Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Practical Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis pp 191–207Cite as

Allergic Rhinitis

  • Chapter

  • 1108 Accesses

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases, affecting over 500 million people worldwide (Bousquet et al., Allergy 63(86):8–160, 2008). It has been defined as a symptomatic IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response of the nasal mucosa to allergens. It is characterized by the presence of rhinorrhea, pruritus, sneezing and nasal congestion/obstruction, postnasal drip, chronic cough, throat clearing, and conjunctivitis (Bousquet et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(5):S147–334, 2001). The disease has a significant impact on quality of life and has been shown to affect cognitive functioning, quality of sleep, productivity, examination performance, and psychosocial well-being (Wilken et al., Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 4:372–380, 2002; Berrylin and Ferguson, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130(5):617–629, 2004). There is a substantial financial burden attributable to AR, related to both direct and indirect costs (Bhattacharyya, Laryngoscope 121:1830–1833, 2011). AR is comorbid with a variety of other conditions including conjunctivitis, sinusitis, dental malocclusion, and asthma. AR is not only associated with but is a risk factor for the development of asthma (Guerra et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 109:419–425, 2002, Corren J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:S781–S786, 1997, Settipane et al., Allergy Proc 15:21–25, 1994, Leynaert et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 104(2):301–304, 1999, Meltzer et al., Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131:1–62, 2004). Treatment of rhinitis has been shown to improve asthma control (Jones and Holt Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:S36–S39, 2000, Stelmach et al., Chest 128:3140–3147, 2005, Watson et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 91:97–101, 1993, Jani and Hamilos, J Asthma 42:1–7, 2005). In patients who do not have asthma, early and aggressive management of rhinitis may even prevent the development of asthma in later life (Möller et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol 109:251–256, 2002; Johnstone and Dutton, Pediatrics 42:793–802, 1968; Jacobsen et al., Allergy 52:914–920, 1997). Public health measures to improve sanitation and widespread vaccination appear to contribute to increased Th2 responses, referred to as the hygiene hypothesis (Strachan, BMJ 299(18):1259–1260, 1989). Treatment should be tailored to the individual patient. Medical therapy is the first-line treatment. Immunotherapy is the only treatment available that alters the natural course of the disease. Sublingual immunotherapy has emerged as a safe and efficacious option in patients with severe allergic rhinitis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA). Allergy. 2008;63(86):8–160.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bousquet J, Cauwenberge V, Khaltaev N, et al. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(5):S147–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wilken JA, Berkowitz R, Kane R. Decrements in vigilance and cognitive functioning associated with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;4:372–80.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Berrylin J, Ferguson MD. Influences of allergic rhinitis on sleep. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(5):617–29.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bhattacharyya N. Incremental healthcare utilization and expenditures for allergic rhinitis in the United States. Laryngoscope. 2011;121:1830–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Guerra S, Sherrill DL, Martinez FD, et al. Rhinitis as an independent risk factor for adult-onset asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:419–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Corren J. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: how important is the link? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:S781–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Settipane RJ, Hagy GY, Settipane GA. Long-term risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up of college students. Allergy Proc. 1994;15:21–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Leynaert B, Bousquet J, Neukirch C, Liar R, Neukirch F. Perennial rhinitis: an independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(2):301–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Meltzer EO, Hamilos DL, Hadley JA, et al. Rhinosinusitis: establishing definitions for clinical research and patient care. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131:1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jones C, Holt P. Immunopathology of allergy and asthma in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:S36–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stelmach R, do Patrocinio T, Nunes M, et al. Effect of treating allergic rhinitis with corticosteroids in patients with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma. Chest. 2005;128:3140–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Watson WT, Becker AB, Simons FE. Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;91:97–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jani A, Hamilos D. Current thinking on the relationship between rhinosinusitis and asthma. J Asthma. 2005;42:1–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Möller C, Dreborg S, Ferdousi HA, et al. Pollen immunotherapy reduces the development of asthma in children with seasonal rhino- conjunctivitis (the PAT study). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:251–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Johnstone DE, Dutton A. The value of hyposensitization therapy for bronchial asthma in children-a 14 year study. Pediatrics. 1968;42:793–802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Jacobsen L, Nuchel PB, Wihl HA, et al. Immunotherapy with partially purified and standardized tree pollen extracts. IV: results from long-term (6 year) follow-up. Allergy. 