Abstract
Micro/nanoporous films have found use in many applications ranging from electronics or photonic to biotechnology. The preparation of such porous structures usually requires of the templates that need to be removed upon film preparation. As an alternative, the breath figures approach has been employed for the preparation of porous surfaces and films. This approach, the topic of this chapter, has several advantages over other techniques including the use of water as template (easily removed) and possibility of controlling the chemical composition of the pore and the external surface. Herein, the strategies reported to prepare honeycomb structured porous films by the breath figures approach are summarized. In addition, the methodologies reported to control the chemical composition of the porous films are depicted. The last part of this chapter focuses on the applications in which these films have been employed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ostuni, E., Chen, C.S., Ingber, D.E., Whitesides, G.M.: Selective deposition of proteins and cells in arrays of microwells. Langmuir 17, 2828–2834 (2001)
Joannopoulos, J.D., Johnson, S.G., Winn, J.N., Meade, R.D.: Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, 2nd edn. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2008)
Yoshida, M.: Novel thin film with cylindrical nanopores that open and close depending on temperature: first successful synthesis. Macromolecules 29, 8987–8989 (1996)
Hoa, M.L.K., Lu, M.H., Zhang, Y.: Preparation of porous materials with ordered hole structure. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 121, 9–23 (2006)
Wu, D., Xu, F., Sun, B., Fu, R., He, H., Matyjaszewski, K.: Design and preparation of porous polymers. Chem. Rev. 12(7), 3959–4015 (2012)
Cassagneau, T., Caruso, F.: Conjugated polymer inverse opals for potentiometric biosensing. Adv. Mater. 14, 1837–1841 (2002)
Hong, J.C., Park, J.H., Chun, C., Kim, D.Y.: Photoinduced tuning of optical stop bands in azopolymer based inverse opal photonic crystals. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2462–2469 (2007)
You, B., Shi, L., Wen, N., Liu, X., Wu, L., Zi, J.: A facile method for fabrication of ordered porous polymer films. Macromolecules 41, 6624–6626 (2008)
Li, C., Hong, G.S., Yu, H., Qi, L.M.: Facile fabrication of honeycomb-patterned thin films of amorphous calcium carbonate and mosaic calcite. Chem. Mater. 22, 3206–3211 (2010)
Xue, M.J., Xiao, W.T., Zhang, Z.J.: Porous films from transformation of polymeric sphere arrays. Adv. Mater. 20, 439–442 (2008)
Santos, L., Martin, P., Ghilane, J., Lacaze, P.C., Randriamahazaka, H., Abrantes, L.M., et al.: Electrosynthesis of well-organized nanoporous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by nanosphere lithography. Electrochem. Commun. 12, 872–875 (2010)
Pietsch, T., Gindy, N., Fahmi, A.: Nano- and micro-sized honeycomb patterns through hierarchical self-assembly of metal-loaded diblock copolymer vesicles. Soft Matter 5, 2188–2197 (2009)
Shin, Y., Li, X.S., Wang, C., Coleman, J.R., Exarhos, G.J.: Synthesis of hierarchical titanium carbide from titania-coated cellulose paper. Adv. Mater. 16, 1212–1215 (2004)
Shin, Y., Wang, C., Exarhos, G.J.: Synthesis of SiC ceramics by the carbothermal reduction of mineralized wood with silica. Adv. Mater. 17, 73–77 (2005)
Huang, J., Kunitake, T.: Nano-precision replication of natural cellulosic substances by metal oxides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 11834–11835 (2003)
Meldrum, F., Seshadri, R.: Porous gold structures through templating by echinoid skeletal plates. Chem. Commun. 29–30 (2000)
Luo, R.L., Young, T.H., Sun, Y.M.: Structure formation and characterization of EVAL membranes with cosolvent of isopropanol and water. Polymer 44, 157–166 (2003)
Zhang, Y.L., Ding, H., Wei, S., Liu, S., Wang, Y.P., Xiao, F.S.: Hierarchical macroporous epoxy resin templated from single semi-fluorinated surfactant. J. Por. Mater 17, 693–698 (2010)
Tang, C.B., Bang, J., Stein, G.E., Fredrickson, G.H., Hawker, C.J., Kramer, E.J., et al.: Square packing and structural arrangement of ABC triblock copolymer spheres in thin films. Macromolecules 41, 4328–4339 (2008)
Xiang, H., Lin, Y., Russell, T.P.: Electrically induced patterning in block copolymer films. Macromolecules 37, 5358–5363 (2004)
Morikawa, Y., Nagano, S., Watanabe, K., Kamata, K., Iyoda, T., Seki, T.: Optical alignment and patterning of nanoscale microdomains in a block copolymer thin film. Adv. Mater. 18, 883–886 (2006)
Li, G., Burggraf, L.W.: Controlled patterning of polymer films using an AFM tip as a nano-hammer. Nanotechnology 18, 245302 (2007)
Behl, M., Seekamp, J., Zankovych, S., Sotomayor Torres, C.M., Zentel, R., Ahopelto, J.: Towards plastic electronics: patterning semiconducting polymers by nanoimprint lithography. Adv. Mater. 14, 588–591 (2002)
Campbell, M., Sharp, D.N., Harrison, M.T., Denning, R.G., Turberfield, A.J.: Fabrication of photonic crystals for the visible spectrum by holographic lithography. Nature 404, 53–56 (2000)
Hernandez-Guerrero, M., Stenzel, M.H.: Honeycomb structured polymer films via breath figures. Polym. Chem 3, 563–577 (2012)
Bunz, U.H.F.: Breath figures as a dynamic templating method for polymers and nanomaterials. Adv. Mater. 18, 973–989 (2006)
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Fernández-García, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, J.: Towards hierarchically ordered functional porous polymeric surfaces prepared by the breath figures approach. Prog. Polym. Sci. 39, 510–554 (2014)
