Abstract
(Plagiocephaly: Derived from the Greek words plagios (oblique or slant) and kephale (head)).
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Deformational Plagiocephaly
Seruya M, Oh AK, Taylor JH, Sauerhammer TM, Rogers GF. Helmet treatment of deformational plagiocephaly: the relationship between age at initiation and rate of correction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):55e–61.
Diagnosis: Anterior Plagiocephaly (Unilateral Coronal Synostosis (UCS)
Bartlett SP, Whitaker LA, Marchac D. The operative treatment of isolated craniofacial dysostosis (plagiocephaly): a comparison of the unilateral and bilateral techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85:677.
Brunetau RJ, Mulliken JB. Frontal plagiocephaly: synostotic, compensational, or deformational. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;89:21.
Claren SK, Smith DW, Hanson JW. Helmet treatment for plagiocephaly and congenital muscular torticollis. J Pediatr. 1979;94:43.
Diagnosis: Scaphocephaly (Sagittal Synostosis)
Marsh JL, Jenny A, Galic M, et al. Surgical management of sagittal synostosis: a quantitative evaluation of two techniques. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1991;3:629.
Posnick JC, Lin KY, Chen P, et al. Sagittal synostosis: quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92:1015.
Diagnosis: Trigonocephaly (Metopic Synostosis)
Posnick JC, Lin KY, Chen P, et al. Metopic synostosis: quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:16.
Sidotti EJ, Marsh JL, Marty-Grames L, et al. Long-term studies of metopic synostosis: frequency of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:276.
Diagnosis: Kleeblattschadel Skull Deformity
Holtermueller K, Wiedemann H. The clover-leaf skull syndrome. Med Monastsschr. 1960;14:439–46 (Ger).
Manjila S, et al. History of the Kleeblattschadel deformity: origin of concepts and evolution of management in the past 50 years. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;29(6):1–8.
Diagnosis: Turricephaly (or Oxycephaly)
Mulliken JB, Seinberger D, Kunze S, Muller U. Molecular diagnosis of bilateral coronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1603–15.
Wagner JD, Cohen SR, Maher H, Dauser RC, Newman MH. Critical analysis of results of craniofacial surgery for nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 1995;6:32–7.
Diagnosis: Apert Syndrome
Fearon JA. The treatment of the hands and feet in Apert syndrome: an evolution in management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:1.
Fearon JA. Halo-distraction of the Le Fort III in syndromic craniosynostosis: a long-term assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1524.
Posnick JC. Monobloc and facial bipartition osteotomies: a step-by-step description of the surgical techniques. J Craniofac Surg. 1996;3:229.
Raulo Y, Tessier P. Frontofacial advancement for Crouzon and Apert syndromes. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;53:358.
Diagnosis: Crouzon Syndrome
Fearon JA. Halo-distraction of the Le Fort III in syndromic craniosynostosis: a long-term assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1524.
Posnick JC. Monobloc and facial bipartition osteotomies: a step-by-step description of the surgical techniques. J Craniofac Surg. 1996;3:229.
Posnick JC, Lin KY, Jhawar BJ, et al. Crouzon syndrome: quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92:1027.
Raulo Y, Tessier P. Frontofacial advancement for Crouzon and Apert syndromes. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;53:358.
Diagnosis: Pfeiffer Syndrome
Forrest CR, Hopper RA. Craniofacial syndromes and surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):86e–109.
Diagnosis: Carpenter Syndrome
Carpenter G. Case of acrocephaly with other congenital malformations. Proc R Soc Med Sect Study Dis Child. 1909;2:45–53.
Cottrill C, et al. Carpenter Syndrome. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(1):254–6.
Perlyn CA, Marsh JL. Craniofacial Dysmorphology of Carpenter Syndrome: Lessons from Three Affected Siblings. Plast Reconsr Surg. 2008;121:971.
Diagnosis: Stickler Syndrome
Antunes RB, et al. Importance of early diagnosis of Stickler syndrome in newborns. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(8):1029–34.
Rose PS, et al. Stickler syndrome: clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria. Am J Med Genet. 2005;9999:1–9.