1997;52:914–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989;299(18):1259–60.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Crispen KL, Gillespie DN, Weiler EC. A comparison of 1978 and 2006 peak pollen seasons and sampling methods in Missoula, Montana. Grana. 2010;49:128–33.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hurwitz SH. The lure of medical history John Bostock (1773-1846) author of the first clinical description of hay fever. Cal West Med. 1992;31(2):137–8.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bloom B, Jones LI, Freeman G. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10. 2013;(258):1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Blackwell DL, Lucas JW, Clarke TC. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10. 2013;(260):4–122.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kulig M, Klettke U, Wahn V, et al. Development of seasonal allergic rhinitis during the first 7 years of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:832–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Blomme K, Tomassen P, Lapeere H. Prevalence of allergic sensitization versus allergic rhinitis symptoms in an unselected population. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;160(2):200–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, et al. Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics. 1994;94(6 pt 1):895–901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dykewicz MS, Fineman F. Executive summary of joint task force practice parameters on diagnosis and management of rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81:463–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jackson KD, Howie LD, Akinbami LJ. Trends in allergic conditions among children: United States, 1997–2011. NCHS data brief, no 121. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dahl R, Andersen PS, Chivato T, et al. National prevalence of respiratory allergic disorders. Resp Med. 2004;98(5):398–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pekkarinen PT, von Jertzen L, Laatikainen T, et al. A disparity in the association of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema with allergen-specific IgE between Finnish and Russian Karelia. Allergy. 2007;62:281–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dold S, Wjst M, von Mutius E, et al. Genetic risk for asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:1018–22.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol Today. 1991;12(8):256–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Baldini M, Lohman IC, Halonen M, Erickson RP, Holt PG, Martinez FD. A Polymorphism* in the 5´ flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999;20:976–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hopkin JM, Cookson WO, Young RP. Asthma atopy and genetic linkage. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1991;629:26–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Heinzmann A, Mao XQ, Akaiwa M, et al. Genetic variants of IL-13 signaling and human asthma and atopy. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9(4):549–59.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Postma DS, Bleecher ER, Amelung PJ. Genetic susceptibility to asthma-bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:894–900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Virkkula P, Liukkonen K, Suomalainen AK, et al. Parental smoking, nasal resistance and rhinitis in children. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(9):1234–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Panetta V, et al. Hay fever and asthma in relation to markers of infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(3):381–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Holt PG, Macaubas C. Development of long-term tolerance versus sensitization to environmental allergens during the perinatal period. Curr Opin Immunol. 1997;9:782–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pakarinen J, Hyvärinen A, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Predominance of gram-positive bacteria in house dust in the low-allergy risk Russian Karelia. Environ Microbiol. 2008;10(12):3317–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ball TM, Castro-Rodriquez JA, Ka G, et al. Siblings, day-care attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:538–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Spector SL. Overview of comorbid associations of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99:773–8.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Alles R, Parikh A, Hawk L, et al. The prevalence of atopic disorders in children with chronic otitis media with effusion. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2001;12:102–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Krouse JH, Brown RW, Fineman SM, et al. Asthma and the unified airway. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136:75–106.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Huse DM, Harte SC, Russel MW, et al. Allergic rhinitis may worse asthma symptoms in children: the international Asthma Outcomes registry. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1996;153:A860.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hedin G, Graff-Lonnevig V, Heilborn H, et al. Immunotherapy with cat- and dog-dander extracts: V. Effects of 3 years of treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;87(5):955–64.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G. Allergic rhinitis. Lancet. 2012;378(9809):2112–22.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Romagnani S. The Th1/Th2 paradigm. Immunol Today. 1997;18(6):263–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Maggi E. The TH1/TH2 paradigm in allergy. Immunotechnology. 1997;3:233–44.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Çobanoğlu B, Toskala E, Ural A, et al. Role of leukotriene antagonists and antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13:203–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Immunology of the upper airway and pathophysiology and treatment of allergic rhinitis. In: Cummings otolaryngology: head & neck surgery, vol. 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mobsy; 2010. p. 597–623.