Stenzel, M.H., Barner-Kowollik, C., Davis, T.P.: Formation of honeycomb-structured, porous films via breath figures with different polymer architectures. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem 44, 2363–2375 (2006)
Escale, P., Rubatat, L., Billon, L., Save, M.: Recent advances in honeycomb-structured porous polymer films prepared via breath figures. Eur. Polym. J. 48, 1001–1025 (2012)
Srinivasarao, M., Collings, D., Philips, A., Patel, S.: Three-dimensionally ordered array of air bubbles in a polymer film. Science 292, 79–83 (2001)
Widawski, G., Rawiso, M., François, B.: Self-organized honeycomb morphology of star-polymer polystyrene films. Nature 369, 387–389 (1994)
Aitkek, J.: Breath figures. Nature 86, 516–517 (1911)
Aitkek, J.: Breath figures. Nature 90, 619–621 (1912)
Giltay, J.W.: Breath figures. Nature 86, 585–586 (1911)
Rayleigh, L.: Breath figures. Nature 86, 416–417 (1911)
Rayleigh, L.: Breath figures. Nature 90, 436–438 (1912)
Jenekhe, S.A., Chen, X.L.: Self-assembly of ordered microporous materials from rod-coil block copolymers. Science 283, 372–375 (1999)
Sun, H., Wu, L.X.: Ordered honeycomb-patterned films via breath figures. Prog. Chem 22, 1784–1798 (2010)
Beysens, D., Steyer, A., Guenoun, P., Fritter, D., Knobler, C.M.: How does dew form? Phase Trans 31, 219–246 (1991)
Beysens, D.: The formation of dew. Atmos. Res 39, 215–237 (1995)
Beysens, D.: Dew nucleation and growth. Compt. Rend. Phys 7, 1082–1100 (2006)
Fritter, D., Knobler, C.M., Beysens, D.A.: Experiments and simulation of the growth of droplets on a surface (breath figures). Phys. Rev. A 43, 2858–2869 (1991)
Family, F., Meakin, P.: Scaling of the droplet-size distribution in vapor-deposited thin films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 428–431 (1988)
Fritter, D., Knobler, C.M., Roux, D., Beysens, D.: Computer simulations of the growth of breath figures. J. Stat. Phys 52, 1447–1459 (1988)
Briscoe, B.J., Galvin, K.P.: Breath figures. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 23, 1265 (1990)
Narhe, R.D., Khandkar, M.D., Shelke, P.B., Limaye, A.V., Beysens, D.A.: Condensation-induced jumping water drops. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 80(3 Pt 1), 031604 (2009)
Rogers, T.M., Elder, K.R., Desai, R.C.: Droplet growth and coarsening during heterogeneous vapor condensation. Phys. Rev. A 38, 5303–5309 (1988)
Beysens, D., Knobler, C.M.: Growth of breath figures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1433–1436 (1986)
Blaschke, J., Lapp, T., Hof, B., Vollmer, J.: Breath figures: nucleation, growth, coalescence, and the size distribution of droplets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 068701 (2012)
Gau, H., Mönch, W., Herminghaus, S.: Coalescence dynamics of ordered breath figures. Prog. Coll. Polym. Sci 110, 34–36 (1998)
Gau, H., Herminghaus, S.: Ripening of ordered breath figures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4156 (2000)
Lopez, G., Biebuyck, H., Frisbie, C., Whitesides, G.: Imaging of features on surfaces by condensation figures. Science 260, 647–649 (1993)
Knobler, C.M., Beysens, D.: Growth of breath figures on fluid surfaces. Europhys. Lett 6, 707–712 (1988)
Bormashenko, E., Pogreb, R., Stanevsky, O., Bormashenko, Y., Stein, T., Gengelman, O.: Mesoscopic patterning in evaporated polymer solutions: new experimental data and physical mechanisms. Langmuir 21, 9604–9609 (2005)
Bormashenko, E., Pogreb, R., Musin, A., Stanevsky, O., Bormashenko, Y., Whyman, G., et al.: Patterning in rapidly evaporated polymer solutions: formation of annular structures under evaporation of the poor solvent. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 300, 293–297 (2006)
Bormashenko, E., Musin, A., Pogreb, R., Bormashenko, Y., Gendelman, O.: Self-assembled patterns obtained with evaporated polymer solutions and pre-stretched polymer substrates. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 303, 253–256 (2007)
Bormashenko, E., Balter, S., Pogreb, R., Bormashenko, Y., Gendelman, O., Aurbach, D.: On the mechanism of patterning in rapidly evaporated polymer solutions: is temperature-gradient-driven Marangoni instability responsible for the large-scale patterning? J. Colloid Interface Sci. 343, 602–607 (2010)
Barrow, M.S., Jones, R.L., Park, J.O., Srinivasarao, M., Williams, P.R., Wright, C.J.: Physical characterisation of microporous and nanoporous polymer films by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and high speed video microphotography. Spectroscopy 18, 577–585 (2004)
Kuo, C.T., Lin, Y.S., Liu, T.K., Liu, H.C., Hung, W.C., Jiang, I.M., et al.: Dynamics of single-layer polymer breath figures. Opt. Express 18, 18464–18470 (2010)
Maruyama, N., Koito, T., Nishida, J., Sawadaishi, T., Cieren, X., Ijiro, K., et al.: Mesoscopic patterns of molecular aggregates on solid substrates. Thin Solid Films 327, 854–856 (1998)
Wong, K., Hernández-Guerrero, M., Granville, A., Davis, T., Barner-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.: Water-assisted formation of honeycomb structured porous films. J. Por. Mater 13, 213–223 (2006)
Kasai, W., Kondo, T.: Fabrication of honeycomb-patterned cellulose films. Macromol. Biosci. 4, 17–21 (2004)
Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Huang, Y., Han, B., Yang, G.: Micropatterned polymer surfaces induced by nonsolvent. Langmuir 22, 1928–1931 (2006)
Govor, L.V., Bashmakov, I.A., Kiebooms, R., Dyakonov, V., Parisi, J.: Self-organized networks based on conjugated polymers. Adv. Mater. 13, 588–591 (2001)