Stickler GB, et al. Hereditary progressive arthroophthalmopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1968;40:433.
Diagnosis: Van der Woude Syndrome
Rizos M, Spyropoulos M. Van der Woude syndrome: a review. Cardinal signs, epidemiology, associated features, differential diagnosis, expressivity, genetic counseling and treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26:17–24.
Van der Woude A. Fistula labii inferioris congenital and its association with cleft lip and palate. Am J Hum Genet. 1954;6:244.
Diagnosis: Binder Syndrome (Maxillonasal Dysplasia)
Von Binder K. Dysostosismaxillo-nasalis, einarhinencephalermissbildungscomplex. Dtsh Zahnaerztl. 1962;17:438.
Diagnosis: Saethre-Chotzen (Acrocephalosyndactyly Type III)
Chozten F. Eine eigenarttige familiaere Entwicklungsstoerung (Akrocephalosyndaktylie, Dysostosis craniofacialis und Hypertelorismus). Mschr Kinderhielk. 1932;55:97–122.
Cohen MM. Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. In: Cohen MM, Maclean RE, editors. Craniosynostosis: diagnosis, evaluation, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford Univ Press; 2000. p. 374–6.
Saethre M. Ein Beitrag zum Turmschaedelproblem (Pathogenese, Erblichkeit und Symptomatologie). Dtsch Z Nerveheilk. 1931;119:533–333.
Diagnosis: Nager Syndrome
Meyerson MD, et al. Nager acrofacial dysostosis: early intervention and long-term planning. Cleft Palate J. 1977;14:35–40.
Nager FR, de Reynier JP. Das Gehoerorgan bei den angeborenen Kopfmissbildungen. Pract Otorhinolaryng. 1948;10(Supp 2):1–128.
Diagnosis: Möbius Syndrome
Amer TA. A single hypoglossal nerve for bilateral smile reconstruction in Möbius syndrome. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(6):1926–7.
Marre D, Hontanilla B. Brain plasticity in Möbius syndrome after unilateral muscle transfer. Ann Plast Surg. 2012;68(1):97–100.
Terzis JK, Noah EM. Dynamic restoration in Möbius and Möbius-like patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(1):40–55.
Diagnosis: Frontonasal Dysplasia/Median Cleft Face Syndrome
Sedano H, et al. Frontonasal dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1970;76(6):906–13.
Sisco M, Bauer B. Craniofacial syndromes and sequences. In: Bentz M, Bauer B, Zuker R, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric plastic surgery. St. Louis: Quality Medial Publishing, Inc; 2008. p. 401–3.
Tessier P. Anatomical classification of facial, cranio-facial, and latero-facial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg. 1976;4(2):69–92.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Fattah A, et al. Pediatric craniofacial fibrous dysplasia: the Hospital for Sick Children experience and treatment philosophy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2013;66(10):1346–55.
Gabbay JS, et al. Fibrous dysplasia of the zygomaticomaxillary region: outcomes of surgical intervention. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(6):1329–38.
Diagnosis: Goldenhar Syndrome
Bogusiak K, Arkuszewski P, Skorek-Stachnik K, Kozakiewicz M. J Craniofac Surg. Treatment strategy in Goldenhar syndrome. 2014;25(1):177–83.
Gosain AK, McCarthy JG, Pinto RS. Plast Reconstr Surg. Cervicovertebral anomalies and basilar impression in Goldenhar syndrome. 1994;93(3):498–506.
Kokavec R. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. Goldenhar syndrome with various clinical manifestations. 2006;43(5):628–34.
Diagnosis: Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy/Romberg Disease/Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Hu J, et al. Combined skeletal and soft tissue reconstruction for severe Parry-Romberg syndrome. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(3):937–41.
Slack GC, et al. Parry-Romberg reconstruction: optimal timing for hard and soft tissue procedures. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(7 Suppl 1):1969–73.
Upton J, et al. The use of scapular and parascapular flaps for cheek reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;90:959–71.
Diagnosis: Unilateral Cleft Lip
Burt JD, Byrd HS. Cleft lip: unilateral primary deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105(3):1043–55.