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bousquet J, Vignola AM, Campbell AM, et al. Pathophysiology of the allergic response. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996;110:207–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Castells M, Schwartz LB. Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid as an indicator of the immediate allergic response. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;82:348–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. White MV, Kaliner MA. Mediators of allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;90(4):699–704.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Baumgarten CR, Togias AG, Naclerio RM, et al. Influx of kininogens into nasal secretions following antigen challenge of allergic individuals. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:191.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Creticos PS, Peters SP, Adkinson Jr NF, et al. Peptide leukotriene release after antigen challenge in patients sensitive to ragweed. N Engl J Med. 1984;310:1626.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bascom R, Pipkorn U, Proud D, et al. Major basic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin concentrations in nasal lavage fluid after antigen challenge: effect of systemic corticosteroids and relationship to eosinophil influx. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;84:338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Min-Ho S, Averill FJ, Hubbard WC, et al. Nasal allergen challenge generates 1-0-Hexadecyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:660–6.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wagenmann M, Baroody FM, Desrosiers M, et al. Unilateral nasal allergen challenge leads to bilateral release of prostaglandin D2. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26:371–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Raphael GD, Igarashi Y, White MV, et al. The pathophysiology of rhinitis: V. Sources of protein in allergen-induced nasal secretions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1991;88:33–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Baroody FM, Ford S, Lichtenstein LM, et al. Physiologic responses and histamine release after nasal antigen challenge: effect of atropine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1457–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Baroody FM, deTineo M, Naclerio RM. Unilateral nasal allergic reactions increase bilateral sinus eosinophil infiltration. J Appl Physiol. 2013;115:1262–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Canning BJ. Reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle tone. J Appl Physiol. 2006;101(3):971–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ricci A, Mariotta S, Amenta F, et al. Changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptor expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in allergic rhinitis patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2008;21:79–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Goff J, et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in human nasal mucosa. J Appl Physiol. 1990;258:L81–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Okayama M, et al. Substance P and neurokinin A in human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1991;4:228.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schierhorn K, Brunnée T, Schultz KD, et al. Substance-P-induced histamine release from human nasal mucosa in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1995;107:109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mosimann BL, White MV, Hohman RJ, et al. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and vasoactive intestinal peptide increase in nasal secretions after allergen challenge in atopic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993;92:95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Baroody FM, Foster K, Markarian A, et al. Nasal ocular reflexes and eye symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100(3):194–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Naclerio RM, Proud D, Togias AG, Adkinson N, et al. Inflammatory mediators in late antigen induced rhinitis. N Engl J Med. 1985;313(2):65–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dvoracek JE, Yunginer JW, Kern EB, et al. Induction of nasal late-phase reactions by insufflation of ragweed-pollen extract. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73:363–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Taylor G, Shivalkar PR. “Arthus type” reactivity in the nasal airways and skin in pollen sensitive subjects. Clin Allergy. 1971;1:407–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Bentley AM, Jacobson MR, Cumberworth V, et al. Immunohistology of the nasal mucosa in seasonal allergic rhinitis: increases in activated eosinophils and epithelial mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992;89:877–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pastorello EA, Galeazzo G, Riario-Sforza MD, et al. Comparison of rhinomanometry, symptom score and inflammatory cell counts in assessing the nasal late-phase reaction to allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994;93(1):85–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Masuyama K, Jacobson MR, Rak S, et al. Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen- induced rhinitis. Immunology. 1994;82:192–9.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Nouri-Aria KT, Masuyama K, Jacobson MR, et al. Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor in allergen-induced rhinitis: cellular localization relation to tissue eosinophilia and influence of topical corticosteroid. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1998;117:248–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Alam R, Stafford RA, Forsythe P, et al. RANTES is a chemotactic and activating factor for human eosinophils. J Immunol. 1993;150(8):3442–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Montefort S, Feather IH, Wilson SJ, et al. The expression of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules is increased in perennial allergic rhinitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1992;7:393.