Angus, S.D., Davis, T.P.: Polymer surface design and informatics: facile microscopy/image analysis techniques for self-organizing microporous polymer film characterization. Langmuir 18, 9547–9553 (2002)
Madej, W., Budkowski, A., Raczkowska, J., Rysz, J.: Breath figures in polymer and polymer blend films spin-coated in dry and humid ambience. Langmuir 24, 3517–3524 (2008)
Park, M.S., Kim, J.K.: Broad-band antireflection coating at near-infrared wavelengths by a breath figure. Langmuir 21, 11404–11408 (2005)
Park, M.S., Joo, W., Kim, J.K.: Porous structures of polymer films prepared by spin coating with mixed solvents under humid condition. Langmuir 22, 4594–4598 (2006)
Orlov, M., Tokarev, I., Scholl, A., Doran, A., Minko, S.: pH-Responsive thin film membranes from poly(2-vinylpyridine): water vapor-induced formation of a microporous structure. Macromolecules 40, 2086–2091 (2007)
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Ibarboure, E., Papon, E., Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.: Engineering polymer surfaces with variable chemistry and topography. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem 47, 2262–2271 (2009)
Pilati, F., Montecchi, M., Fabbri, P., Synytska, A., Messori, M., Toselli, M., et al.: Design of surface properties of PET films: effect of fluorinated block copolymers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 315, 210–222 (2007)
Yabu, H., Tanaka, M., Ijiro, K., Shimomura, M.: Preparation of honeycomb-patterned polyimide films by self-organization. Langmuir 19, 6297–6300 (2003)
Nishikawa, T., Nonomura, M., Arai, K., Hayashi, J., Sawadaishi, T., Nishiura, Y., et al.: Micropatterns based on deformation of a viscoelastic honeycomb mesh. Langmuir 19, 6193–6201 (2003)
Song, L., Bly, R.K., Wilson, J.N., Bakbak, S., Park, J.O., Srinivasarao, M., et al.: Facile microstructuring of organic semiconducting polymers by the breath figure method: hexagonally ordered bubble arrays in rigid rod-polymers. Adv. Mater. 16, 115–118 (2004)
Boker, A., Lin, Y., Chiapperini, K., Horowitz, R., Thompson, M., Carreon, V., et al.: Hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies formed by decorating breath figures. Nat. Mater. 3, 302–306 (2004)
Roszol, L., Lawson, T., Koncz, V., Noszticzius, Z., Wittmann, M., Sarkadi, T., et al.: Micropatterned polyvinyl butyral membrane for acid-base diodes. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 13718–13725 (2010)
Hiwatari, K., Serizawa, T., Seto, F., Kishida, A., Muraoka, Y., Akashi, M.: Graft copolymers having hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic branches XXXIV. Fabrication and control of honeycomb structure prepared from amphiphilic graft copolymers. Polym J 33, 669–675 (2001)
Nishikawa, T., Ookura, R., Nishida, J., Arai, K., Hayashi, J., Kurono, N., et al.: Fabrication of honeycomb film of an amphiphilic copolymer at the air–water interface. Langmuir 18, 5734–5740 (2002)
Connal, L.A., Gurr, P.A., Qiao, G.G., Solomon, D.H.: From well defined star-microgels to highly ordered honeycomb films. J. Mater. Chem. 15, 1286–1292 (2005)
Cheng, C.X., Tian, Y., Shi, Y.Q., Tang, R.P., Xi, F.: Porous polymer films and honeycomb structures based on amphiphilic dendronized block copolymers. Langmuir 21, 6576–6581 (2005)
Escalé, P., Rubatat, L., Derail, C., Save, M., Billon, L.: pH sensitive hierarchically self-organized bioinspired films. Macromol. Rapid Commun 32, 1072–1076 (2011)
Karthaus, O., Maruyama, N., Cieren, X., Shimomura, M., Hasegawa, H., Hashimoto, T.: Water-assisted formation of micrometer-size honeycomb patterns of polymers. Langmuir 16, 6071–6076 (2000)
Bai, H., Du, C., Zhang, A., Li, L.: Breath figure arrays: unconventional fabrications, functionalizations, and applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52, 12240–12255 (2013)
Lide, D.R.: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edn. CRC, Boca Raton (1999)
Barner-Kowollik, C., Dalton, H., Davis, T.P., Stenzel, M.H.: Nano- and micro-engineering of ordered porous blue-light-emitting films by templating well-defined organic polymers around condensing water droplets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 3664–3668 (2003)
Yabu, H., Shimomura, M.: Single-step fabrication of transparent superhydrophobic porous polymer films. Chem. Mater. 17, 5231–5234 (2005)
Yunus, S., Delcorte, A., Poleunis, C., Bertrand, P., Bolognesi, A., Botta, C.: A route to self-organized honeycomb microstructured polystyrene films and their chemical characterization by ToF-SIMS imaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 1079–1084 (2007)
Zhu, L.W., Wan, L.S., Jin, J., Xu, Z.K.: Honeycomb porous films prepared from porphyrin-cored star polymers: submicrometer pores induced by transition of monolayer into multilayer structures. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 6185–6194 (2013)
Ding, J., Zhang, A., Bai, H., Li, L., Li, J., Ma, Z.: Breath figure in non-aqueous vapor. Soft Matter 9, 506–514 (2013)
Harkins, W.D., Feldman, A.: Films the spreading of liquids and the spreading coefficient. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 44, 2665–2685 (1922)
Jiang, X., Gu, J., Shen, Y., Wang, S., Tian, X.: Formation of honeycomb-patterned microporous films based on a fluorinated poly(siloxane imide) segmented copolymer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119, 3329–3337 (2011)