Hopper RA, Cutting C, Grayson B. Cleft lip and palate. In: Thorne CH, editor. Grabb & Smith’s plastic surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 203.
Sullivan W. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate in blacks: an analysis of 81 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84(3):406–8.
Witkop C. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate. In: Bergsma D, editor. Birth defects compendium. New York: Wiley; 1979. p. 223.
Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB. Minor-form, microform, and min-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques and revisions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(5):1485–93.
Diagnosis: Bilateral Cleft Lip
Fisher DM, Sommerlad BC. Cleft lip, cleft palate, and velopharyngeal insufficiency. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;128(4):342e–60.
Diagnosis: Primary Cleft Palate
Afifi GY, Kaidi AA, Hardesty RA. Cleft palate repair. In: Evans GRD, editor. Operative plastic surgery. New York: McGraw Hill; 2000. p. 487–98.
Gosian AK, Moore FO. Embryology of the head and neck. In: Aston SJ, Beasley RW, Thorne CH, editors. Grabb & Smith’s plastic surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997. p. 223–36.
Morris HL, Bardach J, Ardinger H, et al. Multidisciplinary treatment results for patients with isolated cleft palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92(5):842–51.
Diagnosis: Submucous Cleft
Gosain AK, et al. Submucous cleft palate: diagnostic methods and outcomes of surgical treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97(7):1497–509.
Kelly AB. Submucous cleft palate. Br J Plast Surg. 1954;6:264.
Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Newton T, Nouri M. Interventions for the management of submucous cleft palate. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1).
Diagnosis: Alveolar Cleft
Bajaj AK. Management of alveolar clefts. J Craniofac Surg. 2003;14(6):840–6.
Calvo AM. Increase in age is associated with worse outcomes in alveolar bone grafting in patients with bilateral complete cleft palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(2):380–2.
Nagasao T. An anatomical study of the three-dimensional structure of the nasal septum in patients with alveolar clefts and alveolar-palatal clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(6):2074–83.
Diagnosis: Pierre Robin Sequence
Mackay D. Controversies in the diagnosis and management of the Robin sequence. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22:415–20.
Robin P. A fall of the base of the tongue considered as a new cause of nasopharyngeal respiratory impairment: Pierre Robin sequence, a translation. 1923. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:1301–3.
Diagnosis: Craniofacial Clefts
Alonso N, Freitas Rda S, de Oliveira e Cruz GA, Goldenberg D, Dall’oglio Tolazzi AR. Plast Reconstr Surg. Tessier no. 4 facial cleft: evolution of surgical treatment in a large series of patients. 2008;122(5):1505–13.
Diagnosis: Treacher Collins Syndrome
Forrest CR, Hopper RA. Craniofacial syndromes and surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(1):86e–109.
Diagnosis: Prominent Ear
Bauer BS, Song DH, Aitken ME. Combined otoplasty technique: chondrocutaneous conchal resection as the cornerstone to correction of the prominent ear. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110(4):1033–40. discussion 1041.
Furnas DW. Correction of prominent ears by conchamastoid sutures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1968;42(3):189–93.
Janis JE, Rohrich RJ, Gutowski KA. Otoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(4):60e–72.
Mustarde JC. The treatment of prominent ears by buried mattress sutures: a ten-year survey. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1967;39(4):382–6.
Cryptotia
Byrd HS, Langevin CJ, Ghidoni LA. Ear molding in newborn infants with auricular deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(4):1191–200.
Mutimer KL, Mulliken JB. Correction of cryptotia using tissue expansion. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;81(4):601–4.
Paredes Jr AA, Williams JK, Elsahy NI. Cryptotia: principles and management. Clin Plast Surg. 2002;29(2):317–26.
Thorne CH, Wilkes G. Ear deformities, otoplasty, and ear reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129(4):701e–16.
Microtia
Bauer BS. Reconstruction of microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(1 Suppl)):14e–26.
Brent B. The correction of mi-rotia with autogenous cartilage grafts: I. The classic deformity.? Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66(1):1–12.
Zhang Q, Zhang R, Xu F, Jin P, Cao Y. Auricular reconstruction for microtia: personal 6-year experience based on 350 microtia ear reconstructions in China. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(3):849–58.