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Bascom R, Wachs M, Naclerio RM, et al. Basophil influx occurs after nasal antigen challenge: effects of topical corticosteroid pretreatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81:580.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Mullol J, et al. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Allergy. 2007;62(85):17–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Baroody FM, Shenaq D, DeTineo M, et al. Fluticasone furoate nasal spray reduces the nasal-ocular reflex: a mechanism for the efficacy of topical steroids in controlling allergic eye symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(6):1342–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fornadley JA, Corey JP, Osguthorpe JD, Powell JP, et al. Allergic rhinitis: clinical practice guideline. Committee on practice standards. American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;115(1):115–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bilkhu PS, Wolffohn JS, Naroo SA. A review of non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2012;35(1):9–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Van Van Cauwenberge Bachert C, Passalacqua G, et al. Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 2000;55:116–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B, Shehata Y. House dust mite avoidance measures for perennial allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001563.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Karjalainen A, Martikainen T, Klaukka T, et al. Risk of asthma among Finnish patients with occupational rhinitis. Occup Environ Lung Dis. 2003;123:283–8.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Yáñez A, Rodrigo GJ. Intranasal corticosteroids versus topical H1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89:479–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Moller C, Ahlstrom H, Henricson KA. Safety of nasal budesonide in the long-term treatment of children with perennial rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003;33:816–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schenkel EJ, Skoner DP, Bronsky EA, et al. Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis after one year of treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray. Pediatrics. 2000;105(2):E22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Godhelp T, Holm AF, Blom H, et al. The effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray on nasal mucosal inflammation in perennial allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1995;50(23):21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Mackle T, Gendy SS, Walsh M, et al. Role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression in eosinophils of patients with allergic rhinitis, and effect of topical nasal steroid treatment on this receptor expression. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122:1309–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wilson AM, Sims EJ, McFarlane LC, et al. Effects of intranasal corticosteroids on adrenal, bone, and blood markers of systemic activity in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:598–604.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Dibildox J. Safety and efficacy of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children with allergic rhinitis: results of recent clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:S54–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Garbe E, LeLorier J, Boivin JF, et al. Inhaled and nasal glucocorticoids and the risks of ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. JAMA. 1997;277:722–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Berkowitz RB, Bernstein DI, LaForce C, et al. Onset of action of mometasone furoate nasal spray (NASONEX) in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy. 1999;54(1):64–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Simons FE. Advances in H1-antihistamines. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(21):2203–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schroeder JT, Schleimer RP, Lichtenstein LM, Kreutner W. Inhibition of cytokine generation and mediator release by human basophils treated with desloratadine. Clin Exp Allergy. 2001;31:1369–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Thomson L, Blaylock MG, Sexton DW, et al. Cetirizine and levocetirizine inhibit eotaxin-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration through human dermal or lung microvascular endothelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32:1187–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ciprandi G, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Effects of H1 antihistamines on adhesion molecules: a possible rationale for long-term treatment. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29 Suppl 3:49–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Chishty M, Reichel A, Siva J, et al. Affinity of the p-glycoprotein efflux pump at the blood brain barrier may explain the lack of CNS side-effects of modern antihistamines. J Drug Target. 2001;9:223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Van Steekelenburg J, Clement PAR, Beel MH. Comparison of five new antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) in patients with allergic rhinitis using nasal provocation studies and skin tests. Allergy. 2002;53:346–50.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Tagialatela M, Timmerman H, Annunziato L. Cardiotoxic potential and CNS effects of first-generation antihistamines. Trends in pharmacological sciences. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2000;21(2):52–6.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Aaronson DW. Evaluation of cetirizine in patients with allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1996;76:440–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kirkegaard J, Mygind N, Molgaard F, et al. Ordinary and high dose ipratropium in perennial nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1987;79:585–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bruijnzeel PL, Warringa RA, Kok PT, et al. Inhibition of neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxis by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate. Br J Pharmacol. 