Li, J., Zhao, Q.L., Chen, J.Z., Li, L., Huang, J., Ma, Z., et al.: Highly ordered microporous films containing a polyolefin segment fabricated by the breath-figure method using well-defined polymethylene-b-polystyrene copolymers. Polym. Chem 1, 164–167 (2010)
Wang, C.Y., Mao, Y.D., Wang, D.Y., Qu, Q.S., Yang, G.J., Hu, X.Y.: Fabrication of highly ordered microporous thin films by PS-b-PAA self-assembly and investigation of their tunable surface properties. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 683–690 (2008)
Wu, X.J., Jones, M.D., Davidson, M.G., Chaudhuri, J.B., Ellis, M.J.: Surfactant-free poly(lactide-co-glycolide) honeycomb films for tissue engineering: relating solvent, monomer ratio and humidity to scaffold structure. Biotechnol. Lett. 33, 423–430 (2011)
Zhang, Z., Hughes, T.C., Gurr, P.A., Blencowe, A., Uddin, H., Hao, X., et al.: The behaviour of honeycomb film formation from star polymers with various fluorine content. Polymer 54, 4446–4454 (2013)
de León, A.S., del Campo, A., Fernández-García, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Muñoz-Bonilla, A.: Hierarchically structured multifunctional porous interfaces through water templated self-assembly of ternary systems. Langmuir 28, 9778–9787 (2012)
Chen, S., Alvès, M., Save, M., Billon, L.: Synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymers derived from renewable dextran by nitroxide mediated polymerization: towards hierarchically structured honeycomb porous films. Polym. Chem. 5(18), 53105 (2014). doi:10.1039/C4PY00390J
Dong, W.Y., Zhou, Y.F., Yan, D.Y., Mai, Y.Y., He, L., Jin, C.Y.: Honeycomb-structured microporous films made from hyperbranched polymers by the breath figure method. Langmuir 25, 173–178 (2009)
Qin, S., Li, H., Yuan, W.Z., Zhang, Y.M.: Fabrication of polymeric honeycomb microporous films: breath figures strategy and stabilization of water droplets by fluorinated diblock copolymer micelles. J. Mater. Sci. 47, 6862–6871 (2012)
de Leon, A.S., Del Campo, A., Cortajarena, A.L., Fernandez-Garcia, M., Munoz-Bonilla, A., Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.: Formation of multigradient porous surfaces for selective bacterial entrapment. Biomacromolecules 15, 3338–3348 (2014)
Hayakawa, T., Horiuchi, S.: From angstroms to micrometers: self-organized hierarchical structure within a polymer film. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 42, 2285–2289 (2003)
Ejima, H., Iwata, T., Yoshie, N.: Morphology-retaining carbonization of honeycomb-patterned hyperbranched poly(phenylene vinylene) film. Macromolecules 41, 9846–9848 (2008)
Tian, Y., Liu, S., Ding, H.Y., Wang, L.H., Liu, B.Q., Shi, Y.Q.: Formation of honeycomb-patterned polyetherketone cardo (PEK-C) films in a highly humid atmosphere. Macromol. Chem. Phys 207, 1998–2005 (2006)
Servoli, E., Ruffo, G.A., Migliaresi, C.: Interplay of kinetics and interfacial interactions in breath figure templating - A phenomenological interpretation. Polymer 51, 2337–2344 (2010)
Xiong, X.P., Lin, M.F., Zou, W.W., Liu, X.Y.: Kinetic control of preparing honeycomb patterned porous film by the method of breath figure. React. Funct. Polym. 71, 964–971 (2011)
Billon, L., Manguian, M., Pellerin, V., Joubert, M., Eterradossi, O., Garay, H.: Tailoring highly ordered honeycomb films based on ionomer macromolecules by the bottom-up approach. Macromolecules 42, 345–356 (2009)
Cong, H.L., Wang, J.L., Yu, B., Tang, J.G.: Preparation of a highly permeable ordered porous microfiltration membrane of brominated poly(phenylene oxide) on an ice substrate by the breath figure method. Soft Matter 8, 8835–8839 (2012)
Honglawan, A., Yang, S.: Evaporative assembly of ordered microporous films and their hierarchical structures from amphiphilic random copolymers. Soft Matter 8, 11897–11904 (2012)
Yabu, H., Jia, R., Matsuo, Y., Ijiro, K., Yamamoto, S., Nishino, F., et al.: Preparation of highly oriented nano-pit arrays by thermal shrinking of honeycomb-patterned polymer films. Adv. Mater. 20, 4200–4204 (2008)
Li, J., Peng, J., Huang, W.H., Wu, Y., Fu, J., Cong, Y., et al.: Ordered honeycomb-structured gold nanoparticle films with changeable pore morphology: from circle to ellipse. Langmuir 21, 2017–2021 (2005)
Escale, P., Van Camp, W., Du Prez, F., Rubatat, L., Billon, L., Save, M.: Highly structured pH-responsive honeycomb films by a combination of a breath figure process and in situ thermolysis of a polystyrene-block-poly(ethoxy ethyl acrylate) precursor. Polym. Chem 4, 4710–4717 (2013)
Yabu, H., Shimomura, M.: Mesoscale pincushions, microrings, and microdots prepared by heating and peeling of self-organized honeycomb-patterned films deposited on a solid substrate. Langmuir 22, 4992–4997 (2006)
Saito, Y., Kawano, T., Shimomura, M., Yabu, H.: Fabrication of mussel-inspired highly adhesive honeycomb films containing catechol groups and their applications for substrate-independent porous templates. Macromol. Rapid Comm 34, 630–634 (2013)
Pessoni, L., Lacombe, S., Billon, L., Brown, R., Save, M.: Photoactive, porous honeycomb films prepared from rose bengal-grafted polystyrene. Langmuir 29, 10264–10271 (2013)
Dong, R.H., Yan, J.L., Ma, H.M., Fang, Y., Hao, J.C.: Dimensional architecture of ferrocenyl-based oligomer honeycomb-patterned films: from monolayer to multilayer. Langmuir 27, 9052–9056 (2011)
Limaye, A.V., Narhe, R.D., Dhote, A.M., Ogale, S.B.: Evidence for convective effects in breath figure formation on volatile fluid surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3762–3765 (1996)
