Harmonized Approaches in Intensive Livestock Production Systems in Europe

Ovie, Kea

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18002-1_9

Kea Ovie³

1015 Accesses
1 Citations

Abstract

Animal protection in general and as well as the protection of farm animals in particular is neither a value nor a target of the European Union (EU) and its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, farm animal protection within the EU has become increasingly important within the last few years. Since 2009, contract law includes a horizontal clause for the protection of the welfare of animals as sentient beings in Article 13 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). For the EU and its Member States the horizontal clause is a commandment of consideration and optimization with respect to the determination and implementation of the agricultural policy. In order to draw attention to the protection of farm animals and primarily to secure the targets of the CAP, the EU harmonizes farm animal protection based on the ancillary competence of the CAP. Especially in the areas of animal keeping, transport and slaughtering, the national law systems shall be harmonized to avoid distortions due to economical competition. While adopting such law acts of harmonization, a balance between interests of agriculture on the one hand and as well as animal protection on the other hand has to be ensured. Adopting animal protection laws at the EU level is limited, though. These limitations cover among others the caveat for culture. Moreover, the EU legislator cannot be obliged to adopting harmonization laws, because of a wide margin of discretion. Due to the balance of interests among the Member States and the protection of farm animals, most law acts include a certain minimum harmonization from which the Member States can deviate by stricter animal protection measures. Finally, in some areas of animal keeping European harmonization processes are still missing completely. This chapter gives an overview of the status quo regarding the harmonization in farm animal protection based on the current secondary law situation in the EU. Several case studies are used to illustrate different EU law acts and their level of harmonization. General problems with respect to harmonization are explained and, finally, an outlook on farm animal protection in the EU is given.

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Notes

1.
Kluge, von Loeper. In: Bergmann (2015) p. 921.
2.
Weinberger, Knorr. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 22, n. 96.
3.
Cf. Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 81.
4.
Apel (2010), p. 215.
5.
Härtel (2012), chapter 25, n. 13.
6.
Cf. Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 76.
7.
Holzer (2014), p. 153.
8.
Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 1 TEU, n. 5; also Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 1 TEU, n. 27.
9.
Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 47 TEU, n. 4.
10.
Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 47 TEU, n. 1; Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 47 TEU, n. 5 ff.
11.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 1 TEU, n. 5, 9 ff.
12.
Bieber et al. (2015), § 1 n. 1.
13.
Piepenschneider. In: Bergmann (2015), p. 538.
14.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 2; Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 2 TEU, n. 1, 9, 32.
15.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 32; Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 2 TEU, n. 6.
16.
Geiger. In:Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 2 TEU, n. 6 f.
17.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. TEU, n. 32; Geiger. In: Geiger et al. (2010) 2 TEU, n. 7.
18.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 2.
19.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TEU, n. 3.
20.
Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 TEU, n. 13.
21.
Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 TEU, n. 15; cf. ibid. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 2.
22.
Ruffert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 TEU, n. 22.
23.
Synonymous “Common Market”, see Kahl. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 26 TFEU, n. 8 ff.
24.
Piepenschneider. In: Bergmann (2015), p. 170.
25.
Ruffert. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 1.
26.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 5 TEU, n. 6.
27.
See the name of the column 2 “Description of products” Annex I List referred to in Art. 38 TFEU, EU (2007).
28.
Holzer (2014), p. 128; Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 118; Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 2; Thiele. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 39 TFEU, n. 2; development of the CAP, see Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 24 ff.
29.
Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 2.
30.
Khan. In: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 39 TFEU, n. 3; cf. Busse. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 39 TFEU, n. 1.
31.
Busse. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 39 TFEU, n. 1; ibid. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 38 TFEU, n. 3; Khan, in: Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 39 TFEU, n. 2; Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 72.
32.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 73.
33.
Bittner. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 39 TFEU, n. 4.
34.
Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 119.
35.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 27.
36.
Thiele. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 38 TFEU, n. 3.
37.
Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 119.
38.
Düsing. In: Dombert and Witt (2011), § 26, n. 119; Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 89.
39.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 89; Oppermann et al. (2014), § 24, n. 9.
40.
Busse. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 25, n. 43 f.; see table of contents Norer (2012).
41.
Ruffert. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 47.
42.
Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 91; Norer, Bloch. In: Dauses (2014), G n. 166.
43.
Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015), § 14, n. 2.
44.
Grupp. In: Bergmann (2015), p. 508; cf. Fischer, in: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), preliminary note Art. 114 TFEU, n. 1 f.
45.
Norer, Bloch. In: Dauses (2014), G n. 166.
46.
Norer, Bloch. In: Dauses (2014), G n. 166; also Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 76.
47.
Ruffert. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 1, n. 10; the terms of approximation of law and harmonization are often used interchangeably, see Kahl. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 114 TFEU, n. 13.
48.
Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 14, n. 2; auch Fischer. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Vorb. Art. 114 TFEU, n. 1; Kahl. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 114 TFEU, n. 1.
49.
Biervert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 24.
50.
Crit. Calliess (2012) p. 820.
51.
Biervert. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 23. In Germany, this implementation is usually carried out by national laws and regulations; to the direct effect of directives see ibid. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 27.
52.
Biervert, in: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 288 TFEU, n. 20.
53.
Borchardt, in: Schulze et al. (2015), § 15, n. 51; cf. Schwarze. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 19 TEU, n. 31.
54.
König. In: Schulze et al. (2015), § 2, n. 2.
55.
ECJ (1964), n. 1269 ff.; Ehlers. In: Schulze et al. (2015), § 11, n. 39.
56.
In detail Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TFEU, n. 2; Lachmayer and Bauer (2008), p. 746.
57.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 2 TFEU, n. 2.
58.
Lachmayer and Bauer (2008), p. 746; Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 14, n. 42.