Stahl’s Ear
Kaplan HM, Hudson DA. A novel surgical method of repair for Stahl’s ear: a case report and review of current treatment modalities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(2):566–9.
Nakajima T, Yoshimura Y, Kami T. Surgical and conservative repair of Stahl’s ear. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1984;8(2):101–7.
Ono I, Gunji H, Tateshita T. An operation for Stahl’s ear. Br J Plast Surg. 1996;49(8):564–7.
Sugino H, Tsuzuki K, Bandoh Y, Tange I. Surgical correction of Stahl’s ear using the cartilage turnover and rotation method. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83(1):160–4.
Cup/Constricted Ear
Horlock N, Grobbelaar AO, Gault DT. 5-year series of constricted (lop and cup) ear corrections: development of the mastoid hitch as an adjunctive technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(7):2325–32. discussion 2333–25.
Kislov R. Surgical correction of the cupped ear. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971;48(2):121–5.
Tanzer RC. The constricted (cup and lop) ear. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;55(4):406–15.
Frontal Sinus Fracture
Manolidis S, Hollier L. Management of frontal sinus fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(7 supp 2):S32–48.
Rodriguez ED, et al. Twenty-six-year experience treating frontal sinus fractures: a novel algorithm based on anatomical fracture pattern and failure of conventional techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(5):1850–66.
Orbital Floor: Blow-Out Fracture
Cole P, et al. Comprehensive management of orbital fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120 Suppl 2:57S–63.
Grant MP, Iliff NT, Manson PN. Strategies for the treatment of enophthalmos. Clin Plast Surg. 1997;24:539.
NOE Fracture
Markowitz B, et al. Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid orbital fractures: the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:843–53.
Nasal Fractures
Colton JJ, Beekhuis GJ. Management of nasal fractures. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1986;19(1):73–85.
Procacci P, Ferrari F, Bettini G, et al. Soccer-related facial fractures: postoperative management with facial protective shields. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(1):15–20.
Rohrich RJ, Adams Jr WP. Nasal fracture management: minimizing secondary nasal deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(2):266–73.
Le Fort 2
Le Fort R. Etude experimentale sur les fractures de la machoire superieur. Rev Chir Paris. 1901;23:208. 360, 479.
Manson P. Some thoughts on the classification and treatment of Le Fort fractures. Ann Plast Surg. 1986;17(5):365–63.
Manson P, et al. Toward CT-based facial fracture treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85(2):202–12.
Rhea J, Novelline R. How to simplify the CT diagnosis of Le Fort fractures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:1700–5.
Mandibular Fractures: Parasymphyseal
Champy M, et al. Mandibular osteosynthesis by miniature screwed plates via a buccal approach. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978;6:14.
Ellies 3rd E, Miles BA. Fractures of the mandible: a technical perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(7 Suppl 2):76S–89.
Stacey D, et al. Management of mandible fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:48e–60.
PAN Face Fracture
Kelly K. Sequencing LeFort fracture treatment (Organization of treatment for a panfacial fracture). J Craniofac Surg. 1990;1:168.
Manson P, et al. Subunit principles in midface fractures: the importance of sagittal buttresses, soft-tissue reductions, and sequencing treatment of segmental fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:1287–306.
Markowitz BL, Manson PN. Panfacial fractures: organization of treatment. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16:105.
Orbital Cellulitis
Chaudhry IA, Shamsi FA, Elzaridi E, Al-Rashed W, Al-Amri A, Al-Anezi F, Arat YO, Holck DE. Outcome of treated orbital cellulitis in a tertiary eye care center in the middle East. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(2):345–54.
Ferguson MP, McNab AA. Current treatment and outcome in orbital cellulitis. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1999;27(6):375–9.
Liu IT, Kao SC, Wang AG, Tsai CC, Liang CK, Hsu WM. Preseptal and orbital cellulitis: a 10-year review of hospitalized patients. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006;69(9):415–22.
McKinley SH, Yen MT, Miller AM, Yen KG. Microbiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(4):497–501. Epub 2007 Aug 15.
Cauliflower Ear
Greywoode JD, Pribitkin EA, Krein H. Management of auricular hematoma and the cauliflower ear. Facial Plast Surg. 2010;26(6):451–5.
Stuteville OH, Janda C, Pandya NJ. Treating the injured ear to prevent a “cauliflower ear”. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1969;44(3):310–2.
Yotsuyanagi T, Yamashita K, Urushidate S, Yokoi K, Sawada Y, Miyazaki S. Surgical correction of cauliflower ear. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55(5):380–6.
Entropion
Glat PM, Jelks GW, Jelks EB, Wood M, Gadangi P, Longaker MT. Evolution of the lateral canthoplasty: techniques and indications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(6):1396–405. discussion 1406–398.
Spinelli HM, Tabatabai N, Nunn DR. Correction of involutional entropion with suborbicularis septal and lateral canthal tightening. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(5):1560–7. discussion 1568–70.
Li TG, Shorr N, Goldberg RA. Comparison of the efficacy of hard palate grafts with acellular human dermis grafts in lower eyelid surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(3):873–8. discussion 879–80.
Ectropion
Eliasoph I. Current techniques of entropion and ectropion correction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2005;38(5):903–19.
McCord Jr CD, Ellis DS. The correction of lower lid malposition following lower lid blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92(6):1068–72.
Patipa M. The evaluation and management of lower eyelid retraction following cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(2):438–53. discussion 454–39.
Enophthalmos
Bite U, Jackson IT, Forbes GS, Gehring DG. Orbital volume measurements in enophthalmos using three-dimensional CT imaging. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1985;75(4):502–8.
Hazani R, Yaremchuk MJ. Correction of posttraumatic enophthalmos. Arch Plast Surg. 2012;39:11–7.
Manson PN, Ruas EJ, Iliff NT. Deep orbital reconstruction for correction of post-traumatic enophthalmos. Clin Plast Surg. 1987;14(1):113–21.
Chemosis
Weinfeld AB, Burke R, Codner MA. The comprehensive management of chemosis following cosmetic lower blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(8):579–86.
Retrobulbar Hematoma
Callahan MA. Prevention of blindness after blepharoplasty. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(9):1047–51.
Tenzel RR. Complications of blepharoplasty. Orbital hematoma, ectropion, and scleral show. Clin Plast Surg. 1981;8(4):797–802.
Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome
Chen CT, Wang TY, Tsay PK, Huang F, Lai JP, Chen YR. Traumatic superior orbital fissure syndrome: assessment of cranial nerve recovery in 33 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;126(1):205–12.
Salin MB, Smith BM. Diagnosis and treatment of midface fractures. In: Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial trauma. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2005. p. 682.
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex (ZMC) Fracture
Kelley P, Hopper R, Gruss J. Evaluation and treatment of zygomatic fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120:5S–15.
Manson P, Markowitz B, Mirvis S, Dunham M, Yaremchuk M. Toward CT-based facial fracture treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;85(2):202–12.
Facial Nerve Injury
Ghali S, MacQuillan A, Grobbelaar AO. Reanimation of the middle and lower face in facial paralysis: review of the literature and personal approach. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(4):423–31.
Sardesai MG, Moe KS. Recent progress in facial paralysis: advances and obstacles. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;18(4):266–71.
Parotid Injury
Lewkowicz AA, Hasson O, Nabelieli O. Traumatic injuries to the parotid gland and duct. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:676–80.
Van Sickels JE, Alexander JM. Parotid duct injuries. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;52:364–7.
Van Sickels JE. Management of parotid gland and duct injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21(2):243–6.
Microgenia
Polido WD, de Clairefont RL, Bell WH. Bone resorption, stability, and soft tissue changes following large chin advancements. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:251–6.
Proffit WR, White RP, Sarver DMD. Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003. p. 312–44.
Yaremchuk MJ. Improving aesthetic outcomes after alloplastic chin augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(5):1422–32.
Prenormal Skeletal and Dental Relationship (Angle Class II)
Proffit WR, Vig KWL, Turvey TA. Early fracture of the mandibular condyle: frequently an unsuspected cause of growth disturbances. Am J Orthod. 1980;78:1–21.
