Abstract
This chapter argues that in the international career context there is a need to conceptualise the adjustment of the family unit holistically. We discuss what that means and how it can be done. We note that to date the family has almost always been conceptualised as a hindrance to or a support for the working expatriate. However, in international assignments the family as a whole is expatriated and the family may become part of the expatriate resources with the line between work and family/personal life blurring. We draw on the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) literature to argue that previous conceptions of adjustment have failed to capture the complexity of the process from the family perspective and we use that literature to develop our understanding of the process of adjustment of the family unit and suggest ways forward.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
We would like to thank one of our reviewers for suggesting that we address the gendered nature of family adjustment.
References
Abdullah, A. (1992). The influence of ethnic values on managerial practices in Malaysia. Malaysian Management Review, 27, 3–18.
Adler, N. J. (1984). Expecting international success: Female managers overseas. Columbia Journal of World Business, 19(3), 79–85.
Adler, N. J. (2002). International dimensions of organizational behavior (4th ed.). Cincinnati: South Western College Publishing.
Ady, J. C. (1995). Toward a differential demand model of sojourner adjustment. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (International and intercultural communication annual, Vol. XIX, pp. 92–114). London: Sage.
Albright, S., Chu, A., & Austin, L. (1993). Moving and living abroad: A complete handbook for families (Rev. ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books.
Anderson, B. A. (2005). Expatriate selection: Good management or good luck? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(4), 567–583.
Anderzén, I., & Arnetz, B. B. (1997). Psychophysiological reactions during the first year of a foreign assignment: Results of a controlled longitudinal study. Work & Stress, 11(4), 304–318.
Aycan, Z. (1997, August). Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational predictors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434–456.
Bell, M. P., & Harrison, D. A. (1996). Using intra-national diversity for international assignments: A model of bicultural life experiences and expatriate adjustment. Human Resources Management Review, 6, 47–74.
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 275–281.
Black, J. S. (1990). The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. Management International Review, 30(2), 119–134.
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991a). The other half of the picture: Antecedents of spouse Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), 461–477.
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991b). When yankee comes home: Factors related to expatriate and spouse repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(4), 671–694.
Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15(4), 529–544.
Brookfield. (2010). Global relocation trends 2010 survey report. Woodridge: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Brookfield. (2014). 2014 global mobility trends survey report. Burr Ridge: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Brown, R. J. (2008). Dominant stressors on expatriate couples during international assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(6), 1018–1034.
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000a). The big five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate’s desire to terminate and supervisor-rated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53, 67–88.
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000b). Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment. Management International Review, 40(1), 61–80.
Caligiuri, P. M., Hyland, M. A. M., & Bross, A. S. (1998). Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates’ work adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 598–614.
Cerdin, J.-L., & Selmer, J. (2014). Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(9), 1281–1301.
Cleveland, H., Mangone, G. J., & Adams, J. C. (1960). The overseas Americans. New York: Arno Press.
Cohen, E. (1977). Expatriate communities. Current Sociology/Sociologie Contemporaine, 24(3), 5–133.
Coles, A., & Fechter, A.-M. (2008). Gender and family among transnational professionals. London: Routledge.
Collings, D. G., Scullion, H., & Morley, M. J. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2), 198–213.
Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment: An individual-differences model and its applications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
De Leon, C. T., & McPartlin, D. (1995). Adjustment of expatriate children. In J. Selmer (Ed.), Expatriate management – New ideas for international business (pp. 197–214). Westport: Quorum Books.
DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 486–495.
Dickmann, M., Doherty, N., Mills, T., & Brewster, C. (2008). Why do they go? Individual and corporate perspectives on the factors influencing the decision to accept an international assignment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(4), 731–751.
Flynn, G. (1995). Expatriate success is no longer just a question of job skills. Personnel Journal, 74, 29–34.
Forster, N. (1992, December). International managers and mobile families: The professional and personal dynamics of trans-national career pathing and job mobility in the 1990s. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(3), 605–623.
Fukuda, K. J., & Chu, P. (1994). Wrestling with expatriate family problems – Japanese experience in East Asia. International Studies of Management and Organization, 24(3), 36–47.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen and Co.
Glanz, L., Williams, R., & Hoeksema, L. (2001). Sensemaking in expatriation – A theoretical basis. Thunderbird International Business Review, 43, 101–119.
GMAC/Windham International. (2000). Global relocation trends 2000 survey report. New York: GMAC Global Relocation Services/Windham International.
GMAC. (2006). Global relocation trends 2005 survey report. Oak Brook: GMAC Global Relocation Services.
Hardill, I. (2004). Transnational living and moving experiences: Intensified mobility and dual-career households. Population, Space and Place, 10(5), 375–389.
Harris, H., & Brewster, C. (1999). The coffee-machine system: How international selection really works. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(3), 488–500.
Harrison, J. K., Chadwick, M., & Scales, M. (1996). The relationship between cross-cultural adjustment and the personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20(2), 167–188.
Harvey, M. G. (1985). The executive family: An overlooked variable in international assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 20(1), 84–92.
Harzing, A.-W. (1995). The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(2), 457–474.
Harzing, A.-W., & Christensen, C. (2004). Expatriate failure: Time to abandon the concept? Career Development International, 9(7), 616–626.
Haslberger, A. (2010). Gender differences in expatriate adjustment. European Journal of International Management, 4(1/2), 163–183.
Haslberger, A. (2011). Workplace spirituality and expatriate assignments: What are the issues? Journal of Management Spirituality and Religion, 8(1), 41–68.