Xu, S., Li, M., Mitov, Z., Kumacheva, E.: Surface textures induced by convection in thin films of polymeric and polymerizable fluids. Prog. Org. Coat. 48, 227–235 (2003)
Sun, H., Li, H.L., Bu, W.F., Xu, M., Wu, L.X.: Self-organized microporous structures based on surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complexes. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 24847–24854 (2006)
Bolognesi, A., Mercogliano, C., Yunus, S., Civardi, M., Comoretto, D., Turturro, A.: Self-organization of polystyrenes into ordered microstructured films and their replication by soft lithography. Langmuir 21, 3480–3485 (2005)
Pitois, O., Francois, B.: Formation of ordered micro-porous membranes. Eur. Phys. J. B 8, 225–231 (1999)
Ghannam, L., Manguian, M., Francois, J., Billon, L.: A versatile route to functional biomimetic coatings: ionomers for honeycomb-like structures. Soft Matter 3, 1492–1499 (2007)
Escalé, P., Save, M., Lapp, A., Rubatat, L., Billon, L.: Hierarchical structures based on self-assembled diblock copolymers within honeycomb micro-structured porous films. Soft Matter 6, 3202–3210 (2010)
Li, L., Chen, C.K., Zhang, A.J., Liu, X.Y., Cui, K., Huang, J., et al.: Fabrication of robust honeycomb polymer films: a facile photochemical cross-linking process. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 331, 446–452 (2009)
Du, C., Zhang, A., Bai, H., Li, L.: Robust microsieves with excellent solvent resistance: cross-linkage of perforated polymer films with honeycomb structure. ACS Macro Lett 2, 27–30 (2013)
de Boer, B., Stalmach, U., van Hutten, P.F., Melzer, C., Krasnikov, V.V., Hadziioannou, G.: Supramolecular self-assembly and opto-electronic properties of semiconducting block copolymers. Polymer 42, 9097–9109 (2001)
Heng, L.P., Zhai, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, J.J., Sheng, X.L., Jiang, L.: Enhancement of photocurrent generation by honeycomb structures in organic thin films. Chemphyschem 7, 2520–2525 (2006)
Lin, C.L., Tung, P.H., Chang, F.C.: Synthesis of rod-coil diblock copolymers by ATRP and their honeycomb morphologies formed by the ‘breath figures’ method. Polymer 46, 9304–9313 (2005)
Chiu, Y.C., Kuo, C.C., Lin, C.J., Chen, W.C.: Highly ordered luminescent microporous films prepared from crystalline conjugated rod-coil diblock copolymers of PF-b-PSA and their superhydrophobic characteristics. Soft Matter 7, 9350–9358 (2011)
Francois, B., Pitois, O., Francois, J.: Polymer films with a self-organized honeycomb morphology. Adv. Mater. 7, 1041–1044 (1995)
Hsu, J.C., Sugiyama, K., Chiu, Y.C., Hirao, A., Chen, W.C.: Synthesis of new star-shaped polymers with styrene-fluorene conjugated moieties and their multicolor luminescent ordered microporous films. Macromolecules 43, 7151–7158 (2010)
Zhang, C., Wang, X., Min, K., Lee, D., Wei, C., Schulhauser, H., et al.: Developing porous honeycomb films using miktoarm star copolymers and exploring their application in particle separation. Macromol. Rapid Comm 35, 221–227 (2014)
Connal, L.A., Qiao, G.G.: Preparation of porous poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based honeycomb materials with hierarchal surface features and their use as soft-lithography templates. Adv. Mater. 18, 3024–3028 (2006)
Connal, L.A., Vestberg, R., Gurr, P.A., Hawker, C.J., Qiao, G.G.: Patterning on nonplanar substrates: flexible honeycomb films from a range of self-assembling star copolymers. Langmuir 24, 556–562 (2008)
Hernandez-Guerrero, M., Davis, T.P., Barner-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.H.: Polystyrene comb polymers built on cellulose or poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) backbones as substrates for the preparation of structured honeycomb films. Eur. Polym. J. 41, 2264–2277 (2005)
Walter, M.V., Lundberg, P., Hult, D., Hult, A., Malkoch, M.: A one component methodology for the fabrication of honeycomb films from biocompatible amphiphilic block copolymer hybrids: a linear-dendritic-linear twist. Polym. Chem 4, 2680–2690 (2013)
Blencowe, A., Tan, J.F., Goh, T.K., Qiao, G.G.: Core cross-linked star polymers via controlled radical polymerisation. Polymer 50, 5–32 (2009)
Gao, H.F., Ohno, S., Matyjaszewski, K.: Low polydispersity star polymers via cross-linking macromonomers by ATRP. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 15111–15113 (2006)
Helms, B., Guillaudeu, S.J., Xie, Y., McMurdo, M., Hawker, C.J., Frechet, J.M.J.: One-pot reaction cascades using star polymers with core-confined catalysts. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 6384–6387 (2005)
Beattie, D., Wong, K.H., Williams, C., Poole-Warren, L.A., Davis, T.P., Barner-Kowollik, C., et al.: Honeycomb-structured porous films from polypyrrole-containing block copolymers prepared via RAFT polymerization as a scaffold for cell growth. Biomacromolecules 7, 1072–1082 (2006)
Wong, K.H., Davis, T.P., Bamer-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.H.: Honeycomb structured porous films from amphiphilic block copolymers prepared via RAFT polymerization. Polymer 48, 4950–4965 (2007)
Escalé, P., Ting, S.R.S., Khoukh, A., Rubatat, L., Save, M., Stenzel, M.H., et al.: Synthetic route effect on macromolecular architecture: from block to gradient copolymers based on acryloyl galactose monomer using RAFT polymerization. Macromolecules 44, 5911–5919 (2011)
Xue, Y., Lu, H.-C., Zhao, Q.-L., Huang, J., Xu, S.-G., Cao, S.-K., et al.: Polymethylene-b-poly(styrene-co-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro styrene) copolymers: synthesis and fabrication of their porous films. Polym. Chem 4, 307–312 (2013)
Yabu, H., Takebayashi, M., Tanaka, M., Shimomura, M.: Superhydrophobic and lipophobic properties of self-organized honeycomb and pincushion structures. Langmuir 21, 3235–3237 (2005)
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Ibarboure, E., Papon, E., Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.: Self-organized hierarchical structures in polymer surfaces: self-assembled nanostructures within breath figures. Langmuir 25, 6493–6499 (2009)
Zhu, L.-W., Ou, Y., Wan, L.-S., Xu, Z.-K.: Polystyrenes with hydrophilic end groups: synthesis, characterization, and effects on the self-assembly of breath figure arrays. J. Phys. Chem. B 118, 845–854 (2014)
Stenzel, M.H., Davis, T.P.: Biomimetic honeycomb-structured surfaces formed from block copolymers incorporating acryloyl phosphorylcholine. Aust. J. Chem 56, 1035–1038 (2003)
Samanta, S., Chatterjee, D.P., Layek, R.K., Nandi, A.K.: Multifunctional porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(butyl methacrylate) with good Li + ion conductivity. Macromol. Chem. Phys 212, 134–149 (2011)
De León, A.S., Del Campo, A., Fernández-García, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Muñoz-Bonilla, A.: Fabrication of structured porous films by breath figures and phase separation processes: tuning the chemistry and morphology inside the pores using click chemistry. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 3943–3951 (2013)
Peng, J., Han, Y., Fu, J., Yang, Y., Li, B.: Formation of regular hole pattern in polymer films. Macromol. Chem. Phys 204, 125–130 (2003)
Connal, L.A., Qiao, G.G.: Honeycomb coated particles: porous doughnuts, golf balls and hollow porous pockets. Soft Matter 3, 837–839 (2007)
Bormashenko, E., Schechter, A., Stanevsky, O., Stein, T., Balter, S., Musin, A., et al.: Free-standing, thermostable, micrometer-scale honeycomb polymer films and their properties. Macromol. Mater. Eng 293, 872–877 (2008)
Tsai, H., Xu, Z., Pai, R.K., Wang, L., Dattelbaum, A.M., Shreve, A.P., et al.: Structural dynamics and charge transfer via complexation with fullerene in large area conjugated polymer honeycomb thin films†. Chem. Mater. 23, 759–761 (2010)
Stenzel, M.H., Davis, T.P., Fane, A.G.: Honeycomb structured porous films prepared from carbohydrate based polymers synthesized via the RAFT process. J. Mater. Chem. 13, 2090–2097 (2003)
Ke, B.B., Wan, L.S., Zhang, W.X., Xu, Z.K.: Controlled synthesis of linear and comb-like glycopolymers for preparation of honeycomb-patterned films. Polymer 51, 2168–2176 (2010)
Ting, S.R.S., Min, E.H., Escale, P., Save, M., Billon, L., Stenzel, M.H.: Lectin recognizable biomaterials synthesized via nitroxide-mediated polymerization of a methacryloyl galactose monomer. Macromolecules 42, 9422–9434 (2009)
Nurmawati, M.H., Ajikumar, P.K., Renu, R., Valiyaveettil, S.: Hierarchical self-organization of nanomaterials into two-dimensional arrays using functional polymer scaffold. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 3213–3218 (2008)
Jiang, X., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Guo, Z., Gu, N.: Interfacial effects of in situ-synthesized Ag nanoparticles on breath figures. Langmuir 26, 2477–2483 (2010)
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Ibarboure, E., Bordegé, V., Fernández-García, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, J.: Fabrication of honeycomb-structured porous surfaces decorated with glycopolymers. Langmuir 26, 8552–8558 (2010)
De León, A.S., Del Campo, A., Fernández-García, M., Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Muñoz-Bonilla, A.: Tuning the pore composition by two simultaneous interfacial self-assembly processes: breath figures and coffee stain. Langmuir 30, 6134–6141 (2014)
Cui, L., Peng, J., Ding, Y., Li, X., Han, Y.C.: Ordered porous polymer films via phase separation in humidity environment. Polymer 46, 5334–5340 (2005)
Galeotti, F., Calabrese, V., Cavazzini, M., Quici, S., Poleunis, C., Yunus, S., et al.: Self-functionalizing polymer film surfaces assisted by specific polystyrene end-tagging. Chem. Mater. 22, 2764–2769 (2010)
Hernandez-Guerrero, M., Min, E., Barner-Kowollik, C., Muller, A.H.E., Stenzel, M.H.: Grafting thermoresponsive polymers onto honeycomb structured porous films using the RAFT process. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 4718–4730 (2008)
Wenzel, R.N.: Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind. Eng. Chem. 28, 988–994 (1936)
Cassie, A.B.D., Baxter, S.: Wettability of porous surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc. 40, 546–551 (1944)
Wan, L.-S., Lv, J., Ke, B.-B., Xu, Z.-K.: Facilitated and site-specific assembly of functional polystyrene microspheres on patterned porous films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2, 3759–3765 (2010)
Ke, B.-B., Wan, L.-S., Li, Y., Xu, M.-Y., Xu, Z.-K.: Selective layer-by-layer self-assembly on patterned porous films modulated by Cassie-Wenzel transition. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 4881–4887 (2011)
De León, A.S., Campo, A.D., Labrugère, C., Fernández-García, M., Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Rodríguez-Hernández, J.: Control of the chemistry outside the pores in honeycomb patterned films. Polym. Chem 4, 4024–4032 (2013)
Sun, H., Li, H.L., Wu, L.X.: Micro-patterned polystyrene surfaces directed by surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complex via breath figures. Polymer 50, 2113–2122 (2009)