1990;99:798–802.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Bousquet J, Chanal I, Alquie ME, et al. Prevention of pollen rhinitis symptoms: comparison of Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and disodium cromoglycate aqueous nasal spray. A multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study. Allergy. 1993;48:327–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Vaidyanathan S, Williamson P, Lipworth B. Comparative evaluation of nasal blood flow and airflow in the decongestant response to oxymetazoline. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108(2):77–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Calderon-Zapata MA, Davies RJ. Antiallergic and vasoactive drugs for rhinitis. In: Busse WW, Holgate ST, editors. Asthma and rhinitis. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd; 2008. doi:10.1002/9780470694923.ch38.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Baroody FM, Brown D, Gavanescu L, et al. Oxymetazoline adds to the effectiveness of fluticasone furoate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(4):927–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Storms WW, Bodman SF, Nathan RA, et al. A new antihistamine/decongestant for season allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83:1083–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Peters-Golden M, Gleason MM, Togias A. Cysteinyl leukotrienes: multi-functional mediators in allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:689–703. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02498.x.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Bisgaard H, Olsson P, Bende M. Effect of leukotriene D4 on nasal mucosal blood flow nasal airway resistance and nasal secretion in humans. Clin Allergy. 1986;16:289–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Maekawa A, Austen KF, Kanaoka Y. Targeted gene disruption reveals the role of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in the enhanced vascular permeability of mice undergoing acute inflammatory responses. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:20820–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. van Adelsberg J, Philip G, LaForce CF, et al. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the clinical benefit of montelukast for treating spring seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90(2):214–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Meltzer EO, Malmstrom K, Lu S, et al. Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105(5):917–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Kaliner MA. Omalizumab and the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2004;4:237–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Vignola AM, Humbert M, Bousquet J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-immunoglobulin E therapy with omalizumab in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and persistent allergic rhinitis: SOLAR. Allergy. 2004;59:709–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Casale TB, Busse WW, Kline JN, et al. ; Immune Tolerance Network Group. Omalizumab pretreatment decreases acute reactions after rush immunotherapy for ragweed-induced seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;117(1):134–40.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Akdis M, Akdis CA. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:780–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Akdis CA, Akdis M, Blesken T, Wymann D, Müller U, et al. Epitope specific T cell tolerance to phospholipase A2 in bee venom immunotherapy and recovery by IL-2 and IL-15 in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1996;98:1676–83.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Zhao CQ, Li TL, He SH, et al. Specific immunotherapy suppresses Th2 responses via modulating TIM1/TIM4 interaction on dendritic cells. Allergy. 2010;65:986–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Andre C, Vatrinet C, Galvain S, et al. Safety of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy in children and adults. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000;121:229–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122.  Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, et al. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001936.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Radulovic S, Calderon M, Wilson D, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD002893.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Dretzke J, Meadows A, Novielli N, et al. Subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and indirect comparison. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(5):1361–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Ross R, Nelson HS, Finegold I. Effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: an analysis of randomized, prospective, single or double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Clin Ther. 1999;22(3):342–9.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, et al. Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:468.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Temple University Hospital, 3440 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA

    Rachel Georgopoulos MD & Elina Toskala MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Rachel Georgopoulos MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elina Toskala MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elina Toskala MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rush Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Pete S. Batra

  2. Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

    Joseph K. Han

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Georgopoulos, R., Toskala, E. (2015). Allergic Rhinitis. In: Batra, P., Han, J. (eds) Practical Medical and Surgical Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16724-4_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16724-4_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16723-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16724-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation