Abstract
Circadian rhythms are patterns of behavior, physiology, and metabolism that occur within a period of approximately 24 h. These rhythms are generated endogenously, but synchronize to external cues, thus enabling organisms to beneficially align physiological processes to the inherently dynamic, yet predictable, seasonal changes in the day–night cycle. The cell autonomous circadian oscillator temporally coordinates cellular processes, including metabolism, proliferation, cell signaling, organelle function, proteostasis, and DNA damage repair to sustain cellular homeostasis. It is hypothesized that the circadian oscillators evolved as a “flight from light” mechanism to minimize UV damage to single stranded DNA by restricting DNA replication to the nighttime. Support for this hypothesis is accumulating with the recent observation that the circadian rhythm and cell cycle are intimately coupled to each other, so that specific phases of cell cycle occur at a defined phase of the circadian oscillator at single-cell level [1]. Furthermore, chronic circadian disruption perturbs cellular homeostasis and predisposes to cancer. Conversely, numerous cancer cell lines display severe circadian alterations, which likely contribute to aggressive proliferation of the tumor. Hence, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the relevance of circadian rhythm for optimizing fitness under natural conditions and its utility and adaptability in the modern world so that the knowledge can be better leveraged for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Acknowledgments
KD and LD are supported in part by NIH grant numbers P20RR021940 and P20GM103549. Research in SP’s lab is supported by NIH grant numbers DK091618, EY016807, P30 CA014195, and American Federation for Aging Research grant number M14322.
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DiTacchio, L., DiTacchio, K., Panda, S. (2015). Relevance of Circadian Rhythm in Cancer. In: Berger, N. (eds) Murine Models, Energy Balance, and Cancer. Energy Balance and Cancer, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16733-6_1
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