Haslberger, A., & Brewster, C. (2008). The expatriate family: An international perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(3), 324–346.
Haslberger, A., Brewster, C., & Hippler, T. (2013). The dimensions of expatriate adjustment. Human Resource Management, 52(3), 333–352.
Haslberger, A., Brewster, C., & Hippler, T. (2014). Managing performance abroad: A new model for understanding expatriate adjustment. New York/London: Routledge.
Hays, R. D. (1971). Ascribed behavioral determinants of success-failure among U. S. expatriate managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 2(1), 40–46.
Hays, R. D. (1974). Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5(1), 25–37.
Hickman, K. (2000). Daughters of Britannia – The lives and times of diplomatic wives. London: Flamingo/HarperCollins.
Holopainen, J., & Björkman, I. (2005). The personal characteristics of the successful expatriate. Personnel Review, 34(1), 37–50.
Hughes, K. L. (1999). The accidental diplomat – Dilemmas of the trailing spouse. Putnam Valley: Aletheia.
Javidan, M., & House, R. J. (2001). Cultural acumen for the global manager: Lessons from project GLOBE. Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), 289–305.
Kraimer, M. L., & Wayne, S. J. (2004). An examination of perceived organizational support as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30(2), 209–237.
Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 71–99.
Kupka, B., & Cathro, V. (2007). Desperate housewives – Social & professional isolation of German expatriated spouses. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18, 951–968.
Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2010). The supportive expatriate spouse: An ethnographic study of spouse involvement in expatriate careers. [Article]. International Business Review, 19(1), 59–69.
Lazarova, M., Westman, M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2010). Elucidating the positive side of the work-family interface on international assignments: A model of expatriate work and family performance. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 93–117.
Lin, N., Cook, K. S., & Burt, R. S. (2001). Social capital: Theory and research. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
Lofquist, L. H., & Dawis, R. V. (1991). Essentials of person-environment-correspondence counseling. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mäkelä, L., Känsälä, M., & Suutari, V. (2011). The roles of expatriate spouses among dual career couples. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18(2), 185–197.
Nash, D. (1967). The fate of Americans in a Spanish setting: A study in adaptation. Human Organization, 26(3, Fall), 157–163.
Nash, D. (1969). The domestic side of a foreign existence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 31(3), 574–583.
Newman, J., Bhatt, B., & Gutteridge, T. (1978). Determinants of expatriate effectiveness: A theoretical and empirical vacuum. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 655–661.
Oltra, V., Bonache, J., & Brewster, C. (2013). A new framework for understanding inequalities between expatriates and host country nationals. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(2), 291–310.
Paik, Y., Segaud, B., & Malinowski, C. (2002). How to improve repatriation management: Are motivations and expectations congruent between the company and expatriates? International Journal of Manpower, 23(7), 635–648.
Patterson, J. M. (1988). Families experiencing stress. Family Systems Medicine, 6(2), 202–237.
Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64, 349–360.
Selmer, J., & Leung, A. S. M. (2003). Provision and adequacy of corporate support to male expatriate spouses: An exploratory study. Personnel Review, 32(1), 9–21.
Shaffer, M. A., & Harrison, D. A. (2001). Forgotten partners of international assignments: Developments and test of a model of spouse adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 238–254.
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557–581.
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Luk, D. M., & Gilley, M. (2000). Spouse adjustment to international assignments: Direct determinants and the moderating effects of coping strategies. Management Research News, 23(2–4), 29–31.
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gilley, K. M., & Luk, D. M. (2001). Struggling for balance amid turbulence on international assignments: Work-family conflict, support and commitment. Journal of Management, 27, 99–121.
Sparrow, P. R. (1999). International recruitment, selection and assessment: Whose route map will you follow? In P. Joynt & B. Morton (Eds.), The global HR manager: Creating the seemless organisation (pp. 87–114). London: IPD.
Stephens, G. K., & Black, S. (1991). The impact of spouse’s career-orientation on managers during international transfers. Journal of Management, 28(4), 417–428.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends and prospects. Journal of Management, 36, 1–25.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 655–666.
Taylor, S., & Napier, N. (1996). Working in Japan: Lessons from women expatriates. Sloan Management Review, 37(3), 76–84.
Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2005). A local perspective to expatriate success. The Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 132–146.
Tung, R. L. (1981). Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1), 68–78.
Tung, R. L. (1982). Selection and training procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese multinationals. California Management Review, 25(1), 57–71.
Tung, R. L. (1984). Strategic management of human resources in the multinational enterprise. Human Resource Management, 23(2), 129–143.
Tung, R. L. (1987). Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2), 117–126.
Van Vianen, A. E. M., De Pater, I. E., Kristof-Brown, A. L., & Johnson, E. C. (2004). Fitting in: Surface- and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates’ adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 697–709.
Wang, X. (2002). Expatriate adjustment from a social network perspective: Theoretical examination and a conceptual model. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2(3), 321–337.
Waxin, M. F. (2004). Expatriates’ interaction adjustment: The direct and moderator effects of culture of origin. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28(1), 61–79.
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 53, 717–751.
Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. C. (2004). An experiential approach to cross-cultural learning: A review and integration of competencies for successful expatriate adaptation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(4), 362–379.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haslberger, A., Hippler, T., Brewster, C. (2015). Another Look at Family Adjustment. In: Mäkelä, L., Suutari, V. (eds) Work and Family Interface in the International Career Context. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17647-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17647-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17646-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17647-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)