Ma, H., Cui, J., Chen, J., Hao, J.: Self-organized polymer nanocomposite inverse opal films with combined optical properties. Chemistry 17, 655–660 (2011)
Deleuze, C., Derail, C., Delville, M.H., Billon, L.: Hierarchically structured hybrid honeycomb films via micro to nanosized building blocks. Soft Matter 8, 8559–8562 (2012)
Ma, H., Cui, J., Song, A., Hao, J.: Fabrication of freestanding honeycomb films with through-pore structures via air/water interfacial self-assembly. Chem. Commun. 47, 1154–1156 (2011)
Wong, K.H., Davis, T.P., Barner-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.H.: Gold-loaded organic/inorganic nanocomposite honeycomb membranes. Aust. J. Chem 59, 539–543 (2006)
Kong, L., Dong, R., Ma, H., Hao, J.: Au NP honeycomb-patterned films with controllable pore size and their surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Langmuir 29, 4235–4241 (2013)
Vohra, V., Bolognesi, A., Calzaferri, G., Botta, C.: Multilevel organization in hybrid thin films for optoelectronic applications. Langmuir 25, 12019–12023 (2009)
Zou, J., Chen, H., Chunder, A., Yu, Y., Huo, Q., Zhai, L.: Preparation of a superhydrophobic and conductive nanocomposite coating from a carbon-nanotube-conjugated block copolymer dispersion. Adv. Mater. 20, 3337 (2008)
Tsai, H., Xu, Z., Pai, R.K., Wang, L., Dattelbaum, A.M., Shreve, A.P., et al.: Structural dynamics and charge transfer via complexation with fullerene in large area conjugated polymer honeycomb thin films. Chem. Mater. 23, 759–761 (2011)
Ma, H., Gao, P., Fan, D., Du, B., Hao, J., Wei, Q.: Assembly of graphene nanocomposites into honeycomb-structured macroporous films with enhanced hydrophobicity. N. J. Chem 37, 1307–1311 (2013)
Sun, W., Shao, Z., Ji, J.A.: Particle-assisted fabrication of honeycomb-structured hybrid films via breath figures method. Polymer 51, 4169–4175 (2010)
Wang, J., Wang, C.F., Shen, H.X., Chen, S.: Quantum-dot-embedded ionomer-derived films with ordered honeycomb structures via breath figures. Chem. Commun. 46, 7376–7378 (2010)
Li, X.F., Zhang, L.A., Wang, Y.X., Yang, X.L., Zhao, N., Zhang, X.L., et al.: A bottom-up approach to fabricate patterned surfaces with asymmetrical TiO2 microparticles trapped in the holes of honeycomblike polymer film. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 3736–3739 (2011)
Li, L., Zhong, Y.W., Ma, C.Y., Li, J., Chen, C.K., Zhang, A.J., et al.: Honeycomb-patterned hybrid films and their template applications via a tunable amphiphilic block polymer/inorganic precursor system. Chem. Mater. 21, 4977–4983 (2009)
Ke, B.B., Wan, L.S., Chen, P.C., Zhang, L.Y., Xu, Z.K.: Tunable assembly of nanoparticles on patterned porous film. Langmuir 26, 15982–15988 (2010)
Galeotti, F., Mroz, W., Bolognesi, A.: CdTe nanocrystal assemblies guided by breath figure templates. Soft Matter 7, 3832–3836 (2011)
Ou, Y., Wang, L.-Y., Zhu, L.-W., Wan, L.-S., Xu, Z.-K.: In-situ immobilization of silver nanoparticles on self-assembled honeycomb-patterned films enables surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 11478–11484 (2014)
Mendes, P.M.: Stimuli-responsive surfaces for bio-applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2512–2529 (2008)
Chen, T., Ferris, R., Zhang, J., Ducker, R., Zauscher, S.: Stimulus-responsive polymer brushes on surfaces: transduction mechanisms and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 35, 94–112 (2010)
Yabu, H., Hirai, Y., Kojima, M., Shimomura, M.: Simple fabrication of honeycomb- and pincushion-structured films containing thermoresponsive polymers and their surface wettability. Chem. Mater. 21, 1787–1789 (2009)
Nygard, A., Davis, T.P., Barner-Kowollik, C., Stenzel, M.H.: A simple approach to micro-patterned surfaces by breath figures with internal structure using thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymers. Aust. J. Chem 58, 595–599 (2005)
Min, E.H., Ting, S.R.S., Billon, L., Stenzel, M.H.: Thermo-responsive glycopolymer chains grafted onto honeycomb structured porous films via RAFT polymerization as a thermo-dependent switcher for lectin concanavalin a conjugation. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem 48, 3440–3455 (2010)
Wang, J., Shen, H.-X., Wang, C.-F., Chen, S.: Multifunctional ionomer-derived honeycomb-patterned architectures and their performance in light enhancement of light-emitting diodes. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 4089–4096 (2012)
Yabu, H., Akagi, K., Shimomura, M.: Micropatterning of liquid crystalline polyacetylene derivative by using self-organization processes. Synth. Met. 159, 762–764 (2009)
Bolognesi, A., Galeotti, F., Giovanella, U., Bertini, F., Yunus, S.: Nanophase separation in polystyrene-polyfluorene block copolymers thin films prepared through the breath figure procedure. Langmuir 25, 5333–5338 (2009)
Wan, L.-S., Li, Q.-L., Chen, P.-C., Xu, Z.-K.: Patterned biocatalytic films via one-step self-assembly. Chem. Commun. 48, 4417–4419 (2012)
Kim, J.H., Seo, M., Kim, S.Y.: Lithographically patterned breath figure of photoresponsive small molecules: dual-patterned honeycomb lines from a combination of bottom-up and top-down lithography. Adv. Mater. 21, 4130 (2009)
Zhang, M., Sun, S., Yu, X., Cao, X., Zou, Y., Yi, T.: Formation of a large-scale ordered honeycomb pattern by an organogelator via a self-assembly process. Chem. Commun. 46, 3553–3555 (2010)
Babu, S.S., Mahesh, S., Kartha, K.K., Ajayaghosh, A.: Solvent-directed self-assembly of pi gelators to hierarchical macroporous structures and aligned fiber bundles. Chem. Asian J. 4, 824 (2009)
Xu, W.Z., Zhang, X., Kadla, J.F.: Design of functionalized cellulosic honeycomb films: site-specific biomolecule modification via “click chemistry”. Biomacromolecules 13, 350–357 (2011)
Chen, S., Alves, M.-H., Save, M., Billon, L.: Synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymers derived from renewable dextran by nitroxide mediated polymerization: towards hierarchically structured honeycomb porous films. Polym. Chem. 5, 5310–5319 (2014)
Sanz de Leon, A., Rodriguez-Hernandez, J., Cortajarena, A.L.: Honeycomb patterned surfaces functionalized with polypeptide sequences for recognition and selective bacterial adhesion. Biomaterials 34, 1453–60 (2013)
Leibler, L., Benoit, H.: Theory of correlations in partly labeled homopolymer melts. Polymer 22, 195–201 (1981)
Matsen, M.W., Bates, F.S.: Origins of complex self-assembly in block copolymers. Macromolecules 29, 7641–7644 (1996)
Geldhauser, T., Walheim, S., Schimmel, T., Leiderer, P., Boneberg, J.: Influence of the relative humidity on the demixing of polymer blends on prepatterned substrates. Macromolecules 43, 1124–1128 (2009)
Cui, L., Xuan, Y., Li, X., Ding, Y., Li, B.Y., Han, Y.C.: Polymer surfaces with reversibly switchable ordered morphology. Langmuir 21, 11696–11703 (2005)
Hecht, U., Schilz, C.M., Stratmann, M.: Influence of relative humidity during film formation processes on the structure of ultrathin polymeric films. Langmuir 14, 6743–6748 (1998)
Ge, W., Lu, C.: Hierarchical honeycomb patterns with tunable microstructures: controllable fabrication and application as replication templates. Soft Matter 7, 2790–2796 (2011)
Connal, L.A., Vestberg, R., Hawker, C.J., Qiao, G.G.: Fabrication of reversibly crosslinkable, 3-dimensionally conformal polymeric microstructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 3315–3322 (2008)
Ding, J., Gong, J., Bai, H., Li, L., Zhong, Y., Ma, Z., et al.: Constructing honeycomb micropatterns on nonplanar substrates with high glass transition temperature polymers. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 380, 99–104 (2012)
Greiser, C., Ebert, S., Goedel, W.A.: Using breath figure patterns on structured substrates for the preparation of hierarchically structured microsieves. Langmuir 24, 617–620 (2008)
Kwak, G., Fukao, S., Fujiki, M., Sakaguchi, T., Masuda, T.: Nanoporous, honeycomb-structured network fibers spun from semiflexible, ultrahigh molecular weight, disubstituted aromatic polyacetylenes: superhierarchical structure and unique optical anisotropy. Chem. Mater. 18, 5537–5542 (2006)
Zheng, J., Zhang, H., Zhao, Z., Han, C.C.: Construction of hierarchical structures by electrospinning or electrospraying. Polymer 53, 546–554 (2012)
Fashandi, H., Karimi, M.: Pore formation in polystyrene fiber by superimposing temperature and relative humidity of electrospinning atmosphere. Polymer 53, 5832–5849 (2012)
Ting, W.-H., Chen, C.-C., Dai, S.A., Suen, S.-Y., Yang, I.K., Liu, Y.-L., et al.: Superhydrophobic waxy-dendron-grafted polymer films via nanostructure manipulation. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 4819–4828 (2009)
Brown, P.S., Talbot, E.L., Wood, T.J., Bain, C.D., Badyal, J.P.S.: Superhydrophobic hierarchical honeycomb surfaces. Langmuir 28, 13712–13719 (2012)
Yabu, H., Hirai, Y., Shimomura, M.: Electroless plating of honeycomb and pincushion polymer films prepared by self-organization. Langmuir 22, 9760–9764 (2006)
Ishii, D., Yabu, H., Shimomura, M.: Selective metal deposition in hydrophobic porous cavities of self-organized honeycomb-patterned polymer films by all-wet electroless plating. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 313–314, 590–594 (2008)
Ma, C.Y., Zhong, Y.W., Li, J., Chen, C.K., Gong, J.L., Xie, S.Y., et al.: Patterned carbon nanotubes with adjustable array: a functional breath figure approach. Chem. Mater. 22, 2367–2374 (2010)
Sakatanì, Y., Boissière, C., Grosso, D., Nicole, L., Soler-Illia, G.J.A.A., Sanchez, C.: Coupling nanobuilding block and breath figures approaches for the designed construction of hierarchically templated porous materials and membranes. Chem. Mater. 20, 1049–1056 (2008)
Sato, T., Tanaka, M., Yamamoto, S., Ito, E., Shimizu, K., Igarashi, Y., et al.: Effect of honeycomb-patterned surface topography on the function of mesenteric adipocytes. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 21, 1947–1956 (2010)
Wan, L.S., Li, J.W., Ke, B.B., Xu, Z.K.: Ordered microporous membranes templated by breath figures for size-selective separation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 95–98 (2012)
Hirai, Y., Yabu, H., Matsuo, Y., Ijiro, K., Shimomura, M.: Arrays of triangular shaped pincushions for SERS substrates prepared by using self-organization and vapor deposition. Chem. Commun. 46, 2298–2300 (2010)
Tang, P., Hao, J.: Directionally electrodeposited gold nanoparticles into honeycomb macropores and their surface-enhanced Raman scattering. N. J. Chem 34, 1059–1062 (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muñoz-Bonilla, A., Save, M., Billon, L., Rodríguez-Hernández, J. (2015). Breath Figures: Fabrication of Honeycomb Porous Films Induced by Marangoni Instabilities. In: Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Drummond, C. (eds) Polymer Surfaces in Motion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17431-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17431-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17430-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17431-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)