Skip to main content

Transformational Organizational Change, Reinforcing Structures, and Formal Communication

  • Chapter
Strategic Communication for Sustainable Organizations

Part of the book series: CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance ((CSEG))

  • 4630 Accesses

Abstract

Given the changes forecast to result from global warming, scholars’ and practitioners’ interest in sustainability and organizational change is increasing. Although sustainability-related changes can be piecemeal and incremental, my interest is on transformational change. Transformational organizational changes begin when key individuals become aware of new processes, technologies, opportunities, constraints, and expectations. Once awareness occurs, the challenge becomes transforming information into useable knowledge and diffusing it throughout the system. Factors influencing the adoption of an innovation are reviewed. The characteristics of change adopters and stages of change are identified. Important communication roles during times of change (e.g., board members, top executives, change agents, sustainability champions), the process of communicating about change, guidance for change communicators, and formal structural and communication efforts to facilitate change efforts are discussed. Formal ways to embed a focus on sustainability within an organization include changing an organization’s structure (e.g., creating new roles, creating new inter- and intraorganizational coordinating structures) and designing pathways (e.g., mission and vision statements, goals and plans, formal communication channels). In addition to transformation change, theories or theoretical concepts highlighted include diffusion of innovation theory, the absorptive capacity concept, sensemaking theory, structuration theory, systems theory, transformational leadership, the communication approach to leadership, models of communication and change, and ethos. Interview data spotlights the City of Boulder, the City of Portland, the City and County of Denver, Sam’s Club, Assurity Life Insurance, the HEAL project, the University of Colorado, Portland, the Neal Kelly Company, Tyson Foods, the Portland Trail Blazers, and Aspen Skiing Company.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen, M. W., Coopman, S., Hart, J., & Walker, K. (2007). Workplace surveillance and managing privacy boundaries. Management Communication Quarterly, 21(2), 172–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, L. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Individual environmental initiative: Championing natural environmental issues in U.S. business organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 548–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benn, S., Edwards, M., & Angus-Leppan, T. (2013). Organizational learning and the sustainability community of practice: The role of boundary objects. Organization & Environment, 26, 184–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biloslavo, R., & Trnavcevic, A. (2009). Web sites as tools of communication of a ‘green’ company. Management Decision, 47, 1158–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisel, R. S., & Barge, J. K. (2011). Discursive positioning and planned change in organizations. Human Relations, 64, 257–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bissing-Olson, M. J., Iyer, A., Fielding, K. S., & Zacher, H. (2012). Relationships between daily affect and pro-environmental behavior at work: The moderating role of pro-environmental attitude. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 156–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, W. R. (2007). The sustainability handbook: The complete management guide to achieving social, economic and environmental responsibility. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolderdijk, J. W., Steg, L., & Postmes, T. (2013). Fostering support for work floor energy conservation policies: Accounting for privacy concerns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 195–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordia, P., Hobman, E., Jones, E., Gallois, C., & Callen, V. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 507–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bortree, D. S. (2011). The state of environmental communication: A survey of PRSA members. Public Relations Journal, 4, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buhr, N. (2002). A structuration view on the initiation of environmental reports. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 13, 17–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, T., & Johed, G. (2007). The construction of top management as a good steward: A study of Swedish annual general meetings. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 20, 702–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheney, G. (2011). Organizational communication in an age of globalization: Issues, reflections, practice. Long Grove, IL: Waveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheney, G., Christensen, L. T., & Dailey, S. L. (2014). Communicating identity and identification in and around organizations. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 695–716). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • CNA Military Advisory Board. (2014). National security and the accelerating risks of climate change. Alexandria: CNA Corporation. http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/MAB_2014.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2014.

  • Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooren, F. (2009). Actor-network theory. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 1, pp. 16–18). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, C. A., & Allen, M. W. (2013). Sustainability information sources: Employee knowledge, perceptions, and learning. Journal of Communication Management, 17, 292–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crescenzo, S. (2011). Integrating employee communications media. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 219–230). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danet, J.-B., Liddell, N., Dobney, L., MacKenzie, D., & Allen, T. (2013). Business is beautiful: The hard art of standing apart. London: LID Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmas, M. A., & Pekovic, S. (2013). Environmental standards and labor productivity: Understanding the mechanisms that sustain sustainability. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 230–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dervin, B., & Naumer, C. M. (2009). Sense-making. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 2, pp. 876–880). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunphy, D. C., Griffiths, A., & Benn, S. (2003). Organizational change for corporate sustainability: A guide for leaders and change agents of the future. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egri, C. P., & Herman, S. (2000). Leadership in the North American environmental sector: Values, leadership styles, and contexts of environmental leaders and their organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 571–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10/11), 1105–1121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S., & Coley-Smith, H. (2005). Building a new performance management model at BP: A program to track communication’s impact on business performance. Strategic Communication Management, 9, 24–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elving, W. J. L. (2005). The role of communication in organizational change. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10, 129–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst, G. T., & Connaughton, S. (2014). Leadership communication. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 401–424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst, G. T., Jordan, J. M., & Neuwirth, K. (1997). Why are we here? Managing the meaning of an organizational mission statement. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 25, 243–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferns, B., Emelianova, O., & Sethi, S. P. (2008). In his own words: The effectiveness of CEO as spokesperson on CSR-sustainability issues – Analysis of data from the Sethi CSR Monitor. Corporate Reputation Review, 11, 116–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frahm, J. (2011). Communicating change: When change just doesn’t stop: Creating really good change communication. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 137–150). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladwell, M. (2007). Blink: The power of thinking without thinking. New York: Back Bay Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grady, P. (2011). Internal branding, employer branding. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 231–240). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grensing-Pophal, L. (2011). Measuring marketing communication. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 417–430). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannaes, K., Arthur, D., Balagopal, B., Kong, M. T., Reeves, M., Velken, I. et al. (2011). Sustainability: The ‘embracers’ seize advantage. MIT Sloan Management Review and the Boston Consulting Group Research Report. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/reports/sustainability-advantage/. Accessed 20 Dec 2013.

  • Hawkin, P. (1994). The ecology of commerce: A declaration of sustainability. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. (2013). Madison colors Wisconsin green. Sustainable City Network webinar. http://www.sustainablecitynetwork.com/. Accessed 3 Mar 2014.

  • Hunter, F. (2009). The lost artifacts of Lewis & Clark. Frances Hunter’s American Heroes Blog. http://franceshunter.wordpress.com/2009/10/06/the-lost-artifacts-of-lewis-clark/. Accessed 3 Mar 2014.

  • Jones, O. (2006). Developing absorptive capacity in mature organizations: The change agent’s role. Management Learning, 37(3), 355–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiron, D. N., Kruschwitz, K., Haanaes, M., Reeves, S., Fuisz-Kehrbach, & Kell, G. (2015). Joining forces: Collaboration and leadership for sustainability. MIT Sloan Management Review, The Boston Consulting Group, and the United Nations Global Compact Research Report. http://sloanreview.mit.edu/. Accessed 15 Jan 2015.

  • Kuhn, T. R. (2014). Knowledge and knowing in organizational communication. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 481–502). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K. (2007). An organizational stakeholder model of change implementation communication. Communication Theory, 17, 176–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K. (2014). Organizational change and innovation. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 503–524). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K., & Russ, T. L. (2012). Soliciting and using input during organizational change initiatives: What are practitioners doing? Management Communication Quarterly, 26, 267–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K., & Seibold, D. R. (1993). Innovation modification during intraorganizational adoption. Academy of Management Review, 18, 322–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K., & Seibold, D. R. (1996). Communication during intraorganizational innovation adoption: Predicting users’ behavioral coping responses to innovations in organizations. Communication Monographs, 63(2), 131–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. K., & Seibold, D. R. (1998). Reconceptualizing organizational change implementation as a communication problem: A review of literature and research agenda. Communication Yearbook, 21, 92–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linnenluecke, M. K., Russell, S. V., & Griffiths, A. (2009). Subcultures and sustainability practices: The impact of understanding corporate sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18, 432–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littlejohn, S. W. (2009). System theory. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 2, pp. 950–954). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Maharaj, R., & Herremans, I. M. (2008). Shell Canada: Over a decade of sustainable development reporting experience. Corporate Governance, 8, 235–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhee, R. D., Poole, M. S., & Iverson, J. (2014). Structuration theory. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 75–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhee, R. D., & Poole, M. W. (2009). Structuration theory. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 2, pp. 936–940). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, J., & Berger, B. K. (2012). Measuring return on investment (ROI) of organizations’ internal communication efforts. Journal of Communication Management, 16, 332–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, N., & Aiello, A. (Eds.) (2008). Structuring a communication department. CW Bulletin (Vol. 6, p. 1). http://www.iabc.com/cwb/archive/2008/cw_news0108.htm. Accessed 19 June 2014.