59.
Lachmayer and Bauer (2008), p. 746; Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 14, n. 42.
60.
Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 14, n. 45; Herrnfeld. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 114 TFEU, n. 60.
61.
Herrnfeld. In: Schwarze (2012) Art. 114 TFEU, n. 57; cf. Remien. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 14, n. 42.
62.
EU (1992), p. 103.
63.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 1; also Kluge, von Loeper. In: Bergmann (2015) p. 992.
64.
Becker. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 51 EUV, n. 9 f.; Geiger. In:Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 51 TEU, n. 5.
65.
EU (1997), p. 110.
66.
Cf. Härtel (2012) chapter 25, n. 12; critical Caspar (2001), p. 7 f.
67.
Becker. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 51 EUV, n. 2; Härtel (2012) chapter 25, n. 12.
68.
Becker. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 51 EUV, n. 2; Caspar (2001), p. 75.
69.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.
70.
EU (2007).
71.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 1.
72.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 4; Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
73.
Cf. as already to the Prot. N^o 33 Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 35; cf. Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 4; Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3 and. Martínez (2014), § 6, n. 21, speak of “ensuring a welfare state”.
74.
Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 35.
75.
Frenz (2011), p.(106).
76.
von Loeper. In: Kluge (2002), intro. n. 109.
77.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 4.
78.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; as already to the Prot. N^o 33: Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 35; Lorz and Metzger (2008), intro., n. 80; von Loeper and Kluge (2002), introduction, n. 109.
79.
Cf. as already to the Prot. N^o 33: Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 21; Lorz and Metzger (2008), intro., n. 26; von Loeper. In: Kluge (2002), introduction, n. 48 f.; referring to the term “fellow creature” see Blanke (1959) p. 198.
80.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 12; Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
81.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; cf. as already to the Prot. N^o 33: von Loeper. In: Kluge (2002), introduction, n. 52; crit. in case of farm animals ibid. In: Kluge (2002), introduction, n. 109.
82.
Epiney. In: Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2012) Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3, Fn. 6.
83.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 12; cf. Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
84.
Calliess (2012), p. 819, synonymous in German language: Berücksichtigungsgebot und Rücksichtnahmepflicht in: Müller-Graff. In: Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007) Art. III-121; Berücksichtigungsgebot: Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; Rücksichtnahmegebot: ibid. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 2; Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 9; Maisack (2012), 5 (5); cf. as already to the Prot. N^o 33: Hirt et al. (2007), introduction, n. 37.
85.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; cf. ECJ (2001), n. 85.
86.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
87.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
88.
Calliess 2012, p820; ibid.In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 10.
89.
Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 5; Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 2.
90.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
91.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
92.
Ibid., in: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 11 TFEU, n. 9; cf. Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 5.
93.
Cf. Käller. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 11 TFEU, n. 10.
94.
In detail Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 5.
95.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 2.
96.
At this point it will not be discussed whether the policies described in Art. 13 TFEU are listed exhaustively, since agriculture (and thus the production of animal products) belongs to the listed policies.
97.
Calliess, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 9; Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 8.
98.
Calliess, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
99.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
100.
Cf. Caspar (2001), S. 32 für das Prot. N^o 33.
101.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
102.
ECJ (2001), n. 80.
103.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
104.
Calliess, in Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7.
105.
Cf. so already for Prot. N^o 33 the German terms: Lorz and Metzger (2008), intro., n. 80 (“Optimierung des Tierschutzes”); cf. Caspar (2001), p. 16 (“rechtsverbindliche Gestaltungsaufgabe zur Optimierung des Tierschutzes”; ibid., p. 32 und 77 (“Optimierungsgebot”). cf. for Art. 20a of the German constitutional law as an “Optimierungsgebot”: Schulze-Fielitz. In Dreier (2006), vol. 2, Art. 20a, n. 26.
106.
cf. Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 4; cf. so already for Prot. N^o 33 Caspar (2001), p. 77.
107.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 78 for Prot. N^o 33.
108.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 7; critically to enforceable legal obligations Müller-Graff. In: Vedder and Heintschel von Heinegg (2007) Art. III-121; Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 13.
