule this subject. Thus, in the ordinary laws of the Federal District, mediation is upheld in: the Alternative Justice Law of the MCHC; the Mexico City Code of Civil Procedures; the Mexico City Code of Criminal Procedures and the Juvenile Justice Law for the Mexico City. Likewise, it has effects in matters regarding the Mexico City Civil Code, the Mexico City Registral Law and the Organic Law of the MCHC.

Mediation in Mexico finds its legal basis in the Mexican Constitution, specifically in Article 17, paragraph four, which establishes that the law will provide alternative conflict resolution mechanisms. Likewise, Article 18, paragraph six, of the Constitution states that alternative justice procedures shall be used whenever possible in cases of juvenile justice in conflict with criminal law.

In Mexico, mediation in courts –the most widely used form– has been in force since 1998 when the State of Quintana Roo reformed its constitution and laws to include it. To date, there are Mediation Centres or Alternative Justice in 29 states, and only 3 states do not have Mediation Centres: Guerrero, San Luis Potosí and Sinaloa.

All the laws that govern mediation in Mexico contemplate the existence of an agreement or settlement. Some laws give them similar force of res judicata, while for other laws, agreements serve as the basis for the legal action.

The binding force of the mediation settlement has been strengthened by recent reforms in the matter of 19 June 2013 and 8 August 2013.

It is clear that the mediation settlement or agreement is res judicata and that only an administrative complaint or an Amparo trial can be attempted to go against its execution. Both remedies are lay down against the rulings of a judge ordering the execution of a settlement, but not against the settlement itself or its contents.

Even though in the case of non-compliance, mediation settlements reached through public and certified private mediators are enforceable in national Mexican courts, the real problem lies in actually recognizing and enforcing said settlements in an international context.

Most of the conventions drafted at the Hague Conference of Private International Law lead to co-operation. Co-operation among administrative and judicial authorities may be needed to help facilitate the enforceability of the agreement in all the States concerned.

I wish to acknowledge and thank Víctor M. Navarrete Villarreal for his support and encouragement regarding this contribution. His knowledge, passion for Alternative Dispute Resolution and friendship are priceless.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Articles 844–848 of the Code Of Civil Procedure for the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza.

  2. 2.

    This procedure is known as Court-Annexed Arbitration and has been adopted by more tan 20 U.S. States.

  3. 3.

    Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly [on the report of the Sixth Committee (A/57/562 and Corr.1)] 57/18. Model Law on International Commercial Conciliation of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, 2002.

  4. 4.

    This is the case in Aguascalientes, Campeche, Durango, Estado de México, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Quintana Roo, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Yucatán, to mention the most important ones.

  5. 5.

    See the latest reforms in the Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal N° 1629 of 19 June 2013. Decree issued by the 6th Legislative Assembly of Mexico City and in Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal of 8 August 2013, regarding the following provisions: Alternative Justice Law of the Mexico City High Court of Justice, reformed Articles, 2, 9, 14, 15, 18–20, 22–25, 27,28, 32,35, 36, 37 Bis, 37 Ter, 38–60; Code of Civil Procedures, reformed Articles 42, 55, 137Bis, 327, 426, 443, 444, 500 and 941.

  6. 6.

    As of the cited reforms published in the Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal of 19 June 2013 and Gaceta Oficial del Distrito Federal of 8 August 2013, the reformed articles of note in these regulations are: the Mexico City Code of Civil Procedures, Articles 287, 3,005, 3,043, 3,044; the Mexico City Registral Law, Articles 49 Bis and 79; and the Organic Law of the Mexico City High Court of Justice, Articles 61, 186 Bis 1, 186 Bis 5.

  7. 7.

    http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/

  8. 8.

    See in the United States, “Guidelines for Mediating International Family Matters”, Task Force on International Family Mediation, ABA/SIL, 12 February 2013.

  9. 9.

    In speaking of private mediators, by default, we refer to those who are certified by the State High Court of Justice at which they practice. There is no private mediation in the states of Baja California, Puebla, Querétaro or Tabasco. With this, we note that for non-certified private mediators, the binding force of the settlements is based on a private document, which could form the basis of action. There would be no difference between this type of agreement and a contract between individuals.

  10. 10.

    As an aside from the literal nature of the transcribed data, we would like to inform the reader that the MCAJC has collaborative agreements with the Mexico City Housing Institute, INFONAVIT, LOCATEL, the Mexico City Attorney General’s Office and the Mexican Mortgage Association, among others, which explains the significant and distant number in terms of relationships with other areas of mediation, like family or criminal ones.

  11. 11.

    In Mexico, these court officers are known as secretarios actuarios.

  12. 12.

    For example, Aguascalientes requires that its mediators-conciliators have degrees in Law, Sociology, Education or any related social science. This also applies to private mediators. In Baja California, specialists (mediators) must be college graduates, but does not specify any particular field. Baja California Sur has public and private mediators. In Campeche, mediators can be public or private, and must have a cédula profesional in social sciences or humanities. In Chiapas there are public and independent specialists. They must have a cédula profesional in social sciences (arbitrators must necessarily have a degree in law). In Jalisco, there are public and private mediators that only require a cédula profesional, but it does not specify any particular field. Tamaulipas does not require a college degree, but requires accreditation in mediation training. There is also public and private mediation. In Yucatán, mediators must have a cédula profesional, but no mention is made of a particular degree. There is also public and private mediation.