Proffit WR, White RP, Sarver DMD. Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003. p. 312–44.
Postnormal Skeletal and Dental Relationship (Angle Class III)
Proffit WR, White RP, Sarver DMD. Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003. p. 312–44.
Sinclair PM. Orthodontic considerations in adult surgical orthodontic cases. Dent Clin North Am. 1988;32:509–28.
Vig KD, Ellis 3rd E. Diagnosis and treatment planning for the surgical orthodontic patient. Dent Clin North Am. 1990;34:361–84.
Skeletal Deep Bite
Turley PK. Orthodontic management of the short face patient. Semin Orthod. 1996;2(2):138–53.
Watted N, Wieber M, Teuscherand T, Bill J, Reuther J. Surgical lengthening of the lower face in patients with class II deformities and skeletal deep bite–“short face syndrome” controlled clinical study on the “Würzburger Konzept”. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2002;6(6):415–20. Epub 2002 Jul 2.
Open Bite
Dawson PE. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of occlusal problems. 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1989. p. 535–42.
Ngan P, Fields HW. Open bite: a review of etiology and management. Pediatr Dent. 1997;19(2):91–8.
Proffit WR, White RP, Sarver DMD. Contemporary treatment of dentofacial deformity. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003. p. 312–44.
Vertical Maxillary Excess (Gummy Smile)
Sarver D, Weissman S. Long-term soft tissue response to LeFort I maxillary superior repositioning. Angle Orthod. 1991;61(4):267–76.
Sarver D. Esthetic orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 168–201.
Skeletal Posterior Crossbite
Pogrel MA, Kaban LB, Vangervik K. Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion in adults. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1992;7:37.
Vanarsdale R, White R. Three dimensional analysis for skeletal problems. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1994;9:159.
Eyelid Ptosis
Cetinkaya A, Brannan PA. Ptosis repair options and algorithm. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008;19(5):428–34.
de la Torre JI, Martin SA, De Cordier BC, Al-Hakeem MS, Collawn SS, Vasconez LO. Aesthetic eyelid ptosis correction: a review of technique and cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(2):655–60. discussion 661–52.
Dermatochalasis
Conder MA, Mejia JD. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty. In: Nahai F, editor. The art of aesthetic surgery: principles and practice, vol I. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 2011. p. 864–5.
Trussler AP, Rohrich RJ. MOC-PSSM CME article: blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(1 Suppl):1–10.
Inverted V Deformity
Rohrich RJ, Hollier LH. Use of spreader grafts in the external approach to rhinoplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 1996;23:255–62.
Rohrich RJ, Muzaffar AR, Janis JE. Component dorsal hump reduction: the importance of maintaining dorsal aesthetic lines in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:1298–308.
Sheen JH. Spreader grafts: a method of reconstructing the roof of the middle nasal vault following rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73:230–9.
Supratip/Pollybeak Deformity
Guyuron B, DeLuca L, Lash R. Supratip deformity: a closer look. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1140–51.
Sheen JH, Sheen A. Problems in secondary rhinoplasty, supratip deformity. In: Aesthetic rhinoplasty. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 1998. p. 1200–41.
Rocker Deformity
Harshbarger RJ, Sullivan PK. The optimal medial osteotomy: a study of nasal bone thickness and fracture patterns. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(7):2114–9. discussion 2120–11.
Sullivan PK, Freeman MB, Harshbarger RJ, Oneal RM, Landecker A. Nasal osteotomies. In: Gunter JP, Rohrich RJ, Adams WPJ, editors. Dallas rhinoplasty, vol. I. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc; 2007. p. 254.
Dorsal Hump
Rohrich RJ, Muzaffar AR, Janis JE. Component dorsal hump reduction: the importance of maintaining dorsal aesthetic lines in rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1298–308.
Retracted Ala
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Mrad, M.A. et al. (2016). Craniofacial. In: Hazani, R., Mrad, M., Tauber, D., Ulm, J., Yan, A., Yaremchuk, M. (eds) Clinical Diagnosis in Plastic Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17094-7_1
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