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The Oral Microbiome and Its Relationship to Genomics and Oral Disease

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Book cover Genomics, Personalized Medicine and Oral Disease

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Abstract

Although we are only beginning to appreciate the contribution of the oral microbiome to systemic health, its role in disease processes is already abundantly clear. In addition to promoting oral disease susceptibility, the oral microbiome has been shown to be associated with common complex diseases such as diabetes (type II), Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, most likely through stimulation of inflammatory pathways. The oral microbiome is challenging to explore, and is modulated by a number of factors. Bacterial species vary in abundance across the unique localities that exist within the oral cavity, with the subgingival site alone documented to harbor > 16,000 species. Additionally, these complexes change over time and with (or because of) changes in health status. Inter-individual variability in microbiota is noted even within a disease or control group. While reasons for individual variations remain to be sorted out, significant progress in understanding the role of the microbiome in disease has been made. Improved technologies and bioinformatics tools are now available to characterize the oral microbiome, in terms of type and distribution of species, gene enrichments and enrichment of functional metabolic pathways. Disciplines studying human genomics relative to explorations of host response to microbiota, proteomics and metabolomics also are developing rapidly and are expected to clarify, complement, and enhance the concepts generated by microbiome analyses. Combined with advances in host genomics, these microbiome data are now being used to better understand host gene-environmental interactions in the etiology of dental and systemic disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 54449, Marshfield, WI, USA

    Ingrid Glurich PhD & Amit Acharya PhD

  2. Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 54449, Marshfield, WI, USA

    Sanjay Shukla PhD & Murray H. Brilliant PhD

  3. Center for Genomic Medicine, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, 27710, Durham, NC, USA

    Geoffrey S. Ginsburg MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Ingrid Glurich PhD
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  2. Sanjay Shukla PhD
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  3. Amit Acharya PhD
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  4. Geoffrey S. Ginsburg MD, PhD
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  5. Murray H. Brilliant PhD
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Correspondence to Murray H. Brilliant PhD .

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  1. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Stephen T. Sonis, DMD, DMSc

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Glurich, I., Shukla, S., Acharya, A., Ginsburg, G., Brilliant, M. (2015). The Oral Microbiome and Its Relationship to Genomics and Oral Disease. In: Sonis, DMD, DMSc, S. (eds) Genomics, Personalized Medicine and Oral Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17942-1_3

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