  13. 13.

    This is an issue we have repeatedly questioned in our papers as it is unseemly that in a globalized world and the overwhelming mobility in which we are immersed, a cédula profesional is still required. This document is solely issued for degrees obtained in Mexico. In this particular case, it applies to specifically to degrees in law and entails a drawn-out, tedious process that is incomprehensible and unattainable unless it is done through an Amparo.

  14. 14.

    Between 2009 and 2012, a 120-h course was given at the MCHC Alternative Justice Centre with a 10-h internship instead of the above-mentioned diploma course.

  15. 15.

    See the most recent notification of the “Curso de capacitación y actualización para mediadores privados certificados” published in Boletín Judicial. Órgano Oficial del Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito Federal, Tomo CXCII, No. 152, 10 September 2013, pp. 9–10.

  16. 16.

    Bylaws: 15 August 2012. http://www.conamec.com.mx

  17. 17.

    Regardless of the stages established in this article, there is always a previous stage commonly known as pre-mediation, during which a briefing is given and invitations are made. As of that moment, the rest of the related session formally begin.

  18. 18.

    This has also been mentioned above in Article 55 of the Mexico City Code of Civil Procedures.

  19. 19.

    www.hcch.net under the section entitled Conventions.

  20. 20.

    We would like to use this opportunity to emphasize that it is truly important to differentiate between mediation and a voluntary return or amicable resolution. In the specific case presented here on international parental abduction of minors, the mechanism of voluntary return is considered the core or basis of the 1980 Hague Convention. However, it is not the only or the main solution offered by this Convention, thus stressing the role of mediation as an alternative means of dispute resolution.

  21. 21.

    www.hcch.net under the section of International Child Abduction.

  22. 22.

    “Report of the Further Work Recommended by the Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the 1980 Child Abduction Convention and the 1996 Child Protection Convention”, Prel. Doc. No 12, March 2012, p. 4. www.hcch.net

  23. 23.

    Report of the Further Work Recommended by the Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the 1980 Child Abduction Convention and the 1996 Child Protection Convention”, Prel. Doc. No 12, March 2012, www.hcch.net at paras 11–37; 44.

  24. 24.

    Through the Resolution Program.

  25. 25.

    This is a regional Non-Governmental Organization that advocates Digital Economy in Latin America through joint initiatives like e-Commerce days, awards in Latin America, dissemination, the development of educational content, seller trust, Program Red/ODR, seminars, conferences, networking, and so on. The ILCE facilitates the implementation of ODR to satisfy the needs of both online users and online consumers while limiting the number of disputes stemming from e-business whether online or mobile. The aims of this NGO are to seek regional co-operation between organizations and systems, to encourage good practices and legal frameworks for the implementation of ODR, to help ODR suppliers in a harmonious local and regional implementation of the mechanisms, education, dissemination, training activities and so on to increase public trust in Digital Economy.

  26. 26.

    http://concilianet.profeco.gob.mx

  27. 27.

    Assistant Advocate of Services for the Federal Consumer Protection Agency (PROFECO).

  28. 28.

    For instance, the OAS is currently in the process of developing a regional ODR system: the CIDIP-VII B for matters of e-Commerce and consumer protection.

  29. 29.

    UNCITRAL (Group III), the Commission resolves to establish an ODR task force (July 2010). During the 22nd period of session, the 1st meeting took place in Vienna from 13 to 17 December 2010 and the analysis of the issue began by asking the Secretariat for a draft of the ODR Rules of Procedure http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/V11/813/11/PDF/V1181311.pdf?OpenElement.

    The following meetings were held during the 23rd period of sessions (23–27 May 2011 in New York and 14–18 November 2011 in Vienna). The topics addressed in the Model Law were: 1. The states of the process: (a) Stage 1, Direct technology-assisted negotiation; Stage 2, an agreement facilitated by an impartial human being and technology; Stage 3, final decision by an impartial party in the event of not reaching an agreement in Stage 2; 2. Rules of Procedure: (a) initiating cases/notifications/deadlines; (b) documentary evidence/burden of proof; (c) e-signatures for opening, responding and agreements; (d) treatment of the parties in terms of equal treatment, confidentiality, impartiality and so on, and (e) the procedures for each of the 3 stages; 3. Types of disputes to be excluded: (a) tax, (b) intellectual property, (c) privacy violations and (d) claims for damages including moral duty, lost profits and emerging duties.

    Preparatory meeting for the 45th session of the UNCITRAL Commission in New York from 25 June to 6 July 2012, Review of the Guide for the Incorporation of Domestic Law, new version of the UNCITRAL Model Law.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Legal Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Circuito Maestro Mario de la Cueva s/n, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico

    Nuria González-Martín

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  1. Nuria González-Martín
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Correspondence to Nuria González-Martín .

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  1. Department of International Law, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Carlos Esplugues

  2. École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Louis Marquis

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González-Martín, N. (2015). Mexico and Civil, Family and Commercial Mediation: A Search for Complementary Routes to the State Courts. In: Esplugues, C., Marquis, L. (eds) New Developments in Civil and Commercial Mediation. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18135-6_16

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