109.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 77 for Prot. N^o 33.
110.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.
111.
Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 84; Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.
112.
Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 84.
113.
von Rintelen. In: Grabitz et al. (2014) Art. 43 TFEU, n. 1.
114.
von Rintelen. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 2.
115.
Caspar (2001), p. 18; Härtel. In: Ruffert (2013), vol. 5, § 7, n. 85; Lachmayer and Bauer (2008) p. 863; Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 12.
116.
ECJ (1988a); ECJ (1988b).
117.
Nentwich (1994), p. 88.
118.
Schulze-Fielitz. In: Dreier (2006) vol. 2, Art. 20a, n. 18.
119.
Lienbacher. In Schwarze (2012), Art. 5 TEU, n. 15.
120.
Lienbacher. In Schwarze (2012), Art. 5 TEU, n. 23, 26 f.
121.
Caspar (1999) p. 209; animal protection as a selling point, see Apel (2010), p. 216.
122.
Wollenteit and Lemke (2013) p. 178, fn. 4.
123.
Apel (2010), p. 217.
124.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 18 to the Prot. N^o 33.
125.
Khan. In: Geiger et al. (2010), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 8.
126.
Cf. Bittner. In:Schwarze (2012), Art. 43 TFEU, n. 11.
127.
Geiss. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 352, n. 20; cf. Busse. In: Schulze et al. (2015) § 25, n. 32: Art. 352 TFEU as a legal competence for non- Annex I products.
128.
Recital CD 98/58/EC.
129.
Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014) Art. 13 TFEU, n. 16.
130.
EC (1998).
131.
EC (2007).
132.
EC (1999).
133.
EC (2008a).
134.
EC (2008b).
135.
EC (2005).
136.
EC (2009).
137.
A general overview of problems in the livestock sector can be found in Caspar (1999), p. 209 ff.
138.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 11.
139.
Keppler et al. (2009), p. 33; Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 11.
140.
Kamphues (2014), p. 2, who refers to a study carried out in Germany.
141.
De Jong et al. (2012) p. 39.
142.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 17 f.
143.
Spindler and Hartung (2010), p. 6.
144.
EFSA (2000); so probably still de Jong, Berg, Butterworth, Estevéz (2012), p. 39, 74.
145.
EFSA (2000) p. 64, 66, 107, N^o 25.
146.
Telle (2011), p. 12 ff.
147.
Telle(2011), p. 14 f.
148.
Windhorst (2013), p. 1 f.
149.
Wechsler (1997) p.175.
150.
Wechsler (1997), p. 176 f.; EFSA (2007a), p. 3; EFSA (2007b) p. 29, 39 f.
151.
So in the year 1997 Wechsler (1997), p. 177.
152.
As one of ongoing research projects in Germany: Schrey “Studies on animal health, behavior and the performance of sows and piglets in a group housing system with free farrowing”, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover.
153.
LfL (2015).
154.
MSD (2015).
155.
MSD (2015).
156.
MSD (2015).
157.
Wechsler (1997), p. 182.
158.
Sambraus (1997), p. 122.
159.
As one of many: TVT (2012).
160.
BT (2006).
161.
ML (2011), p. 7.
162.
Recital N^o 18 CR (EC) N^o 1/2005.
163.
Fikuart (1997), p. 496 (496); EFSA (2004).
164.
COM (2011), p. 4.
165.
For example through Austria see Fikuart (1997), p. 496.
166.
COM (2011), p. 4, table 2.
167.
COM (2011), p. 4, table 2.
168.
COM (2011), p. 11.
169.
In some circles of Islam it is recognized that stunning by electric shock is reversible. Therefore, a stunning for a short time by electrocution is allowed.
170.
EFSA (2013), p. 11.
171.
Recitals and Art. 10 (2), (3) CD 98/58/EC; CD 1999/74/EC recital N^o 10, Art. 13(2), (3); CD 2008/119/EC Art. 11 and CD 2008/120/EC Art. 12; CD 2007/43/EC Art. 1(2) subpara 2.
172.
Schmidt. In: Schwarze (2012), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 5; cf. ECJ (2011).
173.
BR (2011).
174.
Apel (2010), p.217; in detail Drossé (2010).
175.
BML (1999).
176.
BMEL (2006).
177.
LWK (2014).
178.
Wing (2015).
179.
Especially in the areas of transport and slaughter see 9.3.3; Härtel (2012) chapter 25, n. 13.
180.
Holzer (2014), p. 476.
181.
Differenziated by Weikard (1992), p. 109 ff.
182.
Cf. Caspar (2001), p. 22.
183.
CD 2007/43/EC recital N^o 10; In contrast to CD 2007/43/EC, the CD 1999/74/EC states that a balance between the interest “must” be fulfilled instead of “should” be fulfilled in creating a balance (recital N^o 9); CD 2008/120/EC recital N^o 12; the CD 2008/119/EC does not mention such compensation in recitals.
184.
Lachmayer and Bauer (2008), p. 863.
185.
Caspar (2001), p. 78.
186.
Recital CD 98/58/EC; CD 2007/43/EC recital N^o 6; CD 1999/74/EC recital N^o 6; CD 2008/120/EC recitals N^o 6, 7; CD 2008/119/EC recitals N^o 5, 6; Caspar (2001), p. 23.
187.
Art. 3(1a) CD 2008/120/EC compared with § 29 (2) TierSchNutztV.
188.
Art. 3(2b) CD 2008/120/EC compared with §§ 29(2) sentence 2; 22(3) N^o 8 TierSchNutztV.
189.
Art. 3(4) subpara 1 sentence 1 CD 2008/120/EC and § 24(4) TierSchNutztV.
190.
Apel (2010), p. 216.
191.
EFSA (1998).
192.
Breier. In: Lenz and Borchardt (2010), Art. 13, n. 11; so probably also Calliess. In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 9; another view: Kotzur. In Geiger et al. (2010) Art. 13 TFEU, n. 3.; Nettesheim. In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 13 TFEU, n. 14.
193.
EFSA (1998), p. 69.
194.
Maisack (2012), p. 8.
195.
COM (2012).
196.
COM (2010); Holzer (2011), p. 99 f.

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Kea Ovie

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Ovie, K. (2017). Harmonized Approaches in Intensive Livestock Production Systems in Europe. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Farm Animal, Wildlife and Food Safety Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18002-1_9

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