  • Okereke, C., Wittneben, B., & Bowen, F. (2012). Climate change: Challenging business, transforming politics. Business & Society, 51, 7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oncica-Sanislav, D., & Candea, D. (2010). The learning organization: A strategic dimension of the sustainable enterprise? Proceedings of the European Conference of Management, Leadership & Governance (pp. 263–270). www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/647510022.pdf. Accessed 3 Feb 2014.

  • Ones, D. S., & Dilchert, S. (2012). Environmental sustainability at work: A call to action. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5, 444–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paddack, B. (2010). Martha Jane Murray: Working on solutions to climate change. Arkansas Business. http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article/37306/martha-jane-murray-working-on-solutions-to-climate-change?page=all. Accessed 7 Feb 2014

  • Paine, L. S., Hsieh, N.-H., & Adamsons, L. (2013). Governance and sustainability at Nike (A) (case 9-313-146). http://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/cases. Accessed 4 Mar 2014.

  • Petronio, S. (2009). Privacy management theory. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 2, pp. 796–798). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, M. S. (2014). Systems theory. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of organizational communication (3rd ed., pp. 49–74). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, L., & Norton, J. (2004). Beyond the bottom line: Practicing leadership for sustainability. Leadership in Action, 24, 3–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. (2013). Greening organizations through leaders’ influence on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 176–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, O., & Griffiths, A. (2005). Coping with the stress of transformational change in a government department. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 41, 204–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. A. (2006). A proposal for integrating structuration theory with coordinated management of meaning theory. Communication Studies, 57, 173–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samp, J. A. (2009). Communication goal theories. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 1, pp. 129–132). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sattari, S., Pitt, L., & Caruana, A. (2011). How readable are mission statements? An exploratory study. Corporate Communications, 16, 282–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, C. W., & Myers, K. K. (2010). Toward an integrative theoretical perspective of membership negotiations: Socialization, assimilation, and the duality of structure. Communication Theory, 30, 79–105. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01355.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhal, A. (2009). Diffusion of innovations. In S. W. Littlejohn & K. A. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory (Vol. 1, pp. 307–309). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smerecnik, K. R., & Andersen, P. A. (2011). The diffusion of environmental sustainability innovations in North American hotels and ski resorts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19, 171–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smircich, L., & Morgan, G. (1982). Leadership: The management of meaning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 18, 257–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strandberg Consulting. (n.d.). Developing a sustainability vision and management system. http://www.corostrandberg.com/pdfs/Sustainability_Vision_and_Management1.pdf. Accessed 23 June 2014.

  • Swanson, V., & Power, K. (2001). Employee perceptions of organizational restructuring: The role of social support. Work & Stress, 15, 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2014). Integrated governance: A new model of governance for sustainability. http://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/UNEPFI_IntegratedGovernance.pdf. Accessed 17 Jan 2015.

  • Vakola, M., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes toward organizational change: What is the role of employees’ stress and commitment? Employee Relations, 27, 160–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch, F. A. J., Volberda, H. W., & de Boer, M. (1999). Coevolution of firm absorptive capacity and knowledge environment: Organizational forms and combinative capabilities. Organizational Science, 10, 551–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heijden, A., Cramer, J. M., & Driessen, P. P. J. (2012). Change agent sensemaking for sustainability in a multinational subsidiary. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 25, 535–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walls, J. L., & Hoffman, A. J. (2013). Exceptional boards: Environmental experience and positive deviance from institutional norms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 253–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wals, A. E. J., & Schwarzin, L. (2012). Fostering organizational sustainability through dialogic interaction. The Learning Organization, 19, 11–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1969). The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations: Foundations for organizational science. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, M. (2011). Measuring public relations programs. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 363–376). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werbach, A. (2009). Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth, B. (2011). Internal communication. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 195–206). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. (2011). Measuring the effectiveness of internal communication. In T. L. Gillis (Ed.), The IABC handbook of organizational communication: A guide to internal communication, public relations, marketing, and leadership (2nd ed., pp. 271–284). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. S. (2008). The mission statement: A corporate reporting tool with a past, present, and future. Journal of Business Communication, 45, 94–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeatts, D., Folts, W., & Knapp, J. (2000). Older workers’ adaptation to a changing workplace: Employment issues for the 21st century. Educational Gerontology, 26, 565–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27, 185–203.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Allen, M. (2016). Transformational Organizational Change, Reinforcing Structures, and Formal Communication. In: Strategic Communication for Sustainable Organizations. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18005-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics