Abstract
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Frare a particular group of atoms characterized by one electron (often called optical being the one involved in optical spectra) with expectation value of the distance from the nucleus \(<r>\) considerably larger than the one of the remaining \((N-1)\) electrons, forming the internal “core”.
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Notes
- 1.
Order of magnitude estimates yield \(I_{1s,2s}\simeq 9\) eV, \(I_{1s,2p}\simeq 10\) eV,
\(K_{1s,2s}\simeq 0.4\) eV and \(K_{1s,2p}\simeq 0.1\) eV (see Problem 2.9).
- 2.
This Hamiltonian, known as Heisenberg Hamiltonian, is often assumed as starting point for quantum magnetism in bulk matter. Below a given temperature, in a three-dimensional array of atoms, this Hamiltonian implies a spontaneous ordered state, with magnetic moments cooperatively aligned along a common direction (see Sect. 4.4 for comments and Chap. 17).
- 3.
This form is the basis for the multiplet theory in the perturbation approach dealing with operators \(r_i^{-1}\) and \(r_{ij}^{-1}\) (see Sect. 3.4).
Specific References and Further Reading
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B.H. Bransden and C.J. Joachain, Physics of Atoms and Molecules, (Prentice Hall, 2002).
B. Cagnac and J.C. Pebay - Peyroula, Physique atomique, tome 2, (Dunod Université, Paris, 1971).
J.A. Cronin, D.F. Greenberg, V.L. Telegdi, University of Chicago Graduate Problems in Physics, (Addison-Wesley, 1967).
W. Demtröder, Atoms, Molecules and Photons, (Springer Verlag, 2006).
R.N. Dixon, Spectroscopy and Structure, (Methuen and Co LTD, London, 1965).
R. Eisberg and R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles, (J. Wiley and Sons, 1985).
H. Eyring, J. Walter and G.E. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, (J. Wiley, New York, 1950).
A.P. French and E.F. Taylor, An Introduction to Quantum Physics, (The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series, Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK), 1986).
H. Haken and H.C. Wolf, Atomic and Quantum Physics, (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987).
M.A. Morrison, T.L. Estle and N.F. Lane, Quantum States of Atoms, Molecules and Solids, (Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1976).
J.C. Slater, Quantum Theory of Matter, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968).
S. Svanberg, Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy, (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2003).
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Rigamonti, A., Carretta, P. (2015). Typical Atoms. In: Structure of Matter. UNITEXT for Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17897-4_2
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